the men in the same cohort would naturally stand by one another.

manipli. There were three manipuli in each cohort.

21. curabilis ut sit, should stand in need of a remedy. All the verbals in"-bilis" may be either active or passive.

23. mulino corde Vagelli. Vagellius has been mentioned in Sat. xiii. 119. "Mulino" here means obstinate, and so foolhardy. It would be a piece of rashness worthy of Vagellius to pursue an action against a soldier in the camp.

24. caligas. See on Sat. iii. 303.

tam procul absit ab urbe. This is ironical, because the words below, "molem aggeris," show that Juvenal is speaking of the prætorian camp outside the "agger Servii," so that the actual distance would be very small, though it serves a timid friend with an excuse. Conf. Sat. v. 153, viii. 43, and x. 95.

26. Pylades. The friendship of Pylades and Orestes was proverbial.

66

27. se excusaturos, who will be sure to make some excuse. 28. non sollicitemus, let us not importune. Notice the non used for "ne."

29. da testem, produce your witness.

audeat et credam, let him dare and I will believe. Conf. Sat. i. 142, "pone Tigellinum, tæda lucebis in illa.”

30. pugnos qui vidit, dicere Vidi. Conf. Sat. vii. 13, "Hoc satius, quam si dicas sub judice 'Vidi,' Quod non vidisti.”

31. barba, dignumque capillis majorum. Conf. "barbato regi," Sat. iv. 103; and "capillato consule," Sat. v. 30.

33. contra paganum. The word "paganus" is often used by writers of the silver age for a civilian as opposed to the soldiery.

sacramentorum.

36. Sacramentum was the military oath taken by every soldier on being enlisted. The phrase generally used was "jurare in verba alicujus." The oath was to the effect that they would obey their general, and not leave the camp till the campaign was ended.

38. sacrum saxum. Figures of the god Terminus, roughly cut in stone, were placed by the Romans at the boundaries of their fields. In honour of these a festival was held called "Terminalia." Conf. Hor. Epod. ii. 59, "Vel agna festis cæsa Terminalibus."

39. annua. The Terminalia were held in February.

41. vana supervacui, etc. The same line occurs in Sat. xiii. 137.

42. exspectandus erit. . . annus, a whole year will have to be waited.

qui... inchoet, even to make a beginning of.

43. totius populi comes in very awkwardly. "Annus totius populi" would make no sense, whereas "lites totius populi" is not the sense required, since the particular suit in question is the one which would have to wait a year. There is probably some confusion of thought. Juvenal meant that the suit would have to wait a year, but he also had in his mind that the lawsuits of a whole people had to be got into one year.

tunc quoque, even when the case is heard.

45. ponente lacernas, because advocates in court were obliged to appear in the toga.

47. lenta is the emphatic word with reference to the "mille tædia" and "mille mora" above.

51. testandi... jus, the right of making a will. Sons who were "in manu patris" could legally possess no property of their own, though they were often allowed to hold a peculium, just as the slaves were. See note on Sat. iii. 170. They could therefore not dispose of any property by will as long as their father was alive. After the time of Augustus, however, this rule was relaxed in the case of soldiers, who were allowed to treat all property acquired by their military services (" castrense peculium quæ sunt parta labore militiæ ") as their own, and accordingly to dispose of it by will.

53. non esse in corpore census, should not be included in the property.

54. Coranum. The name is taken from Hor., Sat. ii. 5, 57, Captatorque dabit risus Nasica Corano."

56. captat, plays the legacy-hunter to

favor æquus, impartial patronage. All the MSS. have "labor," which, with "labori " in the next line, can hardly be right.

60. phaleris. Conf. Sat. xi. 103.

APPENDIX I.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE RARER WORDS

IN JUVENAL.

Those marked with an asterisk are ἅπαξ λεγόμενα.

abacus, a sort of sideboard on which plate was set out for show. abolla, a cloak worn especially by philosophers (iii. 99), but also by senators (iv. 76) and kings.

ædicula, dim. of ædes. In viii. 111 it is a niche in the atrium, where a statue of a god was placed.

alapæ, slaps; an onomatopoeic word, like murmur, whisper, roar, etc.

aliptes (ảλelow), lit. an anointer, and so a trainer of gladiators. anabathra, the tiers of seats in the theatre rising in a semicircle behind the orchestra.

Arabarches, a title given to the Governor of Thebais, one of the provinces of Egypt.

aretalogus, a parasite philosopher, engaged to entertain company at dinner by his disquisitions on virtue. artopta, a bread-pan, used also by Plautus. *attegia, a hut used by African tribes.

Bardaicus, an epithet applied to calceus, the military boot; from the Bardæi, from whom the shape was introduced.

bascauda, a British word, a basket.

*bracteola, dim. of bractea, a thin leaf of gold.

Conf. cheval, cavalry,

caballus, used in silver Latin for a horse. etc.

cacoethes (kakoŋ@ès), a medical term for an ulcerous disease: c. scribendi, an itch for writing.

cardiacus, a medical term;

"with disordered stomach."

cercopithecus, a long-tailed monkey; used by Pliny.

Cerdo (képôos), properly an artizan; then in the Digest as a proper name for the lower classes.

*ceromaticus, anointed with the ceroma, a mixture of wax, oil, and clay.

chironomunta (xeiрovoμοûvтa), gesticulating.

conduplicare, to double; occurs in a suspicious line, xiv. 229. cophinus, a small basket carried usually by Jews.

crepido, a raised footpath on which beggars took their stand. crypta, usually a vault. In Juvenal it is a sewer-pipe. cucurbita, a gourd, and then, from its shape, a cupping-glass. cucullus, a hood fastened on to the lacerna.

decidere, to cut a knot; and so to settle a dispute, come to terms.

defendier, archaic infinitive passive for defendi.

discursus, a running about, distraction, hurry and skurry. diverticulum, a digression.

duellum, archaic form of bellum.

endromis, a thick woollen cloak worn by runners and athletes. epimenia (muhvia), monthly rations for slaves.

epirhedia (el, and a Gallic word reda), probably some kind of car or harness.

ergastula, prison-houses for the slaves who worked on the latifundia.

famelicus (fames), famished.

fanaticus (fanum), inspired by deity, especially by Bellona.

farrago, a mixture of corn given to cattle; then a medley of subjects.

ferculum (fericulum), a course at dinner.

ferula, properly a fennel stalk, then a rod.

*flammeolum, dim. of flammeum, a bridal veil. *fornacula, dim. of fornax, a little stove.

fritillus, a dice-box.

frivola, trifles-paltry belongings.

fulcrum, the leg of a triclinium, often made of tortoise-shell.

galerus, a leather armlet worn by the retiarius.

genuinus (dens), a jaw-tooth, or grinder.

homuncio, dim. of homo.

induperator, archaic form of imperator.

*lividulus, dim. form of lividus, inclined to envy.

mango, a slave-dealer.

membrana, a skin prepared for writing; and so parchment.

meritoria, hired apartments.

minutal, minced meat, hash.

miscellanea, the mixed food supplied to gladiators.

misellus, dim. form of miser.

mortaria, mortars in which drugs were prepared.

murrhina (vasa), vases made of red and white agate.

*naulum (vaûλov), a boat or ship fare.

novicius, new, fresh, lately arrived.

nutricula, dim, of nutrix.

œnophorum (vas), a wine vessel.

opsonia (ovcov), lit. anything eaten with bread; and so meat.

orexis (öpeğis), appetite.

palpare, to stroke, and so to soothe.

paropsis, a small square dish.