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rough Downs is called the Grey Weathers, in the midst of which occurs a cromlech, the local appellation of which is the Devil's Den. A cromlech near St. Columb, in Cornwall, has the name of the Giant's Quoit; for the same reason, a vast stone, weighing several tons, near Chew, in Somersetshire, has been called Hautville's Quoit, as the common people suppose that it was thrown to that spot by Sir John Hautville.

A Druidical circle at Stanton Drew, Somersetshire, has been named the Wedding;-in an orchard are shown the metamorphosed bride, bridegroom, and clergyman one circle is supposed to be the company dancing, another is shown as the fiddlers. A barrow near this place bears the name of Fairies Foot. Another circle in Cumberland, called Long Meg and her Daughters, is believed to have once been human.

In North Wales are shown two stones, reported to be the remains of a chapel, which was carried away by night by supernatural agency.

The fortified Roman camp on Clifton Down, now destroyed, was said by the vulgar people to have been founded before the time of William the Conqueror, by Jews or Saracens, under one Ghyst, a giant in the land; and a cavern, not far distant, has received the name of the "Giant's Hole." The vast cavern in Derbyshire is well known as the Devil's Peak; near Stanton Harcourt, in Oxfordshire, are the Devil's Quoits; near West Acton, in Middlesex, was a place known as the Devil's Orchard; two dykes, one in Cambridgeshire, and the other in the North, are called the Devil's Ditch; four large pyramidical stones, near Burrow Bridge, in Yorkshire (one of which, says Camden, was lately pulled down by some that hoped to find treasure there, though they sought in vain), are known as the Devil's Bolts; and the celebrated bridge at Pont Aber Glaslyn, is commonly called the Devil's Bridge, as one part of the Cumberland Mountains is designated The Devil's, or Cross, Fell.

The following is an extract from Giraldus Cambrensis :-"In a rock or cliff, by the sea-side in Glamorganshire, near the Isle of Barry, there appeareth a little chink, into which, if you lay your ear, you shall hear a noise as of smiths at work-one while the blowing of bellows, another while striking of sledge and hammer, sometime the sound of the grindstone and iron tools rubbing against it, the hissing sparks also of steel gads within holes as they are beaten, yea and the puffing noise of fire

burning in the furnace. Now I am persuaded that the sound comes of the rush of the sea water." Ammianus Marcellinus, as we learn from Camden, has a passage which may possibly refer to the same place: -"They that have written histories do say, that in the Isle of Britain there is a certain hole, or cave, under a hill, and on the top thereof a gaping chink; and whensoever the wind is gathered into that hole, and tossed to and fro in the womb or concavity thereof, there is heard above a sound of cymbals."

A similar superstition respecting an enchanted cavern, occurs in another part of Wales:-"According to a legend, there is in Merlin's Hill a cave, the mouth of which many have seen at a distance, but when persons approach the place, they are never able to find it. In this cave King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table are supposed to sleep; at a set time King Arthur will arise, and reign with splendour over the

ancient Britons :

"In such folly if you trust,

Wait for Arthur from the dust." From the same cause, a cave at Bosauan, in Cornwall, bears the name of Piskey Hall; another is called the Giant's Holt. A similar story is told, that at Alderly Edge, in Cheshire, the neighing of horses may be heard at night by the peasantry. On the top of the mountains near Brecknock is Cadair Arthur, or Arthur's Chair. According to Geoffry of Monmouth, the cliff of Lan Goeg Magog, or the Giant's Leap, in Cornwall, is the place where Gog Magog was thrown headlong into the sea by Corincus and the Trojans. Near Warwick is shown Guy's Cliff, where he lived as a hermit after his warlike exploits. The chasm of the Holy Mountains, near Abergavenny, is supposed to have been caused by the convulsion of the earth at the Crucifixion. Several other such instances will occur to the reader. The tradition of Wayland Smith, which has been introduced into "Kenilworth," was well known in the Vale of White Horse.

In Scotland, the foundations of old houses beyond memory are named, Pight's Houses; and the arrows which were used by the original inhabitants are called elf bolts, as the cornu ammonis, which is found in many parts of England, is reported to be an enchanted snake. Throughout the islands, superstitious belief appears to be prevalent. In the Hebrides, a belief in the second sight and respect for the fairies is still common. "In the Isle of Man,"

says Waldron," the reality of the apparition of the Manthe Dog is universally acknowledged."

"I was told," says Gray in his letters, "by a ferryman at Netley, in the Isle of Wight, that he would not for all the world pass a night at the Abbey, there were such things near it, though there was a power of money hid there."

The tales of haunted houses which may be met with in so many places, the frequent narration of finding giants' bones, the report that rivers in many places are without a bottom, the stories of endless subterraneous caves, as well as of inscriptions which have been found in illegible characters, and the assertion that the steeple of the village near Haseborough, in Norfolk, which was destroyed by the sea, is to be seen at low water-may possibly rather have originated in the love for the marvellous than the influence of superstition.

The Gatherer.

A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
SHAKSPEARE.

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On stilts poetic rises quick,

And leans upon his rhyme.

