has been permitted to become public. After dealing at some length with the speech of Winston Churchill, the British First Lord of the Admiralty, in March 1912, in which the foreign minister had said that the ratio of 10 to 16 between German and British battleships would be acceptable to Great Britain for the next few years, Admiral von Tirpitz, distinctly stated that he, as head of the German navy department, had "no objection whatsoever to this." From the fact that this statement was given out to the newspapers, and, further, from the comment in the semiofficial journals, it is assumed in England and on the continent that more or less definite agreement has been reached between Great Britain and Germany, regarding the question of warship building.

Added significance may be found The New German Foreign in the statement of Herr von Minister Jagow, the new minister of foreign affairs, who during January succeeded the late Dr. von Kiderlen-Waechter. The foreign minister made an emphatic declaration that Germany's relations with all

are excellent." It is evident from such public opinion as is reflected in the radical and independent German press, as well as from the difficulty the government is having in the enactment into law of some of the more important features of its program, that the burden laid upon the backs of the German people by the demands of militarism is becoming very heavy.

The Reichstag

MINISTER

(Dr. von Bethmann-Hollweg and Herr von Jagow, on the promenade at Corfu)

Disciplining

The Imperial Russian Duma has the reassembled after a vacation Russian Duma which lasted 35 days. It must be remembered that it had been in session for four long weeks, all of which time had been devoted to the arduous task of electing the president and other officers, to the examiSeveral important bills dealing nation of the deputies' credentials, and in Votes "No with large industries were the replying to the government's declaration. Confidence" subject of long and vehement dis- The speeches criticizing the government were cussion in the Reichstag last month. The long and eloquent, so much so that Czar government bill designed to restrict the pro- Nicholas considered it best, in the interest of duction of potash in order that, what the the country, as well as of the deputies themGermans called a scientific monopoly, may be selves, to order the discontinuance of the maintained, will be introduced during the sessions for a time sufficient to give the mempresent month. The bill establishing a gov- bers of the Duma a long-needed rest. In ernment monopoly in petroleum was radically outlining the government's policy, Premier changed in the budget committee during the Kokovtzov had said: "The demands of the last few days of January. It is expected, nation's life grow and multiply. . . . The however, that this measure will become a law task of legislation is to keep on a level with before many weeks. It is intended to "stiffen them, and legislative activity cannot, even German opposition" to the Standard Oil for a comparatively brief space of time, limit Company's business in Europe. On January itself by a strictly-defined program 30, the Reichstag for the first time in its history, refused to pass a note of confidence in the government. The expression of "no confidence" took the form of a resolution disapproving the attitude of the Chancellor toward the Polish land question in Prussia.

As conclusive proof of its desire to satisfy the demands of Russian life, the government's first bill introduced in the Duma is to limit the civil rights of Russian subjects of foreign and Polish descent in some four provinces of the empire. A remarkable illustration of how

THE MONGOLIAN DELEGATION WHICH WENT TO RUSSIA TO ASK RECOGNITION OF INDEPENDENCE (The designs of Russia on Mongolia, against the wishes of China, are well known, and have been explained in these The government of the Czar and representatives of Mongolia signed a treaty on November 9 which was very comprehensive. Recently a delegation from Mongolia arrived in St. Petersburg to ask the Czar to recognize the complete independence of Mongolia. This was done by Russia)

pages.

words differ from deeds! At the same time the Duma's bill admitting women to practice law in Russia was rejected (on February 6) by the Council of the Empire by 84 votes to 66. The leading Russian jurists and practically the entire Liberal public opinion in Russia were in favor of the bill. The older generation of statesmen, headed by the minister of justice, however, pleaded eloquently and successfully against any extension of the rights of women.

A New Russian

is quite a young man, and, according to the press, he has been selected to fill the vacancy, because while governor of Tchernigov, "he has shown great energy in his fight with antigovernment tendencies, in the organization of the okrana (one of the government's agencies for suppressing the revolution), and has manifested executive ability on those occasions." It is no secret in Russia that his sympathies are with the "Black Hundred," the fanatical "League of Russian People." How much these qualifications will help him solve the grave problems of Russian life, such as the land question, the high cost of living, the scarcity of common labor, which is becoming a serious menace to Russian industry, and a great many more of equal importance, remains to be seen. In his speech to the officials of the ministry he said:

The oratory which flooded the Minister of rooms of the Taurida Palace the Interior during the sessions soon proved too much for Mr. Makarov, the Czar's minister of the interior. It quite upset his health and compelled him to tender his resignation, which was very graciously accepted, his departure not being regretted by any political party. Makarov is a man without initiative The aim of all of us must be one-to strengthen and his administration was one fruitless effort the authority of the state... which labors for to perform a task which was quite evidently the good of the many-millioned population of far beyond his strength and ability. His great Russia. And there is just one road that leads to that aim-there is and can be none successor, N. A. Maklakov, formerly governor other, and that is the law established by his of Tchernice miniature Stolypin. He Imperial Majesty.

