the maintenance of existing conditions on the shores of the Adriatic, the securing of its frontiers against turbulent neighbors. Come what may, it must be that Austria-Hungary, relying on its own strength and the support of its loyal allies, will know how to guard its interests, just as other powers have done in like junctures.

Austria versus Russia: That is the Problem

In an elaborate survey of Austro-Balkan and Austro-Russian relations, Baron von Chlumecky, editor of the Oesterreichische Rundschau, says:

The world knows that the Czar's empire is not, at present, prepared for the great European passage at arms which may be impending. Austria's supposed plans of expansion in the Balkans tend to bring about a mistrust of her by Russia which is not justified by facts.

This Austrian writer admits that "the Southern Slavic question has long been crying for a final solution." He continues:

Mighty national forces are struggling for a reconstruction, and these struggles have created a situation which has become intolerable to Europe in general and the neighboring country, Austria, in particular. A decisive victory over the Turks threatens to tear up the paper wall that guards the status quo, and should that occur Austria will, nolens volens, be forced to announce her claims, which, trusting to her own powers and the faithful support of her German ally, she will have to defend, despite any European sensibilities. The farsighted program which was to give the army and navy the added strength generally recognized as essential, has, unfortunately, been, for the present, greatly curtailed, in order not to alarm the money-market and the tax payer.

The Dual Monarchy, the writer concludes, will not halt midway, for all know that an insufficient armament is worthless.

Italy (to the great powers, pointing to landlocked Servia): "See here, my good friend, this is the way this window should be constructed. Both of us must be able to get in, but he Servia-unable to get out.

point of view as to the future of the Adriatic Sea. Servia (This cartoon, from Ulk, Berlin, sets forth the Austro-Italian must not have a port-lest she get out. Austria and Italy, however, must be free to act as they see fit)

A would-be equipment can not serve the purpose of a comprehensive economic policy, without which, again, the burdens of armament could not be borne. Adequate military provision, therefore, is calculated to give the necessary support to a must no longer pursue a policy of neglected oppractical economic and political policy. Austria portunities.

CURRENT PERIODICALS OF SPAIN

MOST of the Spanish reviews devote the cle on the "True Value of Scientific Discov

major part of their contents to a dis- eries," a condensation of which we print on cussion of topics of purely historical, scien- the following page. A modern writer, Señor tific, or literary interest. The dignified Perez de Guzman, gives an extract from the España Moderna of Madrid, generally de- book on "Trafalgar," which he is writing for votes a large proportion of its pages to trans- the Royal Academy of History. This extract lations, with scholarly annotations, of some seems to be a painstaking account of the piece of literature by a famous non-Spanish organization of the British navy at the time of author. For some months this review has the famous battle. In another number of been giving its readers selected portions of this magazine the same author gives a comMark Twain's "Tom Sawyer." It also prints scientific articles, papers reminiscent of characters in Spanish history, besides what the French call a chronique, or review of poli- Nuestro Tiempo, edited by Salvador Canics, letters, and art. In the first November als, another serious review, but more varied number of España Moderna there is an arti- in its contents than España Moderna, also

devotes its attention largely to Spanish his- the Spanish magazines is undoubtedly the torical subjects. Recent numbers have con- Hojas Selectas (Selected Leaves), brought out tained scholarly articles on the "Renaissance by the famous publishing house of Salvat, in of Art in Spain" and "The Theatre in Spain." Barcelona. Hojas Selectas is finely illusBoth of these, however, deal with develop- trated. The December number contains an ments which ended at least one generation article entitled "The Nest of the Eagle," ago. A more modern article is one on Span- which is a description of Ajaccio, the Corsican ish laws relating to disposal of family prop- town in which the great Napoleon was born. erty, and calling for more uniformity therein. It also has a brief picture article on the manuLa Lectura has an elaborate discussion of the facture of ozone, based on the work of some place that Cervantes occupies in Spanish lit- factory in St. Petersburg. One of the permaerature. This magazine also contains a lively nent, distinctive features of Hojas Selectas is account of a journey made by a modern a full page cartoon by the famous comic Spaniard through Bolivia, and an apprecia- artist Opisso. We reproduce herewith the tion of the work of the late Emperor of Japan. graphic comment of this comic artist on the The liveliest and most popularly edited of Balkan situation.

WHAT IS THE USE OF A SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERY?

