his ministers was all the price that was asked? Suwarrow was clearly a Broad Churchman, seeing good in all sects and parties. That he was an intentional hypocrite and impostor seems at any rate not believable. He was religious according to his lights, even when there was little to be gained by pretences and professions; and that his ostentatious" devotions, genuflexions, and comic pieties secured him the goodwill of the people, was probably as much due to accident as craft. On one occasion he risked the resentment of Catherine rather than neglect his duty to heaven. After the "påcification of Poland”. that is, after he had executed all likely to provoke dispeace. - the czarina conferred on him the rank of field-marshal; but Suwarrow, faithful to his religious principles, would not receive the dignity till he had asked the blessing of Holy Church.

It is characteristic of Eastern religions, | them must have a presiding god whose pagan and Christian alike, to make piety special charge they were; and was it not consist in exterior rather than interior a prudential precaution to secure him as adornment, in gymnastic exercises rather an ally, when a little deference paid to than in loyalty to moral principle or pure affection; and the lower the nation or the individual in the scale of civilization, which is the power to live for and in ideas, the more pronounced is this tendency to propitiate deity by ceremonies and grimaces which are of the skin, and which have nothing to do with the disposition and character. Suwarrow's religion was as destitute of moral qualities as his habits were of social refinement. He was a savage both in his inward and outward development. His God was a being to be reconciled and cajoled by a state bow, such as a man makes when he attends one of her Majesty's drawingrooms; a being who could be coaxed to place his own invincible might at the disposal of the man who surpassed all other candidates for that favor in the amount of physical deference he rendered. There never lived a general who insisted more than Suwarrow on the personal piety (as It is needless to say that a man of he understood that word) of his soldiers Suwarrow's habits and temper was little and officers - not even Cromwell himself. fitted for the domesticities of life. There On Sundays, and the festivals of Holy is a story told of his comrade in arms, Church, he delivered sermons to the su- Marshal Romanzow, who was parted from perior officers of his army, whom in their his wife. One of his sons, having finturn he compelled to preach and pray in ished his studies, came to the army to the presence of their regiments, abusing ask a commission. "Who are you?" in no measured terms those whose igno- said Romanzow. "Your son." "Oh, rance of Russian disqualified them for indeed; you are grown up, I see." The praying in the vernacular, and therefore interview finished, the young man asked for humoring the national God to whom, if there was any place where he could like the Jews of old, he ascribed his vic- take up his abode. "Why, surely," said tories, and in whose protection and favor the father, you are acquainted with he had the blindest faith. The Warsaw some officer in the camp." Suwarrow's Butcher never began a battle without domestic relations seem to have been on reverently and repeatedly making the sign no more cordial footing. He had a daughof the cross. He won the silent approval ter whom Catherine appointed one of her and encouragement of the superstitious maids-of-honor, and whom she afterwards people of Italy during his campaign in married to the brother of her husband that country, as much by his devoutness pro tem., Plato Zubof the last of a long as by his success. Wherever on the list who filled the office; which led the march he saw a crucifix or saintly image witlings of St. Petersburg to say that he stopped to pray; wherever he met a Catherine had ended with Platonic love. monk he asked leave to kiss his hand, In this daughter Suwarrow's malformaand solicited his benediction, invoking tion of mind, to which his eccentricities his curse on these French regicides and owe their being, took the form of imbeatheists whom it was his mission to pun- cility. The old man, not having seen his ish. He begged relics of departed saints daughter since her childhood, expressed from the convents he visited; bathed a wish to meet her. "Ah, father," cried again and again in holy water to make she, "how big you have grown since I himself invulnerable; consumed cart- last saw you! He quarrelled with his loads of consecrated wafers that he might not hunger any more. Priests and presbyters, Protestant and Papist to all alike he paid homage; each and all of

wife soon after their marriage, and refused to live with her. On hearing that the empress had made his son an officer in the Guards, he made the following

sion when the empress was granting favors to everybody, and when everybody was pressing round her with eyes that said, "What am I to get?" she ordered the mob to stand back till a figure in the background came into the full view of the court. It was Suwarrow. Addressing him she said: "And you, general; do you want nothing?" "Only that you would order my lodgings to be paid, madam." The rent of his lodgings was three roubles a month. It is averred that he never shared in the plunder of the cities, which he gave over to his soldiers to be sacked. "At the fall of Ismail, he did not take even a horse."

