given. It may be added that the Notes have been practically tested with Sixth-Form boys, and with satisfactory results. It is almost unnecessary to say that I have consulted throughout, though in many cases without following, Prof. Mayor's admirable edition. The scope of my notes, however, has not allowed me to profit much by what is the most valuable part of his edition-the wealth of illustrative quotation. With the exception of an occasional reference to Mr. Macleane, no other edition has been used. The chief authorities consulted have been Becker's Gallus in the English Translation by Metcalfe, Friedländer's Sittengeschichte Roms, and Teuffel's History of Roman Literature. I have to express my thanks to my colleague, Mr. S. R. Brooke, B.A., for kindly revising a portion of the proof sheets, and to Mr. M. C. Macmillan, M.A., for several valuable suggestions in the Notes. Index has been appended of the rarer words used by Juvenal, with their meanings; and also a complete list of the diminutives, with nouns and adjectives, which are found in the Satires. E. G. H. An GRANTHAM, October 1883. INTRODUCTION. BUT little is known for certain about the life of Juvenal. Unlike Horace, he seldom speaks of himself or his own affairs, while, with the possible exception of two passages in Martial (vii. 24, and xii. 18), he is never mentioned by other classical writers. Our sources of information, such as they are, are these :-(1) Seven Lives which have come down to us from an unknown origin, and which are to some extent at least taken from one another, but agree in their salient features, and at any rate express the traditional belief of a period not more than two or three centuries later than Juvenal's age. One of them has by some been attributed to Suetonius, but apparently without any good ground. (2) Detached notices in his writings, which chiefly, however, serve to fix the date at which he wrote or published the several Satires. (3) An inscription discovered at Aquinum, which runs as follows:-" (Cere)ri sacrum (D. Ju)nius Juvenalis (trib.) coh (ortis I) Dalmataram, II (vir) quin (quennalis) flamen divi Vespatiani vovit dedicav(it q)ue sua pec(unia).” Putting together those parts of the seven Lives which are identical, in all or most of them we find that Juvenal was the son of a rich freedman, born, as would appear from Sat. iii. 300, and from the inscription referred to, at Aquinum. He attended one of the grammar schools, probably at Rome, and also received instruction from some one of the numerous rhetoricians, Sat. i. 15 and 16. Up to the middle of his life he practised declamation (ad mediam fere ætatem declamavit), apparently, however, as an amateur, and not either as a teacher or in the courts. At some period, probably during this portion of his life, he wrote some satirical verses on the pantomime Paris, the favourite of Domitian, which were so well received by his friends among whom they were circulated that they probably induced him later on to devote himself to this branch of literature. A portion of this early skit is generally supposed to have been inserted afterwards in Sat. vii. 87-96. From the passages of Martial, referred to above, we know that at some portion of his life he lived at Rome (i.e. in 92 and 102 A.D.), and was occupied in attending upon the rich,probably, as was the case with Martial himself, to secure their patronage; and from many passages, especially in Sat. iii., we should infer that he had had much experience of life in Rome, while his descriptions of the indignities to which clients were subjected seem also to savour of personal experience. The inscription, however, tells us that Juvenal also spent some of his time at his native town, Aquinum, where he served as one of the duumviri quinquennales, answering to the censors at Rome; and on this point again his frequent praises of the country and its leisure seem to verify the inference, while |