Yet on the boy's instructive sport,
Is this contrivance built;
The source from whence his gains arise,
What is it but a stilt?

Corinna's fair, of stature low,
Yet this defect supplies,
By stilt-like heels which may assist
The conquests of her eyes.
See! in his second childhood faint,
The old man walks with pain;
On crutches imitates his stilts,
And acts the boy again.
So well concerted is this art,

It suits with all conditions;
Heroes, and ladies, beggars, bards,
And boys, and politicians.

Long through the various roads of life, 'Each artist walks unhurt,

Till Death at last kicks down the stilts,
And lays him in the dirt.
G. K.

ENVY..

A LITTLE French girl was lately asked, why she no longer liked her doll. The answer was-" Because it vexes me to see her better dressed than myself!"

WHEN the surgeons of Tripoli take off a limb, the stump is dipped into a bowl of hot pitch, which settles the bleeding, without the trouble of tying up the arteries.

SYMPATHY.

It is from having suffered ourselves, that we learn to appreciate the misfortunes and wants of others, and become doubly interested in preventing or relieving them. "The human heart," as an elegant French author observes, "resem bles certain medicinal trees, which yield not their healing balm until they have themselves been wounded."

EPIGRAM,

Through fields of blood the general Addressed to M, on his nomination

stalks,

And fame sits on his hilt,

Till sword or gun at last bestows

An honourable stilt.

to the Legion of Honour.

In ancient times-'twas no great loss-
They hung the thief upon the cross;
But now, alas !-I say't with grief-

The blund'ring statesman gains by these, We hang the cross upon the thief.

His wisdom boasts aloud;

And on his gilded stilts sublime
Steps o'er the murm'ring crowd.
Supported by these faithful friends,
Defies all charge of guilt;
And, in the mud of sinking, takes
The sceptre for a stilt.
With well dissembled anguish see
The cheating rascal beg,
And by a counterfeit gain more
Than by his real leg.

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mer mentioned in the fifth, and the latter in the second Antonine iter, have often been confounded with each other, and with the Borcovicum and the Braboniacum of the Notitia; but they are doubtless names of distinct places, and we agree with Horsley and Gough, in placing Brovacum, at Brougham Castle, concerning which Leland tells us "Ther is an old castle on the side of Eden water, called Burgh. About a dim from the castle is a village called Burgham, and there is a great pilgrimage to our Lady. At Burgham is an old castle that the common people there say doth sink. About this Burgham ploughmen find in the fields many square stones, tokens of old buildings. The castle is set in a strong place, by reason of rivers inclosing the country thereabouts." * "Some coins and urns have been found here," and the place has all the usual evidence of a Roman station: it stood on the east side of the Lowther, about two stone casts from the castle, and its form and extent may be easily traced.† "It has formed an area and out-work one hundred and twenty paces square, defended by a vallum and outward ditch, both at this time very discernible." Here Horsley mentions a fragment of an altar, inscribed PRO SE ET SVIS9. L9L9M9; remarkable only for the form and size of the stops. He saw many fragments of altars and inscriptions at the hall; and in the wall by the Roman road beyond the castle; and near the Countess of Pembroke's pillar, a pretty busto, part of a funeral monument, and further on another bas relievo, much defaced. He imagined the high ground by this pillar, where most of the inscriptions were found, was the site of the city, rather perhaps of the pomoerium, or cemetry; for it is to this day called the burial-ground; and urns and coins, among the rest a Faustina, have been dug out of it.

The following inscription is on a plain mural altar, formerly built up in the stable at Brougham Castle; but presented lately to the Antiquarian Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by Mr. G. A.

Deo.

Dickson.
DE O
BLATVCA。RO Belatucrado.
AVDAGVS

V S P SS

Audagus.
votum solvens posuit
sanctissime.

"History," says Mr. Grose, "❝has not recorded the builder of Brougham Castle, or handed down to us the time

VII. 63. † Hors. Brit. Rom. p. 297. Hutc. Exc. p. 49. Anno 1776,

when it was erected; but its style of architecture, and particularly that of the keep, indubitably pronounces it Roman." This, however, is a mere flourish of conjecture; for an inquisition records that the prior of Carlisle, during the minority of John de Veteripont, suffered the walls and house of Brougham to go to decay for want of repairing the gutters thereof. The expression house seems to infer that license at that time had not been procured to embattle it. Roger Lord Clifford, son of Isabella de Veteripont, built the greatest part of the castle, and placed over its inner door this inscription-This Made Roger. § By an inquisition taken after his death, its castellany was found to consist of eighty acres of arable land, forty acres of meadow, three cotterels, and a water-mill, His grandson Robert built its eastern parts, where his arms, with those of his wife, were cut in stone. An inquisition, in 1403, found it and its demesne worth nothing "because it lieth altogether waste by reason of the destruction of the country by the Scots ;" and a like authority made in 1421, says it had a yearly rent of twenty quarters of oats, and thirty shillings from the vills of Clyburne, Wynanderwath, and Brougham; and twenty-two quarters of oats from Clifton. The Countess of Pembroke relates that Henry, Earl of Cumberland, when he was but Lord Clifford, ruled his father's estate; and that he, "with his father Francis, Earl of Cumberland, did magnificently entertain King James, at Brougham Castle, on the sixth, seventh, and eighth days of August, 1617, on his return from his The last journey out of Scotland." next account we have of it is from the following inscription:

"This Brougham Castle was repaired by the Ladie Anne Clifford, Countesse dowager of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery, Baronesse Clifford, Westmerland and Vescie, Ladie of the honour of Skipton in Craven, and high sheriffesse by inheritance of the county of Westmerland, in the yeares 1651 and 1652, after it had layen ruinous ever since about August 1617, when King James lay in it for a time, in his journie out of Scotland, towards London, until this time, Isa. c. LVIII. v. 12. God's name be praised."