THE sort of socher- literature under contribution to illustrate the

HE sort of general learned articles so char- has laid the stores of classical and oriental ous Spanish reviews is shown by a study in history of scientific progress and discovery. the November issue of España Moderna. Prof. Joaquin Olmedilla y Puig of the University of Madrid, writes on "The Value of Scientific Discoveries." The learned author

It is his opinion that only to observe the present status of science is to lack a complete understanding of its essence and value, thorough appreciation of which is only possible when we have traced the advance of science step by step, when we realize the obstacles that have been overcome in the path and the painful efforts and the many sacrifices of those who have built up the temple of science. Treating of this he says:

Many scientific discoveries have their roots in remote times, their origin having been sometimes merely casual, while at other times it has been due to the instinct, or to the superior talents of an individual, whose eagle eye has scanned the immensities of space; again, it may spring from a single happy moment of inspiration. . . . As a truly wonderful example we have the instance of Galileo, at the early age of nineteen, discovering the laws of the pendulum, by observing the oscillations of a lamp in the Cathedral of Pisa. But how many thousands before him had noted this simple and apparently insignificant fact without drawing any deductions from it! In order to find in it great and important data, the necessary thing was that such a brain should grasp this small fact. We may also note that many discoveries were half-apprehended at a much earlier period than is commonly supposed, and the question of priority of discovery is often hotly disputed,, or it is matter of doubt whether indeed the glory of discovery can justly be awarded to any determined individual.

The learned Spanish writer here adduces the discovery by the Chinese of printing, gunpowder, the fixation of certain coloring materials, etc., before Europeans had advanced so far, although this ought not to lessen the

credit due to the later, but, nevertheless, inventor of gunpowder (in Europe at least), original discoverers of the same or similar this explosive was employed in siege operaarts, materials or processes in Europe. Turn- tions in Spain before his time. The discoving then to medical science, Señor Olmedilla ery of phosphorus, that of opium, that of asserts that primitive man rather sought the chloroform, etc., and the gradual developmeans of preventing disease than of curing it. ment of chemical science are themes passed in The impossibility, through lack of knowledge, review. In conclusion, the writer defines the of explaining the true causes of illness led true value and significance of scientific dismen to regard it as produced by some super- coveries in the following terms: natural or mysterious agency, or as the punishment inflicted upon man for his sins by Many discoveries regarded as of prime signifisome divinity. Therefore, in process of time cance at the time they were made, have little by little lost much of their importance, while others, the priests came to be regarded as the sole of real and permanent worth, such as the discovery depositaries of such scant medical knowledge of the medicinal virtues of quinine, have gained in as had been acquired, and asylums for the repute with the passage of time. Whoever devotes reception of those suffering from disease himself to the pursuit of scientific discovery must be ever on the alert to receive new impressions, were to be found alongside of the temples. and also sometimes to lay aside older theories, or The writer then gives many interesting his- to rectify them so as to bring them into accord toric facts touching different discoveries, with the latest knowledge. The real value of scienciting as an instance of quasi-inspirational tific discoveries lies essentially in their practical foresight certain lines attributed to the poet through succeeding generations, during which utility, and the test of this is their maintenance Lope de Vega, which may be translated: their worth has been tried in the crucible of "Swift as lightning has the news arrived; who knows but that in time it will come with the lightning itself?" He also notes that although Friar Bawn is the popularly reputed

practice, and this fact alone gives us the right to assert that any given discovery is really valuable and enables us to accord to any given discoverer the tribute of consideration justly his due.

WHAT THEY READ IN LATIN AMERICA

LATIN America is not rich in periodical "P. B. T." of Buenos Aires, and O Malho, publications. There is a tendency, which Tico-Tico and Fon-Fon! of Rio de Janeiro. as yet shows little disposition to change, to Lavish in illustration, these weeklies, neverdepend upon Europe for the more highly de- theless, confine themselves almost wholly to veloped forms of entertainment and informa- home activities; and an unpleasant reminder tion. Then, too, the great Latin American of the follies of American diplomacy toward newspapers, particularly those of South Amer- the Southern republics can be found in the ica, and very particularly La Prensa and La intransigently unfavorable attitude of these Nación of Buenos Aires and the Jornal do publications toward the Northern republic. Comercio of Rio de Janeiro, greatly encroach For example, Fon-Fon! takes keen delight upon the field which in the United States is in rehearsing the recent police scandal of left for the weekly and monthly publications. New York City incident to the Rosenthal It must be remembered also, in this con- murder and the Becker sentence. It coolly nection, that the South American countries concludes that "the protection of public are in the fever of a mighty commercial de- tranquillity [in the United States] is in the velopment, naturally overshadowing the hands of thieves, bandits and assassins." purely intellectual pursuits. Hence the con- Succesos, of Valparaiso, Chile, and Variedades, stantly increasing number of publications of Lima, Peru, are of the same order. The known as "class journals." Buenos Aires is University publications, emanating from the greatest publishing center of Latin Amer- Santiago de Chile, Córdoba, La Plata, Boica. The number of publications of all kinds gotá, etc., are well edited and contain much produced in that city is astounding; but valuable and interesting matter, the result of they are almost invariably local and even competent research work and scientific exparochial in their interests. The proportion perimentation; but these, of course, are narof well-educated persons to the entire popu- rowly restricted in their circulation. It canlation of South America being small, the not be said that the Latin countries, from "popular" periodicals turn to pictorial dis- Mexico to Chile, are at this time making play. In response to this demand have arisen great progress in the development of a resuch publications as Caras y Caretas and sponsive and significant periodical literature.