comment: "Ah, well, if her Majesty says | ever devout pilgrim kissed papal toe or that I have a son, be it so, but I know Caabah stone. Again and again he renothing about it." There seems, how- fused her Majesty's gifts. On one occaever, to have been one little germ of affection in that tough and twisted and gnarled nature: he was much attached to his nephew, Gortschakoff, who was second in command of the ill-fated army of Switzerland led by Korsakoff against the French. Spiteful gossips say that this nephew was a painted booby, who bedaubed his cheeks as unblushingly as any of the ladies of St. Petersburg who held their toilet-table as incomplete without a rouge-pot, and that he wore whalebone stays to keep his body slim and graceful. The empress Catherine, during whose brilliant reign he rose to fame, knew Suwarrow's worth, and with that instinctive acumen by which she attached to her person and interest all those whose force of character or genius made them dangerous as enemies and powerful as friends, led the rough, uncultured, and perverse hero by a silken thread. Hard cash that had to be deposited out of sight in the pockets which could not be hung about the person, and flashed and flaunted in the eyes of the world-had no charm for Suwarrow. But Catherine knew how to reach and play upon the savage nature deep-seated in the man. She operated on him chiefly through his weakness for gaudy trinkets, a weakness which, in common with all savages, he shared. If he loved and prized any possession in the world, it was the brilliant baubles and toys which she gave him, and which the touch of her white, royal hand had invested with a double value and with something of a sacred character. Each new courier that arrived at her court with tidings of a victory, coincided with the despatch of a messenger bearing a bejewelled gift, and a letter of thanks written by the czarina's own hand. In this way he had accumulated a large collection of richly-carved gold snuff-boxes; imperial portraits set in gold; swords whose hefts sparkled with all the colors of a prism; rich robes bestarred with badges of the royal favor and friendship; and this mot ley treasure he carried about with him in all his wars and wanderings, locked and double-locked in a massive iron chest. He never touched one of these gifts on which Catherine's hand had rested, nay, his glance never casually alighted on one of them, but, as in the presence of something holy, he made the sign of the cross, and, falling on his knees, reverently kissed it, and with greater solemnity than

Catherine was prodigal in her gifts to her favorites and servants, and rewarded on a scale of right Russian magnificence. But Suwarrow could never find it in his heart to refuse a gold toy; and his Stoic indifference to wealth capitulated at once when the seductive light of a precious stone bewildered and blinded his eyes. How often did he vex the ears of his officers with the oft-repeated history of each trinket? Again and again he assembled them to admire and eulogize the loveliness of his collection, till the faculty of admiration in them was exhausted, and the language of eulogy had ceased to be fresh. He would stop his army while on the march, that he might open his chest and gloat over his treasures. At dinner, he would, in a rapid succession of shots, fire the following questions at his neighbors: "Have you seen my jewels? Do you envy me them? What do you think they are worth? Why did our mamma give them to me?" Á failure to answer these questions as promptly as the report follows the explosion, and the general lost his temper, and a louder explosion fol lowed, in which, amid the confusion of gutturals and growls, the only articulate words that could be made out were, "You blockhead!" "You fool!" while the poor victim, too ignorant to answer rightly, or too honest to lie, or too prosaic to invent a fictitious history of the jewels on the spot, sat blushing and trembling.

