The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia

19th century Abbasid Abū administrative Arabic architecture areas bakufu became began Byzantine caliph central centre Chinese Christian classical court culture died divine dominated dynasty early East economic Egypt emperor empire established European Fatimid Florence forces French imperial important India industry influence Iran Iraq Islām Islāmic Islamic art island Israel Istanbul Italian Italy Jaina Japan Japanese Jewish Jews king kingdom Kyōto land language later leaders literary literature Lombard madrasah major Mecca medieval Milan military modern Mosque movement Muḥammad Muslim mystical Naples northern Ottoman papal party peninsula period Persian philosophy poems poetry poets political Pope popular population pre-Islamic prefecture produced Prophet prose Qur'an reform regions religion religious Roman Rome rule rulers Seljuq Shari'ah Shi'ite shogun Sicily social style Sufism sunnah Syria tion trade tradition treaty Turkish Umayyad Venice verses Western writing