for peace and gave up twenty chiefs as hostages. But they were forced to move, and came to New York immediately following their final defeat. There had been some emigration northward about 1710, for Governor Charles Gookin laid before the Pennsylvania Council on June 16th of that year, the minutes of a conference held at Conestoga on June 8th with the various Indians, at which conference there were present three Tuscarora chiefs and some "Seneques," also called "Conestogas." The last paragraph in these minutes reads:

Pursuant to your Honour's, and Council's intent, we went to Conestoga where the forewritten contents were by the chiefs of the Tuscaroras to us delivered; the sincerity of their intentions we cannot any wise doubt, since they are of the same race and language as our Seneques (Conestogas), who have always proved trusty and have also for these many years been neighbors to a government (North Carolina or Virginia) jealous of Indians and yet not displeased with them.5

In July, 1712, the New York Council decided that the Tuscaroras might settle, conditionally, beyond the Blue Hills. As late as 1722, outrages and massacres were charged to the Tuscaroras on the frontiers of Virginia, and that they actually worked their way southward of the Potomac from their "castle lately seated between Oneyde and Onondage." The Tuscarora commemorations in Southern Central Pennsylvania, the Tuscarora mountains, creek and valley from the time of bestowal of the name, show the Tuscaroras to have been resident in the section most of the period between 1712 and 1722, and the well known Tuscarora Path marked their route from the country of the Six Nations to North Carolina and Virginia. Hence it is only natural to find Tuscarora commemorations where the tribe dwelt. The tribal name has long been commemorated in a Pittsburgh street, in harmony with other Indian names of both Iroquoian and Algonquian origin. In fact, the Indian nomenclature geographically in use in Pennsylvania and in street designations in Pittsburgh, is in itself impressive of an extended Indian history. That the Tuscaroras did not largely range hereabouts is evidenced by a glance at Conrad Weiser's census of the Indians he found at Logstown on the Ohio in 1748, when he enumerated 789 Indians of ten tribes then sojourning there, among them representatives of each of the five original Iroquois nations, but really this was the Seneca country or an extension of it, and by reason of Seneca occupancy or possession the name Mingo became the designation of the people of that nation in this region, as we have already seen, and the name has endured geographically and historically in Mingo Junction and the Mingo Bottom on the Ohio below Steubenville, and in Mingo church and valley in Washington county, Pennsylvania, a church still there on the site of the log structure famed in the days of the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794, and the graveyard, too, with its many pioneer interments

5"The Wilderness Trail," Charles A. Hanna, Vol. I, p. 83.

marked with flat stones, just across the road from the modern church edifice.

The word Mingo is to be regarded as a corruption of the term "Mengwe" applied to the Iroquois by the Dutch and the Swedes; first to the Susquehannocks, the ancestors of the Custologas, and later to the New York Iroquois. The form Minquas was also used. As a rule the designation "Mingo" was applied to the Senecas living on the Allegheny and the Upper Ohio by the English. The Susquehannocks were Iroquoian stock, but there is evidence in the Pennsylvania Council records in the administration of Governor William Keith, 1717-1726, that the Conestoga Indians actually paid tribute to the Five Nations. James Logan, president of the Council, said in 1721, that the celebrated Conestoga chief, Civility (his English name), was a descendant of the ancient Susquehanna Indians, "but now reputed as of Iroquois descent." The Mingos of the Ohio are said to have been descendants of those who subdued the Susquehannocks, or early Mingos. Thomas Chalkley, a member of the Society of friends, visited the Conestogas living in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1706. He kept a journal of his extensive travels in America, and recorded that two nations dwelt in a town he visited-the Senecas (Conestogas), and the Shawanese; and that the first nation was ruled by an empress, his interpreter told him, and that the tribe gave much heed to what she wished. This was the celebrated Queen Alliquippa, the friend of Washington, who visited her at the mouth of the Youghiogheny river, December 30, 1753. She had taken up several locations in the years intervening between Chalkley's visit and Washington's visit, and her last years were spent about the Forks of the Ohio. Her name is commemorated in the manufacturing town of Aliquippa in Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Her name is variously spelled; the last form above is that of the United States postal authorities. Queen Alliquippa was undoubtedly an Iroquois, for Conrad Weiser, who met her in 1748 and dined with her at her town on the Ohio, opposite McKee's Rocks, called her an old Seneka woman who reigned with great authority. Notwithstanding this assertion five years later, in a list of chiefs of the Mohawk Nation, he enumerated Alliquippa's son among them. Celeron met her in 1749, and mentions her only as an Iroquois. Queen Alliquippa will be accorded mention more in detail in the story of her devotion to the English in their struggle for supremacy in the West.