To repeat the now historical expression of the former minister Makarov: "It has been and will be so" in Russia-which is hardly a sign of progress.

Conference

Failure of the Contrary to all the predictions of London Peace the political and military experts, and in defiance of the expressed wish of the great powers of Europe, the delegates of the Balkan allies at the London peace conference, wearied with Turkish delay and shuffling diplomacy, on January 30, delivered a formal note to Reshad Pasha, chief of the Turkish delegation.. This statement, signed by the delegates of all the Balkan states, briefly announced that, having "awaited in vain for three weeks a reply from the Turkish plenipotentiaries to their last demands," and the events "occurring in Constantinople appearing to have destroyed the hope of arriving at a conclusion of peace," the delegates of the Balkan states, "to their great regret," felt themselves "obliged to declare negotiations broken off." Thus, the more than six weeks' armistice, largely taken up with the sessions of the conference at London, came to an end without any definite result in

Copyright by the American Press Association, New York

ENVIR BEY, WHO AIMED TO BE TURKEY'S "MAN
ON HORSEBACK

(Envir Bey was the prime mover in the overthrow of the
Kiamil Ministry at Constantinople late in January)

the direction of peace between the belligerents. As reported in these pages last month, the points upon which it seemed impossible for the delegates to agree were the disposition of Adrianople and the Egean Islands. On January 16, as we noted, the ambassadors of the great powers presented a note to the Porte urging the Turks to agree to the cession of Adrianople and to leave the question of the disposition of the Egean Islands to them, the great powers. To these demands the Turks had declared themselves unable to accede. Immediately upon the presentation of the note, the heads of the Bulgarian, Servian, Montenegrin and Greek delegations left (Mahmud Shevket Pasha, the New Turkish Grand Vizier: London, and the allied governments were

"THE TERRIBLE TURK

An Italian View)

notified of the breaking off of negotiations.

Overthrow of the Turkish Ministry

Several days before the confer- support of at least one of the great powers to ence ended, it was reported that the Turkish cause. The press and the milithe Turks had decided to give in. tary, moreover, criticized the cabinet for havOn January 22, in fact, the Grand Council ing asked an armistice when the fortunes of of the Empire voted in favor of acceding to the war seemed about to turn to the Turks. proposals of Europe and yielding on all points. Kiamil was known to be an Anglophile and Then, swiftly and dramatically, there was it was hoped that Great Britain would beenacted in Constantinople a new revolution. friend Turkey. That power, however, was By one of those sudden overturns, known in the most active in advising the Porte to yield European politics as a coup d'etat, the Kiamil to the severe terms of the allies. At the same Pasha Cabinet was overthrown (on January time, as long as this pro-English Grand Vizier 24) and the Young Turks again rode into was conducting the affairs of the nation, power. By a military and Young Turk com- neither Germany nor the Triple Alliance was bination the aged Grand Vizier was driven willing to extend any help to the Turks. On from power, and Mahmud Shevket Pasha, the the contrary, the mobilization in Austria was military organizer and idol of the army, in- brought about by reasons which did not installed in his place. Nazim Pasha, ex-War clude any desire to help Turkey. Thus KiaMinister and commander of the Turkish mil Pasha's foreign policy was shown to be army in the ill-starred campaign that began unfavorable to the interests of the empire. It with the Bulgarian victory at Mustapha is reported in some quarters that the Young Pasha on October 19, and ended with the Turks, mortal enemies of the old Kiamil, exbeaten Turkish army at bay behind the lines at Tchatalja, was shot dead in the demonstrations. Envir Bey, the young military commander prominent in the overturn of the Abdul Hamid regime four years ago, and the mainstay of the Arab resistance to Italy in the Tripolitanean campaign, was one of the moving spirits in the coup d'etat.