But his treatment by Catherine's son and successor, the emperor Paul - who, hating his mother, hated every one she prized, reversed all the schemes and ends she labored for and cherished—was harsh and ingrate. After Catherine's death, he denuded the grim, sarcastic old marshal - who had sneered at, and made

or decorative orders. The emperor was amazed at this daring breach of etiquette. Suwarrow threw himself down on his breast and belly and began to crawl over the floor, to the feet of the throne.

some doggerel rhymes about his military obliged Paul to capitulate to his victim reforms of all his commands, and or- and invite him again to lead the armies of dered him to retire to Moscow. Suwar- Russia. Suwarrow made his appearance row was with his beloved troops in south-at court in civilian costume, without sword ern Poland when he received the imperial mandate, ready to march against France. He determined to break the news of his disgrace to the army himself. Having drawn the troops up in line of battle he appeared before them in the dress of a common soldier, but decorated with all his orders, and with the portraits of the late czarina and the emperor of Austria sparkling on his breast in the sunshine. The soldiers, on hearing the announcement of the czar's will, broke into cries of indignation and sorrow which the general vainly tried to hush. He then stripped himself of his military accoutrements and deposited them on a pyramid of drums and cymbals, which had previously been raised in front of the embattled battalions. "And now, comrades," said he, "there may come a time when Suwarrow will be again your general; he will then resume these spoils which he leaves to you and which he always wore in his victories." The "mad czar," indignant at the honor and deference paid to the exile by the nobles and populace of Moscow, resolved yet further to humiliate his mother's favorite general. He banished him to an insignificant village. To the officer of police who was deputed to carry out the imperial will, and who had informed Suwarrow that four hours would be allowed him to prepare for his journey, he replied, "Four hours! too much kindness! one hour is enough for Suwarrow." The officer conducted him to the coach which was to bear him to his destination. "A coach!" he said, "Suwarrow in a coach! he will go to exile in the equipage he used when travelling to the court of Catherine or leading the army to victory; go and get a cart."

"What is this, marshal?" said the emperor; "come, my son, this will not do; are you mad? get up." "No, no, sire! I wish to make my way too in this court, and I know it is only by crawling that one can get into your Majesty's good graces." At last Suwarrow was to reap the joy which he had often prayed Catherine to grant him—an army of fifty thousand Cossacks with which to make the conquest of France. For his series of brilliant victories over Macdonald, Moreau, and Joubert, the grateful czar conferred on him the title of prince with the surname of Italisky; and issued a decree ordaining that the same military honors should be paid to Suwarrow as himself, and that henceforward and forever he should be considered the greatest captain of every age, of every nation and country of the world. Paul was the first to disobey his own imperial ukase. He attributed to Suwarrow the disasters of the Helvetian campaign; and in reorganizing his shattered armies he left no command for the brave, grey-haired warrior, who retired to St. Petersburg, bowed with sorrow, broken-hearted and neglected. On his arrival there he went to the house of his nephew Prince Gortschakoff; and lay down never to rise.

Suwarrow, sprung from a family of no social position and held in no respect, began in 1742 the career which he ended as generalissimo of the Russian forces, as a private soldier in the Fusilier Guards of the empress Elizabeth. He won every In course of time the exile's friends step in his rapid promotion by his prowess succeeded in softening Paul's enmity; and daring on the field of battle. In five they even cajoled the monarch into writ- years he attained to the rank of corporal; ing him a letter intimating his re-installa- in 1749 he received further promotion; tion into the favor and protection of his and in 1754 he quitted the Guards with a Majesty. The letter was addressed to lieutenant's commission. His first camField-Marshal Suwarrow. "This letter paign was made in the course of the Seven is not for me," said the stern, uncom-Years War with Prussia, when Frederick promising exile to the royal messenger; the Great was "like to be overwhelmed " "if Suwarrow were field-marshal he would not be banished and guarded in a village; he would be seen at the head of the armies; and the courier had actually to bear the letter back to his Majesty unopened.