The Countess Anne also tells us that "After I had been there myself to direct the building of it, did I cause my old decayed castle of Brougham to be repaired, and also the tower called the Roman Tower, in the said old castle, and § Pemb. Mem.

the court-house, for keeping my courts
in, with some dozen or fourteen rooms
to be built in it upon the old founda-
tion."*
The Tower of Leagues, and
the Pagan Tower, and a state room
called Greystocke Chamber, are mention-
ed in her Memoirs; but the room in
which her father was born, her "blessed
mother" died, and King James lodged
in 1617, she never fails to mention, as
being that in which she laid, in all her
visits to this place. A garrison of foot
soldiers was put in it for a short time,
in August 1659.† After the death of
the Countesse, it appears to have been
neglected. Its stone, timber, and lead
were sold for 1007. to Mr. John Monk-
house and Mr. Adderton, two attorneys
in Penrith, who disposed of them in
public sales, the first of which was on
the coronation of George I. 1714. The
wainscotting was purchased by the
neighbouring villagers, among whom
specimens of it still remain.‡

The approach to this castle, says Hutchinson, in an account written in 1776, is guarded by an outward-vaulted gateway, and tower, with a portcullis; and, at the distance of about twenty paces an inroad vaulted gateway of ribbed arches, with a portcullis, through which you enter a spacious area, defended by lofty towers.

The side next the river is divided by three square towers; from thence, on either hand, a little wing falls back, the one leading to the gateway, the other connected with the outworks, which extend to a considerable distance along a grassy plain of pasture ground, terminated by a turret, one of the outposts of the castle. The centre of the building is a lofty square tower: the shattered turrets which form the angles, and the hanging galleries, are overgrown with shrubs. The lower apartment in the principal tower still remains entire; being a square of twenty feet, covered with a vaulted roof of stone, consisting of eight arches, of light and excellent workmanship. The groins are ornamented with various grotesque heads, and supported in the centre by an octagon pillar, about four feet in circumference, with a capital and base of Norman architecture. In the centre of each arch rings are fixed, as if designed for lamps to illuminate the vault. From the construction of this cell, and its situation in the chief tower of the fortress, it is not probable it was formed for a prison, but rather as used at the

* Pemb. Mem. V. I. p. 216. + Pemb. Mem. V. I. p. 218. Clarke's Survey, p. 5.

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time of siege and assault, as the retrea of the chief persons of the household.§ You descend to it by several steps: "all the" other "apartments are destroyed." The outward gateway is machicolated, and has the arms of Vaux (chegny, or and gules) on its tower.||

last, it is observed that "The fine old In the Spectator newspaper of Sunday confounded with Lord Brougham's seat, ruin, Brougham Castle, which is often his family." We had reason to doubt never was in his possession, or that of the entire accuracy of this statement, and accordingly sought information of the personage to whom the possession it is with feelings of pride and pleaof the Castle had been attributed, and sure that we submit the result of this

inquiry to the reader :—

(To the Editor of the Mirror.)

SIR,--The Lord Chancellor being at present very much occupied, has desired me to answer your letter of the 29th.

It is perfectly true that Brougham Castle is not now the property of the Chancellor, nor has it been in his family since the reign of King John. It belongs to the Earl of Thanet, as representative of the Clifford family. Before the time of the Norman Conquest, the manor and lordship of Brougham (then called Burgham) were held by the Saxon family of de Burgham, from whom the Lord Chancellor is lineally descended. After the Conquest, William the Norman granted to Robert de Veteripont, or Vipont, extensive rights and territories in Westmorland; and among others, some oppressive rights of seigniory over the manor of Brougham, then held by Walter de Burgham. To relieve the estate of such services, Gilbert de Burgham, in the reign of King John, agreed to give up absolutely onethird part of his estate to Robert de Veteripont, and also the advowson of the rectory of Brougham. This third comprises the land upon which the castle is built, and the estate afterwards given by Anne Countess of Pembroke, (heiress of Veteripont), to the Hospital of Poor Widows at Appleby. Brougham Castle, if not built, was much extended by Veteripont; and afterwards still more enlarged by Roger Clifford, who succeeded, by marriage, to the Veteripont possessions. The manor house, about three quarters of a mile from the castle, continued in the Brougham family; and part of it, especially the gateway, is supposed to be of Saxon architecture:

Excur. to the Lakes, p. 47.
Hutch. Hist. of Cuib. I. 294.

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