6"The Wilderness Trail," Vol. I, pp. 78-79, 81-82. See also Weiser's "Journal,” Chap. X, Aug. 27, 1748.

CHAPTER IV.

The Barbaric Republic.

Much of the early history of Pittsburgh that will follow is border history, that is to say, it deals with events that happened far beyond the pale of civilization. The actors in these events were many; they were of two races, the Aryan and the Indian, the white and the red, we may say to be more colloquial. It is altogether logical that all phases of this history should be considered as events occurring before the advent of the white settlers have been accorded equal potency with those occurring afterward. As Governor Colden put it in a letter to General Oglethorpe: "The Indian Affairs have ever appeared to your Judgment of such importance to the Welfare of our own People that you have ever carefully applied your thoughts to them, etc."

Again, the Harvard trio tell us: "The history of the United States is inferior to that of no other country in the romance of discovery, border warfare and frontier life, or the record of material results of a nation's efforts. The Indians are certainly as interesting in customs, warfare, and tribal government, as the Ancient Germans. The three centuries of strife between the native races and the white invaders— what Parkman calls 'the history of the forest,' is one of the World's treasure houses of romantic episodes comparable with the history of chivalry."1

Governor Colden aptly remarks in his opening lines: "It is necessary to know something of the Form of Government of the People whose history one is about to know, and a few words will be sufficient to give the Reader a Conception of that of the Five Nations," then, as he observes, still under original simplicity. His account of these Nations he said would show what dangerous neighbors the Indians had once been, and what pains a neighboring colony (French Canada) whose interest was opposite to the English, had taken to withdraw their affection from the English. The riches of the Indian trade which this antagonistic colony received had a great part in the startling developments in our home region leading to open and terrible warfare a few months after Colden wrote.2

Various historians have spread their views of the Iroquois over pages of our national history, Lossing and Fiske especially. The Iroquois have also their particular historians-Colden and Catlin, and Schoolcraft; Beauchamp, William L. Stone and Lewis H. Morgan, and to invoke this voluminous history it is apparent that these able writers esteemed these wonderful specimens of the American race worthy of their extended

1"American History Guide," Channing, Hart and Turner, pp. 1-2. 2"History of Five Nations," Cadwallader Colden-Introduction.

efforts. The "Jesuit Relations," those carefully prepared records of the French missionaries while laboring in the heart of America, have frequent mention of the Iroquois who, when first found by Cartier, were dwelling on both banks of the St. Lawrence, with villages where Montreal and Quebec now stand. The French explorers first betrayed the confidence of these natives by making prisoners of their head chief and some of his followers and carrying them overseas. The Iroquoian stock was wholly an inland stock, at no point reaching the ocean. The most ancient traditions of the Five Nations locate their pristine home between the lower St. Lawrence and Hudson's Bay. Hence the French explorers first met them and first wronged them, to the lasting regret of France, and it remained for Champlain to ruin all prospects of winning the haughty Iroquois and their country for the French Crown.