The exigencies of State, however,

by his enemies; and he was present at the capture of Berlin by Toddleben in 1760. For his valor in this war Catherine presented him, in 1762, with a colonel's commission written by her own hand. As brigadier-general, he marched against the confederates of Poland in 1768; ob

numerous decorations and orders and trinkets. He danced and skipped like a lunatic, and posed and pirouetted in his new costume. Before enrobing himself, he hugged and kissed it, and made again and again the sign of the cross; and the mild, innocent vanity of the man showed itself not only in the way he strutted about, inflated with a sense of his selfimportance, but in the remark he made on little Nicholas Soltikoff, who thought himself specially slighted by Suwarrow's promotion over his head: "I don't wonder that they did not give such a dress as this to little Nick; it would be too heavy for him."

taining the full rank of major-general two uniform, covering his breast with his years later. When finally he was made marshal of the empire, he performed in the presence of the army some of the most wonderful antics recorded in the chronicles of the great. Catherine never granted promotion on grounds of senior ity, either of merit or of favoritism merit in the recipients' relation to the State, or favoritism in their domestic and personal relations to the throne. There is an anecdote to the effect that she dismissed General Kamenskoi from her service for having taken command of an army on the march, consequent on the death of his superior, Prince Potemkin; a responsibility which he could not well evade. He sent a report to her Majesty, in which His laurels as a general were won in the introductory sentence ran as follows: that Russo-Turkish war which has raged "Having taken the command in conse- through many generations since the dequence of my seniority," on the perusal scent of the Saracen on Europe. In 1788 of which audacious sentence, Catherine, Suwarrow commanded the fortress of in her own hand, wrote the marginal com- Kinburn, besieged by the Turks. He ment," Who gave you orders?" He then suffered the enemy to disembark without proceeded to criticise the disorganized opposition; he even encouraged them to state of the troops an indirect reflection proceed by sending out a small force with on the capacity of the deceased general, instructions to retreat, after exchanging a who, having originally been Catherine's few shots, as though they were frightened. domestic companion, had become her The device succeeded; and while the trustiest adviser; retaining as a states- Turkish boats had gone back to Otchakow man the influence he had acquired over for reinforcements, Suwarrow marched her through the tender passion. On out at the head of two battalions with reading these strictures, Catherine wrote, fixed bayonets, and slaughtered the enemy "He dared not say a word while the to a man. In these Turkish campaigns, prince was alive;" and though Kamens- he heaped deeds of prowess upon each koi was a man of much military capacity, other. At Fokschan, when thirty thouthe answer to his elaborate critique was a sand Austrians fled from the battle-field, command to quit the army. The alle- leaving the Turkish army of one hundred gorical buffooneries Suwarrow performed thousand men victors, Suwarrow put himon the occasion of his elevation to the self at the head of eight thousand Rusmarshalate, were of the most grotesque sians and changed the fortunes of the character. Of the half-superstitious, half- day. "Brothers!” cried he; "never look religious temper of the Russian boor, he to the eyes of your enemies! Fix your saw the hand of Providence in his success view on their breasts and thrust your in life. He resolved that he would pub- bayonets there." licly thank the deity for it, which he did in the cathedral church of Warsaw. He packed the nave and aisle of the cathedral with soldiers to witness the following religio comic entertainment. Having placed in a line as many chairs as there were officers senior to himself and holding military rank between that he had been promoted from and that he had been promoted to, he entered the building in his shirt-sleeves, and in the leapfrog style vaulted over each chair, thereby typifying how he had vaulted over his rivals. Thereafter, in the presence of the grinning yet admiring soldiery, who loved yet laughed at their erratic, brilliant, and vainglorious chief, he dressed himself in his marshal's

The sack of Ismail was his crowning triumph in this war. Potemkin, not very anxious for a conclusion of hostilities, had leisurely and playfully besieged the city for seven months; when Madame de Witt, to tempt him into activity, divining by the cards, predicted its downfall within three weeks. The prince replied that he had a method of divination more prompt and sure than that; and ordered Suwar row to take it within three days. On the third day the hero drew up his soldiers, and addressing them "Brothers! no quarter, provisions are dear!"— delivered the assault. His forces, twice repulsed, at last scaled the walls; and then fol lowed a scene of rapine, and murder, and