"nomen," making this clause and the next line two questions, supposed to be asked by Lucilius. "Whose name do I not dare to mention?" etc. On the whole I prefer to take the phrase closely with simplicitas, and then cujus nomen will be," the real name of which (i.e. libertas) I do not dare to utter in these evil times." Conf. Hor. Ars Poet. 282, "sed in vitium libertas

excidit."

141. quid refert. Notice the quantity of re. The phrase was originally rem fert, i.e. "it bears on the matter on hand:" refero, I bring back, is quite a different word.

ignoscat Mucius an non. P. Mucius Scævola (Cons. 133 B.C.), a famous juris consultus, was hostile to Scipio Africanus, the patron of Lucilius, who accordingly reflected on him in his Satires,-in those days a safe enough thing to do.

142. pone Tigellinum, expose Tigellinus. Sophonius Tigellinus was an Agrigentine by birth; he became the friend and corrupter of the youthful Nero, in all the chief crimes of whose reign he participated. After Nero's death he was protected by Galba, but put to death by Otho. For a sketch of his career and character see Tac. Hist. i. 72. He is here named by Juvenal as a representative of the imperial favourites.

142. tæda lucebis in illa. The imperative followed by a future, either with or without "et," is not an uncommon variation from the regular conditional sentence.

The reference in these lines is no doubt to the cruelties inflicted by Nero and Tigellinus on the Christians. They were fastened to stakes fixed in the sand, smeared over with pitch, and then burned alive, as Tacitus says "in usum nocturni luminis.' Tada here is probably the 'tunica molesta or pitched shirt mentioned in Sat. viii. 235.

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143. fixo gutture, either by the "uncus" or hook by which criminals were led to punishment, or by a sword fixed under the throat to keep the head erect.

144. et latum media sulcum deducit arena. A very difficult line. Perhaps Prof. Mayor's is the most satisfactory explanation, who supplies que (i.e. tada) from the "qua" of 1. 143 as the subject of "deducit," i.e. "the pitch melts, and in dropping makes a furrow in the sand." Another reading is "deducis," which would have to be taken in a future sense, certainly an awkward expression after "lucebis;" while the meaning “you will draw a furrow" (i.e. by being dragged to the stake) would make lucebis a ὕστερον πρότερον.

146. pensilibus plumis, on a feather bed borne (lit. hanging) in the air, i.e. in a luxurious lectica.

148. Accusator erit, qui, etc., "whoever shall whisper the word 'That is he,' will be suspected as an accuser. That is, the man's guilty conscience will imagine an accusation in every whisper.

149. licet committas, you may safely match against one another. "Licet" takes either an infin. or a subj., with ut understood.

150. nulli gravis est percussus Achilles, the death of A. is a perilous subject to no one.

151. multum quæsitus Hylas, the page of Hercules, who on the Argonautic expedition was sent to fetch water at a river, and was carried off by the nymphs of the spring (urnam secutus). Conf. Virg. Ec. vi. 43, "nautæ quo fonte relictum Clamâssent, ut litus Hyla, Hyla, omne sonaret."

152. Lucilius ardens.

See note on line 20.

153. frigida mens . sudant præcordia point to the physical effects of terror and an evil conscience.

155. inde iræ. Conf. Terence's proverbial expression, "hinc illæ lacrimæ."

156. ante tubas, before the trumpet sounds to battle.

galeatum sero duelli poœnitet, it is too late for a man who has actually put on his helmet to shrink from the fight. Soldiers on the march carried their helmets by a strap.

duelli, the archaic form of bellum, which is derived from duo, and properly meant a fight between two-a meaning, however, which it soon lost. So perduellio means making war in one's country, and so high treason. For the interchange of du and b, conf. duo and bis, and duonus, an archaic form of bonus.

158. quorum Flaminia, etc. For the Flaminian Road see line 50. The Via Latina led south to Beneventum, where it joined the Appia Via. All the chief roads from the city were lined with tombs, as the Twelve Tables forbade corpses to be burnt or buried within the walls. Conf. Cic. Tusc. i. 7, "An tu egressus porta Capena cum Calatini, Scipionum, Serviliorum Metellorum sepulcra vides, miseros putas illos?"

SATIRE III.

1. quamvis, with an adjective or partic., means "however much;" with a verb, "although."

2. vacuis . . . Cumis, unfrequented Cuma. Cuma was not

It had once been

a place of fashionable resort like Baiæ. important; and it was indeed from the Greek colonists at Cuma that the Romans had originally derived their alphabet. It now, however, shared the general depopulation of Italy. Conf. "vacuum Tibur," Hor. Ep. i. 7, 45.

3. destinet, the subj. after quod, because it is virtually oblique oration.

Sibyllæ. The cave, of the Sibyl was said to be near Cumæ. Virgil, Æn. vi. 18, calls her "Cumaa Sibylla.'

A

4. Janua Baiarum est, "it is the gate of Baiæ." traveller proceeding along the coast by Sinuessa would get to Cumæ just before passing across the headland of Misenum into the Sinus Cumanus in which Baia was situated. For a description of the life at Baiæ, see Becker's Gallus, pp. 85-97.

amoni secessus, genitive of definition after litus. Conf. virtus justitiæ. This part of the coast, and especially the Sinus Cumanus, was a favourite resort.

5. Prochytam, a desolate island near Cape Misenum.

præpono, for quantity of final "o," see note on Sat. i. 68.