Neville B. Craig was impressed with the great part the Iroquois took in our national and local history. He had reasons to be, for when he was but a child in Pittsburgh he knew certain Seneca chiefs, among them Guyasutha and Cornplanter. He could remember Wayne and his Legion, and was acquainted through his father, Major Isaac Craig, with many officers of the Revolution and with some who served in the Indian wars subsequent. Craig has given us pages pertaining to the League of the Iroquois in his most timely, elaborate and entertaining work, "The Olden Time," which he published in magazine form monthly, beginning January, 1846, and ending December, 1847, which work is highly spoken of by Parkman. His Iroquois matter consists of a series of letters on that people addressed to Albert Gallatin, LL. D., president of the New York Historical Society, and published originally in the "American Review," the monthly magazine and organ of the Whig party. The letters are under the nom de plume, "Skenandoah." An "Advertisement" accompanying states that many parts of these letters were read before the "Councils of the New Confederacy of the Iroquois" in the years 1844-45-46, and to the establishment of that historical institution the research by which the facts were accumulated is chiefly to be attributed.

In his introductory article, Craig says he has given great attention and much space previously to the history of this remarkable people, "The earliest known proprietors of the country around the head of the Ohio." He was not at all apprehensive that his readers would think he could devote too much of his magazine space to the account of that Confederacy which had such absolute sway over so vast an extent of country, and which produced such men as Tanacharison, Guyasutha and Cornplanter. He could have mentioned Brant, Red Jacket, and others also. Craig believed everything calculated to explain the means by which the union of the constituent nations was so long preserved, and to illustrate their domestic institutions would continue to interest

every enlightened mind. He reiterated the common opinion that the existence of institutions so artificial and yet so admirably calculated to accomplish the purposes of the framers among a people usually regarded as savages, must astonish and yet gratify all who there for the first time became acquainted with them. At the time he printed these observations, Mr. Craig had in mind the address of De Witt Clinton which Craig had read thirty-six years previously, having been presented with a copy of it by Judge Henry Baldwin, of Pittsburgh, his law preceptor, who was an intimate friend of Clinton. Judge Baldwin sat on the Supreme Bench of the United States from 1830 to 1846. When publishing "The Olden Time," Craig found in an old work3 some parts of this address, which he reprinted in "The Olden Time." (Vol. I, pp. 396-398). Craig states regretfully that he had "loaned his copy to a friend who was careful not to return it." Clinton made plain the wisdom and policy of the Iroquois in their selection of their home country, situated as they were upon the high tableland from which waters flow into the St. Lawrence, the Mohawk, the Delaware, the Susequehanna and the Allegheny, because so situated these Indians by short portages at the most could readily launch their light canoes to transport their warriors to any part of the country to war upon their enemies or punish their refractory subjects. Parkman, too, as will be noted, dwells upon their strategic position. Craig, well satisfied that the Six Nations were a wonderful people among the Aborigines of the soil of America, and as they were rightfully or otherwise lords paramount in this our home region when the first white men visited it, believed that everything relating to their history, character or institutions, came properly under the scope of his undertaking of republishing in whole, or in parts, various interesting papers in relation to the early history of our country, in preference to undertaking the task of the historian by forming from such documents his own inferences, conclusions and opinions, and presenting them as historical facts. By carrying out his intention thus, he has left us in "The Olden Time" a long series of elaborate and entertaining articles which show patient and careful research, and to which he has added explanations and editorial remarks. From "Skenandoah's Letters" we extract some further items of interest, introducing also some quotations. It has been stated in these letters that:

It is an original peculiarity of Indian character that he has no desire to perpetuate himself in the remembrance of distant generations by monumental inscriptions or other erections fabricated by the art and industry of man. The Iroquois would have passed away without leaving a vestige or memorial of their existence behind, if to them had been entrusted the preservation of their name and deeds. A verbal language, a people without a city, a government without a record, are as fleeting as the deer and the wild fowl upon which the Indian himself subsists. With the departure of the individual, every vestige of Indian sovereignty vanishes. He leaves but the arrowhead upon the hillside, fit emblem of his pursuits; and the rude pipe and ruder vessel, entombed beside

3"Knapp's History and Topography of the United States."