been freely consulted and extracted from, full credit being given in each case to the author or journal. As this art has of late advanced so rapidly it has been a special aim to give everything that has been printed up to the time of publication.

The different parts of the work are arranged in what seemed their logical order, corresponding closely to that followed by Deville. The Appendix contains an account of laboratory experiments, etc., several of which, it is trusted, may be of value.

In conclusion, the author wishes to thank the faculty of his " Alma Mater," Lehigh University, for their permission to use his Thesis on Aluminium as the basis of this treatise; also, to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. Wm. H. Greene, of Philadelphia, for assistance rendered in the preparation of the work for the press.

PHILADELPHIA, November 25, 1886.

J. W. R.

Unless stated otherwise, all temperatures given are in Centi

grade degrees.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

HISTORY OF ALUMINIUM.

Lavoisier's suggestion of the existence of metallic bases
of the earths and alkalies; Researches in preparation
of aluminium, by Davy, Oerstedt, and Wöhler .
Isolation of aluminium, by H. St. Claire Deville, in 1854
Patronage of Emperor Napoleon III.; Aluminium at the
Paris Exhibition, 1855; Its manufacture on a large
scale at Glacière, Nanterre, and Salindres; Tissier
Bros.' book on aluminium in 1858

Deville's book, 1859; History of the works near Rouen

Deville's explanation of the uses of the new metal

Alfred Monnier's production of aluminium at Camden,

N. J., 1856

W. J. Taylor claiming the possible cost of aluminium at
$1 per pound; Kerl and Stohman's résumé of the
manufacture of aluminium up to 1874

31

Dr. Clemens Winckler's retrospect of the development of

aluminium, 1879

Manufacture of aluminium in England, France, and Ger-

many; Aluminium beams for balances, made by Sar-

torius of Göttingen; Difficulties in using aluminium for

mathematical instruments; Action of molten aluminium

upon earthen crucibles

PAGE

Prices of aluminium and of aluminium bronze in France;

Webster's aluminium works in England

Col. William Frishmuth's invention for producing alu-

minium at reduced cost; Opinion of his invention by

Major Ricarde-Seaver, F.R.S.E.

Col. Frishmuth's works in Philadelphia; Aluminium cast-

ing for the Washington Monument, made by Col. Frish-

muth; Census report of his annual production; His

price in bars

Imports and consumption of aluminium in the United

States from 1870 to 1884; Its production in Philadel-

phia by Col. Frishmuth in 1883, 1884

Cowle's process for making aluminium bronze at Cleve-

land, Ohio; Present state of aluminium industry as

described by Prof. Charles F. Mabery, of Cleveland,

Ohio, and Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, of Montreal

36

37

39

40

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PART II.

OCCURRENCE OF ALUMINIUM IN NATURE.

.

Combinations of aluminium with oxygen, alkalies, and

acids, etc.; Formulæ of aluminium silicates

Appearance of most of the aluminium compounds; For-

mulæ of some of the precious stones

Minerals most used for producing aluminium; Beauxite .

Analyses of beauxite

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44

45

46

Cryolite; Where found, description, and general uses;

Its importation by the Pennsylvania Salt Co., of Phila-

delphia; Native cryolite in the United States

Imports of cryolite into the United States; Corundum ;

Its great source of supply .

Probable sources of supplies of materials for production

of aluminium in the United States and Great Britain.

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50