disunionists, the people refused by a large vote to call a convention to consider the question of secession. But many of her young men joined the Confederate army, and in the war thousands of gallant Kentuckians wearing the gray were arrayed on many a bloody field against their brothers in blue.

CHAPTER VI.

MARCH INTO VIRGINIA.

CONFEDERATE CONGRESS AT MONTGOMERY.-KING COTTON.-REMOVAL TO RICHMOND.-MANASSAS JUNCTION.-WASHINGTON A CAMP.-SECESSIONISTS IN WASHINGTON-SECESSION LADY'S COSTUME.-A HEAVY PETTICOAT.-MARY'S CAPS.-BUTTONS FOR LUNCH.-BRAVE MISS WEBSTER.-A SUSPICIOUS FUNERAL.-A KITE with a VALUABLE TAIL.-THE UNION TROOPS IN VIRGINIA.-ARLINGTON HEIGHTS.-FORT-BUILDING.-DEATH OF ELLSWORTH.-FORTRESS MONROE.-CONTRABANDS.-LITTLE BETHEL.-BIG BETHEL.-DEATH OF THEODORE WINTHROP.-LIEUTENANT GREBLE.-MCCLELLAN IN WESTERN VIRGINIA.-PHILIPPI.-RICH MOUNTAIN.-DEATH OF GENERAL GARNETT.--PATTERSON CROSSES THE POTOMAC.-PATTERSON AND JOHNSTON.

A

FTER the fall of Sumter, President Davis called the Confederate Congress to meet at Montgomery (April 29), and in the session which followed, strong measures were adopted for carrying on the war. At this time forty thousand men were in the field, a large part of whom were hastening on to Virginia, and Mr. Davis was authorized to call for one hundred thousand more. Paper money and bonds and postage-stamps * were issued, and agents were sent to Europe to try to get foreign governments to recognize the Confederate Government. Arrangements were also made to buy arms and munitions of war, to be paid for with money obtained from the sale of cotton. From the beginning the disunionists had founded great hopes on cotton, which they believed to be a vital necessity to the manufacturers of Europe. It was commonly spoken of as King Cotton, and it was generally thought in the slave States that universal distress and strikes and riots would ensue in the factory-towns of Europe if their mills were compelled to close for want of it, and that this would force their governments to raise the blockade and acknowledge the Confederacy. Their Congress therefore forbade private persons from sending cotton out of the Confederate States, but obliged them to sell to the government for Confederate bonds, or promises to pay; and the cotton thus bought was shipped to Europe in blockade-runners and sold for gold. These blockade-runners, most of which afterward sailed under the British flag, were very fast steamers that eluded the vigi

*Two, five, and ten cent stamps were issued,

lance of the blockading vessels, and ran in and out of the Southern ports, generally under cover of the night. Though many of them were captured, they succeeded in carrying into the Confederacy a vast amount of material to aid in carrying on the war.

President Davis did not wait for the people of Virginia to vote on the question of secession, but removed his government to Richmond (May 20), and a few days later took up his residence there. The Virginia Convention had made over to the Confederate Government all the military forces and supplies of the State, and troops had already taken possession of the line of defence between Richmond and Washington. The State troops were then under the command of Robert E. Lee, who had resigned his commission as a lieutenant-colonel in the United States army (April 20) soon after the secession of Virginia. He was appointed Major-General of the forces of Virginia, and at once set about organizing the troops and forming them into regiments. When the Virginia forces were made part of the Confederate army, Lee was made a brigadier-general, and was put in command of the fortifications at Richmond, but he did not hold any very important position in the field before the second year of the war.

CONFEDERATE

POSTAGE STAMP.

The principal places occupied by the Confederates were Harper's Ferry and Manassas Junction. A glance at the map will show the importance of these two points. Harper's Ferry, at the head of the great valley of the Shenandoah, which extends into the heart of Virginia, was the meeting place of two railways, one leading down the valley, the other westward. Manassas Junction was also the meeting-place of two railways, one connecting Washington with Richmond, the other running westward through Manassas Gap into the Shenandoah Valley. Troops could easily pass by railway between Harper's Ferry and Manassas Junction, and threaten Maryland from the one point and Washington from the other, while Richmond was at the same time protected. The command of the forces at Harper's Ferry, called the Army of the Shenandoah, was given to General Joseph E. Johnston, who had been a brigadier-general in the United States army, but who had resigned about the same time with Colonel Lee. Under him were Colonel Thomas

1861.]

WASHINGTON A CAMP.

79

Jonathan Jackson, known after the battle of Bull Run as "Stonewall" Jackson, and Colonel J. E. B. Stuart, afterward famous as a cavalry leader. The army at Manassas Junction, then called the Army of the Potomac, was commanded by General Beauregard.

Besides these two armies, there was a small Confederate force near Hampton, on the peninsula between the James and the York rivers, under command of Colonel J. B. Magruder, another old officer of the United States army who had resigned after the secession of Virginia, his native State. This force was watching the Federal troops at Fortress Monroe, then under General B. F. Butler, who had been sent there from Baltimore

RESIDENCE OF JEFFERSON DAVIS IN RICHMOND.

to take command of the Department of Eastern Virginia. Still another small force was stationed in Western Virginia to guard the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, leading into the States west of the Alleghany Mountains.

While the disunionists were thus preparing to make good their claims of independence by force of arms, thousands of volunteers from the great North and West had flocked into Washington, which soon looked like a great camp. The men were quartered wherever room could be found for them, some in the Capitol, some in the Patent-Office and other public buildings, some at the Navy Yard, and some in public halls. The Capitol looked like a fortress, the Senate Chamber and Hall of Representatives, the Rotunda, and other rooms being

filled with soldiers, while the basement rooms were turned into store-rooms for beef, pork, flour, and other necessaries. The vaults on the west side were made into ovens, where thousands of loaves of bread were baked daily, and many camp-fires blazed in the surrounding grounds.

As soon as the soldiers began to flock to the field, societies for their aid were formed all over the country. Women and children began to scrape linen to make lint, and to prepare bandages for wounds. Thousands of old women knit stockings, while the younger ones made hospital clothes for the sick and wounded, or havelocks for the soldiers to wear when marching in the hot sun. The havelock is a kind of white cotton cape, made to fall down from the back of the cap so as to cover the neck. It was named from Sir Henry Havelock, who first had them made in 1857 for the use of his soldiers in the great

rebellion in India. Thousands of these were made and sent to the army during the first year of the war, but the soldiers found them very uncomfortable, because they kept out the air, and they were soon given up. The different societies for the benefit of the soldiers became united in time under the name of the United States THE HAVELOCK. Sanitary Commission, and did a great deal of good throughout the war in giving aid to the sick and wounded.

In the beginning of the war a large number of the people in and around Washington were in hearty sympathy with the disunionists, and were doing all in their power to help them. Secession women were much more defiant than the men, and not only worked secretly in aid of the Confederates, but openly walked the streets wearing secession cockades and badges. Some of them even had their clothes made to represent the Stars and Bars, the waist being formed of the blue union of the flag with the stars on it, and the skirt of the red and white bars. No notice was taken of them by the authorities, and they soon became ashamed of their folly. It was then the fashion to wear large hoops, as shown in the picture, and disunion ladies found it very convenient to hide letters, medicines, percussion-caps, and other contraband articles under their clothes when they went South. Women were employed to search all suspected persons leaving Washington. and once a petticoat that weighed.