same; hath therefore caused and commanded this his most high court of parliament, for sundry and many, urgent causes and considerations, to be at this time summoned; and also a synod and convocation of all the archbishops, bishops and other learned men of the clergy of this realm, to be in like manner assembled.

* *

And forasmuch as in the said parliament, synod and convocation, there were certain articles, matters and questions proposed and set forth touching the Christian religion, the king's most royal majesty, most prudently pondering and considering, that by occasion of variable and sundry opinions and judgments of the said articles, great discord and variance hath arisen, as well amongst the clergy of this his realm, as amongst a great number of vulgar people, his loving subjects of the same; and being in a full hope and trust, that a full and perfect resolution of the said articles should make a perfect concord and unity generally amongst all his loving and obedient subjects; of his most excellent goodness not only commanded, that the said articles should deliberately and advisedly, by his said archbishops, bishops and other learned men of his clergy, be debated, argued and reasoned, and their opinions therein to be understood, declared and known, but also most graciously vouchsafed in his own princely person, to descend and come into his said high court of Parliament and council, and there, like a prince of most high prudence, and no less learning, opened and declared many things of high learning and great knowledge, touching the said articles, matters, and questions, for an unity to be had in the same; whereupon, after a great and long, deliberate and advised disputation and consultation, had and made concerning the said articles as well by the consent of the king's highness, as by the assent of the lords spiritual, and temporal, and other learned clergy in their convocations, and by the consent of the commons, in this present parliament assembled, it was and is finally resolved, accorded and agreed- * *

1. If any person by word, writing, printing, cyphering, or any otherwise, do preach, teach, dispute, or hold opinion that in the blessed sacrament of the altar, under form of bread and wine-after the consecration thereof-there is not present really the natural body and blood of our saviour Jesus Christ conceived of the Virgin Mary; or that after the said consecration there remaineth any substance of bread or wine, or any other substance, but the substance of Christ, God and man; or that in the flesh under form of bread, is

not the very blood of Christ; or that with the blood under the form of wine, is not the very flesh of Christ, as well apart as though they were both together; or affirm the said sacrament to be of other substance than is aforesaid: or deprave the said blessed sacrament: then he shall be adjudged an heretic, and suffer death by burning, and shall forfeit to the king all his lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods and chattels, as in case of high treason.

2. And if any person preach in any sermon or collation openly made, or teach in any common school or congregation, or obstinately affirm or defend, that the communion of the blessed sacrament in both kinds is necessary for the health of man's soul, or ought or should be ministered in both kinds; or that it is necessary to be received by any other person other than by priests being at mass, and consecrating the same.

3. Or that any man after the order of priesthood received, may marry or contract matrimony.

4. Or that any man or woman which advisedly hath vowed or professed, or should vow or profess chastity or widowhood, may marry, or contract marriage.

3. Or that private masses be not lawful, or not laudable, or should not be used, or be not agreeable to the laws of God.

6. Or that auricular confession is not expedient, and necessary to be used in the church of God, he shall be adjudged, suffer death, and forfeit lands and goods, as a felon. If any priest or other man or woman, which advisedly hath avowed chastity, or widowhood, do actually marry or contract matrimony with another; or man which is or hath been a priest, do carnally use any woman to whom he is, or hath been married, or with whom he hath contracted matrimony, or openly be conversant or familiar with any such woman; both the man and the woman shall be adjudged felons. Commissions shall be awarded to the bishop of the diocese, his chancellor, commissary, and others, to inquire of the heresies, felonies, and offenses aforesaid; also justices of peace in their sessions and every steward, understand, and deputy of stewards in their leet, or lawday, by the oaths of twelve men have authority to enquire of all the heresies, felonies, and offenses afforesaid."

Stat. of the Realm, III, 739; Stat. at Large, IV, 468; Gee and Hardy, 303.

Oath of Allegiance to Pope, about 1500.