ROOSEVELT IN BRAZILIAN EYES

IN N Brazilian metaphor the United States little enough-but under a succession of is the Colossus of the North; she presidents with little inclination to resort to Brazil is the Giant of the South. Some arms, local independence has sprung into day Latin America is going to appreciate a local insolence infinitely difficult to handle the informing spirit of life in the United without appeal to the Charybdis of dictatorStates. And in that day misapprehensions ship. Realizing the danger, Euclydes da will be over with once for all.

Cunha returns again to Roosevelt for his

Now, nobody has done more than a certain text. brilliant Brazilian essayist, Euclydes da Cunha, to ridicule the bogie of "Yankeeism" and interpret the real intentions of this terrible Colossus of the North.

In a recent conversation with a REVIEW OF REVIEWS reader in Brazil, a Rio Janeiro journalist said: "We used to think the Monroe Doctrine was the Americas for the United States, but Euclydes da Cunha has shown us clearly that it is the Americas for all the Americans."

Euclydes da Cunha has admitted in an essay upon Roosevelt's "Ideal American" that the ground for fear may be different from that which usually obtains. He says: The fact is, that Roosevelt in analyzing the dangers which threaten the great Republic has illuminated conditions by a vivid picture of South American anarchy. So, while we recoil in terror from the bogie of the "Yankee peril," this strenuous apostle of effectiveness holds up before Yankee eyes the peril of South Americanism. We are afraid of their strength, but they run in dread from our weakness. Unhappily for us this paradoxical cowardice of the Colossus of the North is much more justifiable than our own infantile terrors.

Of Roosevelt's "Ideal American," Euclydes da Cunha says again:

It is not so much primarily a book for the United States; it is a book for Brazil. Our public men ought to do much more than go over it day and night; they ought to get its most incisive lines by heart, just as architects set themselves to memorize the necessary formulas for stress and strain. The book is an incomparable expression of social virility and political honor, and for us above all it is imperative to take his words to heart. Without stopping to think, almost as a reflex action, in fact we copied the Constitutions of the North Americans, disregarding the most elementary notions of our historic growth, our traditions and our character. Therefore while we may recognize the advantages of such a governmental form, we should compel ourselves to see its evils too, applying as they do with such particular force to our present conditions and national qualities.

Now the essayist passes on to an aspect even more sinister: the peril of caudalismo. Local oligarchs in Brazil have made a farce of suffrage and a mock of federal unity alike. The old Emperor Dom Pedro II did what he could to bridge the chasm-and that was

This intrepid moralist forces yet another lesson upon us-the necessity for a broad patriotism, a vigorous national sentiment as against a disintegrating provincialism. Comprehending the real alas, do not, he attacks the malignant spirit of function of a federal government as we Brazilians, sectionalism and once again appears to aim a thrust at the abject chroniclers of South America. Roosevelt treats of an evil in full retreat in the United ace, but here among us it grows daily, spreading States, although still containing elements of menitself in every direction, actually threatening warfare over state boundaries and making our internecine strife a matter of world-wide ridicule while we sit idly by.

For Euclydes da Cunha himself, however, there is another vice greater even than caudalismo. He insists on dragging again and again before unwilling eyes the crime of what he calls a "Borrowed Civilization,”—a fatuous and illusive civilization because it does not fit the inherent needs of the people; a civilization built up on borrowed ideas and financed on borrowed gold. We quote again:

Worse even than a sectional partizanship in Roosevelt's eyes is that so-called cosmopolitanism which makes a man a virtual immigrant in his native country, living fatuously out of touch with life in the fiction of a borrowed civilization. Yet there seems little enough to account for Roosevelt's insistence upon this matter. The North American is an absorber and dominator of civilizations. He supplants them at will and moulds them to his own robust individualism-in other words he Americanizes them. It is for us South Americans that these pages seem to have been written, crowded as they are with bitter irony, for to us it must be repeated even to monotony that it is worth more to be original than to be a copy, however good the copy, and that to be a Brazilian at first hand, simply a Brazilian, is worth fifty times as much as being a servile copy of a Frenchman or an Englishman.

