hammer absent from "Flint Ridge" when it is so universally used throughout Ohio, while at the aboriginal copper mines of Michigan large grooved hammers and mauls are often met with? The answer seems quite apparent when the mining of the copper is properly studied. The native copper was all the aboriginal miner was seeking, and very often the metal was surrounded with a very hard rock. All that was needed was to crush this rock with a hammer-blow that had back of it force and power, but not necessarily accuracya force which could be obtained only with a hammer attached to a handle. On the other hand,

the quarrying of the flint required force applied with accuracy, and the ancient quarryman learned that a hammer attached to a handle was not a very accurate way to apply force to the flint; but he did learn that force applied directly with a dexterous hand was what was needed in quarrying the flint. Afterward, in shaping the flint, he learned that the shaping by percussion required a certain size of hammer, that the blows from this hammer must be accurate or the specimen would surely be lost by breakage, and that the correct blow could only be delivered with the handleless hammer held in the hand..

The third industry connected with the manufacture of flint implements is the shaping of the blocked-out pieces into blades ready to be transported, with the smallest amount of superfluous flint, to distant parts of the country. The blades were all shaped in the workshops, which often were located in close proximity to the quarry, in many instances only a few hundred yards distant. On the other hand, the workshop might be several miles away; in fact both Licking and Muskingum Counties contain many sites of workshops. A very noted workshop is located a short distance north of Granville, showing that the blocked-out flint was carried some eighteen to twenty miles from the quarries.

The leaf-shaped blades manufactured in the workshops were of two types, the square base and the round base. The roundbased blades were usually larger. A fine example of the roundbase blade is shown in Fig. 13. The length of this blade is six and three-fourths inches and the width three and five-eighths inches. The square-based blade shown in Fig. 15 was found in a workshop some five or six miles from the quarry. Its length is six and seven-eighths inches and width three and one-eighth inches. These two specimens are excellent examples of the highest art in blade making and represent the average blades from which large spear points were manufactured. The blades are made in all sizes, ranging from the large size down to about two inches in length. From these blades all forms of arrow-points, spear-points, drills, knives and scrapers were made as needed by those living in remote places from the quarry.

Not all blank forms of flint brought to the workshops proved of value for making into blades, as many of the blanks have more or less obvious defects, some being excessively thick in some part while others are crooked or defective in general outline. Even in a perfect piece of flint, after the form had increased in tenuity the danger of breakage also increased, as shown in Fig. 16. In this figure, the square base form, the blade was practically complete, when an extra blow with the hammer rendered the piece worthless. In Fig. 17 is shown the round-base leaf-shaped broken blade, which was as common as the square base. The workshops show many broken blades.

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from the quarry.