Suburæ, a low and noisy vicus or quarter of the city, leading to the Forum along a valley between the Viminal and Esquiline hills.

6. tam solum, so solitary."

7. incendia, lapsus tectorum. Land was dear at Rome, and accordingly the insula, or "blocks of buildings," were raised to a great height. Naturally they often fell in; while, as much wood was used in their construction, and the streets were narrow, fires were often very destructive. The fire in Nero's reign lasted six days, wholly destroyed three out of the fourteen quarters of the city, and half-ruined seven more.

9. Augusto recitantes mense poetas. For the recitations see note in Sat. i. 4. August was the unhealthiest month at Rome. All who could do so got away. Horace, in a letter

to Mæcenas, excuses himself for remaining in the country totum sextilem, as he was ægrotare timens. These recitations, though irksome to friends and freedmen, were not without use, as the expected criticisms of the audience would ensure a certain amount of care and pains in the writers.

10. Dum tota domus. Domus is here the familia, the "household slaves," of whom the poor Umbricius had only a few. Carriages were not allowed in the streets of Rome, and therefore waited outside the gates. The reda was a four-wheeled

K

carriage, usually employed for long journeys. Milo was travelling in one when he met Clodius, Cic. Mil. 10, 20.

11. veteres arcus madidamque Capenam. The arches were those of the aqueduct carried by Appius the Censor in B.C. 442 over the Porta Capena, or gate leading to Capua, which is hence called madida. Conf. Mart. iii. 47, "Capena grandi porta qua pluit gutta."

It

12. Numa constituebat amica. Livy, i. 19, says of Numa, "simulat sibi cum dea Egeria congressus nocturnos esse." was Numa who organised the religious system at Rome; he instituted the Pontiffs, Augurs, and Vestal Virgins.

13. nemus. Lucus is generally the word for a "sacred grove." Conf. Virg. Æn. i. 441, Lucus in urbe fuit media."

locantur Judæis, "are let out to Jews." Jews were expelled from Rome by an edict of Domitian, but were allowed to rent this valley, where they probably had their proseucha. See note on line 277.

14. cophinus foenumque, the basket to keep their provisions free from pollution; the hay to lie upon.

16. mendicat, "is forced to beg."

ejectis... Camenis, by these Jewish intruders.

20. ingenuum, "natural." Lucretius has ingenui fontes. 23. atque eadem cras deteret exiguis aliquid, "while tomorrow it will lose (lit. ". wear away") some portion of the small

remainder."

25. ubi Dædalus exuit alas, i.e. at Cumæ. When Dædalus left Crete he flew towards the north, and alighted at Cumæ. Conf. Virg. Æn. vi. 17, "Chalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce." Cuma was a colony from Chalcis in Euboea.

27. dum superest Lachesi quod torqueat, "while Lachesis has something yet to spin." The three Parca-Lachesis, Clotho, and Atropos-had properly separate functions. Lachesis (Adxos, a lot) allotted the course and length of a man's life at his birth, Clotho spun it while he lived, and Atropos cut the web when he died. But they are sometimes spoken of as all three spinning, as in Hor. Od. ii. 3, 15, "Dum res et ætas et sororum Fila trium patiuntur atra."

28. bacillo, dimin. from baculus, as tigillum from tignum, and popellus from populus.

29. Artorius . . . et Catulus, some obscure swindlers.

31. quis facile est, "who are quite ready to."

ædem conducere, "to take in contract the repairs of a temple." Formerly the ædiles had had the superintendence of public buildings, etc., but under the empire curatores divided the various departments among them. They were said locare, the contractors (redemptores) conducere.

filumina.

The Tiber had frequently to be dredged and embanked, owing to the alluvial soil which it deposited.

portus, the construction of harbours.

32. siccandam eluviem, the clearing out of the Cloace, usually performed by convicts, and contracted for by the lowest class of redemptores.

portandum ad busta cadaver. This refers, of course, to public funerals paid for by the state, and given in contract to some of the libitinarii, or undertakers. The busta were places where the bodies were burnt, though the word is often applied to tombs in general.

33. et præbere caput... venale, "and to offer a slave for sale," i.e. to act as a præco (auctioneer) or mango (slavedealer).

sub hasta. This shows that a public sale is referred to, at which confiscated property was sold, or that which had lapsed to the ærarium through the owner dying intestate; see note on Sat. i. 131. In sales of this kind (sectiones) a spear was fixed up in the Forum, probably as a survival of the custom at military sales of booty in the camp. It is here called domina, because it conferred dominium on the purchaser.

Both præcones and libitinarii were, by a law of Cæsar, ineligible to municipal offices.

34. cornicines, etc., horn-blowers at the gladiatorial shows in the provincial towns (municipia) of Italy.

...

35. notæque . bucca, "and their puffed cheeks were familiar in every town."

36. munera nunc edunt, "now they give shows themselves." Munera were properly the last services done to a corpse. Then, when it become customary to have gladiatorial combats at funerals,—a custom derived from Etruria in 264 B.C.,—the word was applied to these shows, which soon became so popular in Rome that all traces of their original use were lost, and they formed part of many public festivals, and were a considerable expense to the ædiles and other magistrates who were expected to provide them. Under the empire the practice reached its height. The number of festival days increased enormously, and any one who was rich enough might earn popularity by