"I Henry Archbishop of Canterbury from this hour forward

shall be faithful and obedient to St Peter and to the holy Church of Rome, and to my lord the pope and his successors canonically entering, I shall not be of council or consent, that they shall lose either life or member, or shall be taken or suffer any violence or any wrong by any means. Their counsel to me credited by them, their messengers or letters, I shall not willingly discover to any person. The Popedom of Rome, the rules of the holy fathers, and the regalities of St. Peter, I shall help to retain, and defend against all men. The legate of the see apostolic going and coming I shall honorably entreat. The rights, honors, privileges, authorities of Rome, and of the pope and his successors, I shall cause to be conserved, defended, augmented, and promoted. I shall not be in council, treaty or any act, in which anything shall be imagined against him, or the Church of Rome, their rights, states, honors, or powers, and if I know of any such to be moved or compassed, I shall resist it to my power, and as soon as I can, I shall advertise him or such as may give him knowledge. The rules of the holy fathers, the decrees, ordinances, sentences, dispositions, reservations, provisions, and commandments, apostolic, to my power I shall keep and cause to be kept of others, heretics, schismatics, and rebels to our holy father and his successors, I shall resist and persecute to my power. I shall come to the synod when I am called, except I be letted by a canonical impediment. The lights of the apostles on this side the Alps, I shall visit personally or by my deputy once a year, and those beyond the Alps once every two years, unless I am therefrom absolved by an apostolic dispensation. I shall not alien or sell the possessions belonging to my archbishopric, nor give nor mortgage, nor infeof any of them afresh, or any way alien them without the popes counsel.

So God me help and the holy evangelists.”

Foxe, Bk VIII p. 534 (Ed 1838); Prynne's Lordly Prelacy p. 100.

Oath of Allegience to the King, 1534 26 Hen. VIIIc. 2.

"Ye shall swear to bear faith, truth and obedience alonely to the king's majesty, and to his heirs of his body of his most dear and entirely beloved lawful wife Queen Anne, begotten and to be begotten, and further to the heirs of our said sovereign lord according to the limitation in the statute made for surety of his succession in the crown of this realm, (Act of Succession, 25 Hen VIIIc.22) mentioned. and contained, and not to any other within this realm, nor foreign authority or potentate: and in case any oath be made, or has been

made, by you, to any person or persons, that then ye are to reputethe same as vain and annihilate; and that to your cunning, wit, and uttermost of your power, without guile, fraud, or other undue means, you shall observe, keep, maintain, and defend the said act of Succession, and all the whole effects and contents thereof, and all other Acts and statutes made in confirmation, or for the execution of the same or of anything therein contained; and this ye shall do against all manner of persons, of what estate, dignity, degree, or condition soever they be, and in no wise do or attempt, directly or indirectly, anything or things privily or apartly, to the let, hindrance, damage, or derogation thereof, or of any part of the same by any manner of means, or for any manner of pretence; So help you God, all saints, and the Holy Evangelist."

Stat. of the Realm III, 492; Gee and Hardy 245.

III. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. REFERENCE BOOKS.

1

(a) General.-Lowe and Pulling. Dict. of English History. 1884. Cassell.

Comprehensive and useful.

Stubb's Constitutional History of England. 3v. Macmillan $7.80. Of the highest authority.

Green's "History of English People." 4v. 1882. Harpers. $10.

Standard, well-written, excellent bibliographical notes.

Traill's "Social England." 4v. 1893-6. Putnam's. $14.
Comprehensive and modern but unequal in value.

For Ecclesiastical history.—Makower the Const. Hist. and Const. of the Church of England. 1895. Macmillan.

The best commentary on the constitutional history of the church.

Fuller's Church History, edited by J. S. Brewer. 6v. 1845.

Fantastic in style, liberal in tone, contains considerable documentary evidence.

Collier's Ecclesiastical History. Edited by T. Lathbury. 9v. 1852. Anglican in tone and uncritical, but comprehensive and supplemented by original docu

ments.

Hook's "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury." 12v. 1868. Bently.

A detailed, critical and interesting series of biographies.

(b) Special Peiods.—(1) Anglo Saxon. Freeman's Norman Conquest. 6v. 1870. Macmillan. $27.

Standard but biased by an imperialistic interpretation of the period.

Green's "Making of England." 1882. Harpers. $2.50.

Highly interesting and valuable.

(2) Anglo Norman. Freeman's "Norman Conquest," and "William Rufus." 2v. 1882. Macmillan. $8.

Norgate's "England under the Angevin Kings." 2v. 1887. Macmillan. $8.

An interesting and detailed narrative, important for the foreign relations of England.

(3) Late Mediaeval. Ramsay's "Houses of Lancaster and York." 2v. 1892. Macmillan.

An accurate and detailed narrative based on laborious research.