Shevket Pasha

pected and, perhaps, were promised German help and sympathy if they would overthrow the pro-English Grand Vizier. They expected the aid of the army and the war party, and counted on Molsem help from all over the world. Indeed, the Sheik-ul-Islam again began to preach a Holy War, and an Egyptian prince was taken into the Turkish cabinet. Moreover, it is believed that the Young Turks Within an hour of the entrance of were encouraged by the Sultan himself. In Grand soldiers to the government palace, an interview published in all the journals a Vizier Kiami Pasha and his cabinet few days before the coup d'etat, Mehmed V resigned, and Envir Bey announced that expressed his desire to fight for the preservathe Sultan had appointed Mahmud Shevket tion of the city "which contains the holy Grand Vizier. A new ministry was then con- bones of my ancestors" (Adrianople.) His stituted, consisting largely of Young Turks Turkish Majesty further ascribed the present of progressive tendencies. A proclamation plight of the empire to the lack of education issued by the Committee of Union and Prog- and economic backwardness, economically, of ress (the Young Turks), on the morning the country, and assured the interviewer that after the demonstration, declared that the he, as a constitutional monarch, would do reverses of the Turkish forces in the war with what his people wanted. the Balkan allies were due to the Mukhtar and Kiamil Pasha cabinets, which, "instead of executing any coherent plan, appointed incapable generals to positions of command

War Resumed
by the
Allies

While the semi-official journals of the great capitals of Europe were reiterating the commands of the

and pursued a policy destructive of the war- powers that there should be no renewal of the like spirit of the army and the people." war, the Bulgarians, at precisely 7 o'clock on Kiamil Pasha, further, was accused of betray- the evening of February 3, when the armising his country by offering to give up Adrian- tice ended, opened fire on Adrianople and ople and the Egean Islands. The new ministry insisted that it would never give up Adrianople, the "jewel of the Orient."

along the entrenchments at Tchatalja. The Montenegrins, at the same time, formally renewed their attack upon Scutari and the Greeks pressed the investment of Janina. The Bulgarian bombardment of Adrianople was so vigorous that the city was soon in flames in many places. The Turkish commander in the beleaguered city, Shukri Pasha, a fighting man of the sternest calibre, kept

MRS. ROCKHILL, WIFE OF THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR AT CONSTANTINOPLE, VISITING SICK TURKISH SOLDIERS IN THE MILITARY HOSPITAL

Constantinople constantly informed by wireless of his determination to fight literally to the last ditch. As we go to press with this number of the REVIEW, reports of the fall of Adrianople and Scutari are insistent. It is probable that the new ministry does not expect to turn back the tide of defeat, nor even to save Adrianople. It seems likely that Turkish honor will be satisfied if Adrianople, instead of being given up over the council table, is lost gallantly on the field of action.

Turkey in the

Powers

The Rumanian-
Bulgarian
Quarrel

The American reading public has been somewhat mystified, during the past few weeks, by the brief, unqualified statements in the daily press to the general effect that Rumania, having asked territory from Bulgaria as the price of her neutrality during the war, is contemplating an attack upon her Bulgarian neighbor because the latter has refused her demands. During the first week after the The rights and wrongs of the Bulgaro-RumanHands of the resumption of hostilities, the Bul- ian quarrel are not generally known. In the garian commander, General Sa- first place it is a question of frontier. The vov, was concentrating his attention on the boundary line between the two countries is, Gallipoli peninsula, that irregular projection at present, from a military point of view, and of land to the southwest of Constantinople. speaking as a Rumanian, untenable. RuOn February 5 a series of engagements took mania really wants from Bulgaria what was place between the Bulgarian and Turkish given her by the Treaty of San Stefano and forces on this peninsula, resulting in Bul- taken away by the Treaty of Berlin, a section garian victories. It was apparently the plan of the country on the Black Sea, south of the of the Bulgarian commander to advance from Dobrudja. This region is, in large part, popthe rear on the Turkish fortifications guard- ulated by Rumanians, and furnishes the second ing the entrance to the Dardanelles, thus point in the Rumanian contention, that it opening the Sea of Marmora to the Greek fleet, gives a sorely needed access to the sea. which might then steam to a direct attack mania's foreign trade is enormous for a Balupon Constantinople. Several sallies by the kan state. It is far in excess of that of all the Turks from behind the Turkish lines were other Balkan States put together. The only repulsed by the Bulgarians. Late last month route to the sea the Rumanians have at presformer Grand Vizier Hakki Pasha, one ent is this Dobrudja, and this they cannot deof the most astute of Turkish diplomatists, fend because of its low marshy topography. started for western Europe on a special The third point is the growing chauvinism of mission. It was believed that he was bent the Bulgarians and the propaganda carried on on negotiating a peace by putting the at Sofia for still further expansion of Bulgaria

Ru