Euclydes da Cunha cannot fail to admire. Every predisposition of a musical language and an ornate style is forgotten in the presence of a man who having something to saydoes not hesitate to say.

Roosevelt is but a mediocre stylist. Everywhere he sacrifices form to clearness, not so much Writing as instructing. All his greatness is in reflecting the philosophy of to-day, not in producing it de novo. His whole concern, in fact, is with the practical value of what he says. At first he seems

to be only demonstrating truisms, but little by ttle he comes to grip and dominate us. There is sene irresistible enchantment in this crusader, Rough-Rider and Quaker combined, fighting the hattles of energy, honesty and sound sense, so that though concerned primarily with the destiny d his own country, he puts before us in the end the indispensable conditions of life and health in all countries.

Here is a clarity, an honesty and a fearless x-analysis that must yet be reckoned with in the evolution of Brazil. Just such openess makes possible the attitude of a writerJose Custodio Alves Lima—in a recent article in the Jornal de Comercio, Brazil's greatest Lewspaper, and, all things considered, one of the best in the Western Hemisphere. Senhor Lima says:

us in this formative period that we cannot deny
ourselves the opportunity of saying something
about this American of world-wide reputation.
This is the man of whom it came to be publicly
said in the United States, Elle nao tem papas na
lingua,' (Freely translated: He speaks without
fear or favor; literally: He has no milk-sops on his
tongue.) Others cried: 'He is almost mad; he
lacks the composure of a public official-all the
We'd better put up
same, the country moves.
with him. He is of a restless and active temper,
always spoiling for a fight, in American phrase-
ology; but such is his love of openness that this
Teddy Roosevelt, as the people call him, brought
in a new department in his administration. In
hypocrisy, sincerity. There were no secrets be-
place of Machiavelianism, frankness; in place of
tween him and the public. Benjamin Franklin
made the maxim: "Honesty is the best policy,"

but Roosevelt substituted "frankness" in its stead. This has all the while been the touchstone The rumored visit of ex-President Roosevelt of his success as as a man, whether private or to our country is a fact of so much importance to public.

WHAT ITALIANS ARE READING IN THEIR

ΤΗ

MAGAZINES

HERE is evident an increasing tendency space to religious and philosophical topics. in Italian reviews to print articles on sub- In the last three numbers it publishes an jects of current political and economic inter- article on the Eucharistic Congress, and three st. The topics evidently most in favor with on Christian apologetics. A brief article on the more serious Italian reviews during the the Putumayo rubber scandal in Peru gives past few months have apparently been the special attention to the new Catholic missions Tripolitanian war, the Balkan war, the effect installed in that region. The second Novemof emigration, agricultural problems, Dante, ber number also has a reply to a recent article Crispi, Garibaldi, and financial reform. in Coenobium, the "intellectual organ of the Nuova Antologia, a semi-monthly of Rome, intellectual controversialists against orthodox edited for a decade by Senator Maggiorino Christianity" (Lugano), on denominationalFerraris, is the acknowledged chief of the ism. The current number of Coenobium more dignified monthlies. The Antologia has opens with the "Confessions of faith," by been publishing a series of biographical arti- the well-known Protestant pastor Wilfred des on Crispi, and some literary studies of Monod, who insists that the religious revival Dante. A tribute to Italian dramatic art is in Europe is dependent: First, upon the ruin found in Giuseppe Deabate's article, in the of dogmatism, and second, upon the triumph second November number, on the bi-cente- of Socialism. The Civilta Cattolica, the organ nary celebration of the Turin theater. An of the Vatican, among other studious articles, absolutely free university is discussed by Sig- has an analysis of the late William James's nor Filippo Vassalli, Professor of the Royal religious psychology. Admitting his "scienUniversity of Perugia. He thinks that the tific honesty", it combats most of his views. free university will be the future form of The Vita Internazionale, the fortnightly of higher instruction. A number of writers con- Rome, edited by the well-known educator, gratulate the Italian army and navy upon Professor Moneta, tries to exonerate his the conclusion of the war with Turkey. Pro- country in the Tripolitanian war matter. fessor Luigi Villari compliments the British Other serious Italian reviews, like the Rivista administration in India, and suggests that in Internazionale, the Rivista d'Italia, and the planning the future government for Tripoli Riforma Sociale, the first two published in Italy could learn much from British colonial Rome, the last in Turin, contain articles of a experience. general nature on economic and politicial Rassegna Nazionale, published every two topics. Among the more popular monthlies weeks in Florence, devotes a great deal of are: Italia (Turin), La Lettura (Rome),