weare the Badge of Gentlemens company, as thou doost thy Taffetie sleeues tackt too onely with some pointes of profit: No, Horace had not his face puncht full of Oylet-holes, like the couer of a warming-pan: Horace lou'd Poets well, and gaue Coxcombes to none but fooles; but thou lou'st none, neither Wisemen nor fooles, but thy selfe: Horace was a goodly Corpulent Gentlemen, and not so leane a hollow-cheekt Scrag as thou art: No, heere's the Coppy of thy countenance, by this will I learne to make a number of villanous faces more, and to looke scuruily vpon 'th world, as thou dost.

Scoundrelly argumentum ad hominem though this be, a single reading of Poetaster, to say nothing of Cynthia's Revels, must force one to acknowledge that Jonson had been the aggressor and had chosen the weapons for the fight.

Julia. Julia, the daughter and only child of Augustus by Scribonia his first wife, was born B. C. 39, and educated with great strictness. In B. C. 25 she was married to her cousin, M. Marcellus. After his death, being still childless, she was married to M. Vipsanius Agrippa, and of this marriage came five children. Agrippa having died, B. C. 12, Julia was wedded to Tiberius Claudius Nero, the future emperor. During the retirement of Tiberius at Rhodes, Julia became so notoriously unfaithful that Augustus himself caused her to be divorced, and banished her with her mother Scribonia to Pandataria, off the Campanian coast. Suetonius (Augustus 65) says Augustus used to call Julia one of his cancers; and Pliny (Nat. Hist. 7. 45) charges Julia with having conspired against her father's life. The emperor never forgave her, or saw her again, and after Tiberius had assumed the purple (A. D. 14) she died from ill-treatment.

For further discussion of this character, see under OVID. Lictors. The lictors were attendants who bore the fasces, or insignia of power, before certain Roman magistrates. Lictors had to accompany their magistrate whenever he appeared in public, marching before him in single file and

warning aside all accept matrons and Vestals. They carried out sentences of punishment. The emperor was preceded by twelve lictors bearing fasces crowned with bays, originally the insignia of the republican imperator. In Poetaster, the lictors frequently play the part of sheriff's officers, or sergeants of the Counter: cf. 3. 3 and 3. 4.

Lupus. Horace speaks in Sat. 2. 1. 68 of a Lupus who was covered over by Lucilius with his own lampoons (cf. Poetaster 3. 5. 110). This is L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus, consul B. C. 156, censor 147, noted for wickedness and impiety. One P. Rutilius Lupus was tribune of the plebs B. C. 56, and Lupus is a not uncommon Roman name. Jonson chooses the name because of its meaning, wolf. It must be said, however, that to the Romans Lupus was no more opprobrious than was Wulf to the Teutonic races. The full ASINIUS LUPUS was formed by adding a name readily associated with asinus, an ass, a blockhead. However, the name Asinius was borne by a prominent Roman gens, of which the most celebrated member was C. Asinius Pollio.

Concerning the Lupus of Poetaster, Fleay has made some more or less happy guesses. Cf. Chr. 1. 367: 'Lupus was certainly some one named Wolf; the allusions in many places to the English name are too numerous to admit of any other explanation; but whether Wolf the printer, Wolf the apothecary, or some other I know not.' Cf. also his note (Chr. 1. 364) on Cynthia's Revels: 'Lupus in fabula, ii. 1., may be Wolf the publisher (see Harvey and iii. 2).' It is to be regretted that Fleay has not interpreted also an allusion in Every Man Out, 5. 7: 'Why, how now signor Deliro! has the wolf seen you, ha?' Gifford refers here to the superstition that if a wolf saw any one before he was seen, that person was deprived of speech,' and cites Virgil, Ecl. 9. 53-4. Of course this sounds reasonable, but how much more interesting it would be if we could only have a suggestion that some ugly apothecary, or publisher,

or sergeant of the Counter, was here the object of Jonson's malicious punning! In Poetaster (5. 3. 96-101) there is a play on Lupus, and upon Asinius also:

Lupus. On, on, a Vulture, and a Wolfe

Horace. Preying vpon the carcaffe of an Asse—

Lup. An Affe? Good ftill: That's I, too. I am the affe. You mean me by the affe

Mecaenas. 'Pray thee, leaue braying then.

Perhaps some one's ingenuity can discover here allusion to another contemporary of Jonson whose name lends itself to punning and who is not beneath the notice of the great dramatist. Still one more passage (Cynthia's Revels 2. 1) of which Fleay has not availed himself:

Amorphus. . . . Page, cast a vigilant and enquiring eye about, that we be not rudely surprised by the approach of some ruder stranger.

Cos. I warrant you, sir. I'll tell you when the wolf enters, fear nothing.

But to examine into this matter so far as we may. 'Wolf the printer' must be John Wolfe, who, after endeavoring to carry on printing as a member of the Fishmongers' Company, jointed the Stationers' on July 1, 1583 (Arber's Transcript 2. 688). He became a friend of Gabriel Harvey. 'He died before 6 April 1601, when his shop passed to William Ferbrand, and his press to Adam Islip' (DNB.). According to Arber (Transcript 2. 253), on April 6, 1601 ‘Alice woolf' was already the 'widowe late wife of John woolf Late citizen and Stationer of London Deceased.' Of one Reginald Wolfe, printer to Queen Elizabeth, a few facts may be gleaned from Harrison's Description of England, ed. Furnivall, I pp. iv-v, and note. Concerning 'Wolf the apothecary' I can discover nothing. I do find, however, Wolf, an officer of the Counter, in Eastward Ho, by Jonson, Chapman and Marston, quarto 1605. Note particularly act 5. scene 2, where there is much more play upon the name Wolf than in Cynthia's Revels or Poetaster. But cf. also 5. 2. 62: 'one Fangs, a sergeant.'

In short, I do not believe that 'Wolf the printer,' 'Wolf the apothecary,' whoever he was and however he may be supposed to have merited immortalization by Jonson, Wolf the bailiff or sergeant, or any other Wolf whatsoever, has been satirized in Poetaster.

I am obliged to notice one other possible allusion, also suggested by Fleay. In the Poems of John Marston Dr. Grosart has the following note (xv ff.) on 'Lopos-Like,' used in 'The Whipping of the Satyre' (1601), book 4 pp. 9–10: 'With reference to "Lopos-like" (last line of quotation) Mr. Fleay kindly writes me:-"Not a wolf merely. It was a common satirical name of Dr. Lopez. (Dekker's Whore of Babylon, &c.) Cf. also Asinus [sic] Lupus in the Poetaster." Now Roderigo Lopez (English writers spelled the name 'Lopus,' 'Lopas,' also) was a Jewish physician who settled in London, 1559, and rose to the leading rank in his profession. He became successively physician to Walsingham, the Earl of Leicester, and (1586) Queen Elizabeth. Having become entangled with Essex and with Spanish spies, he was finally accused of accepting a bribe from Philip II to poison Elizabeth, and in 1594 he was hanged at Tyburn. Sidney Lee suggests (DNB.) that the Lopez case may have suggested some of Shakespeare's work in the Merchant of Venice. Lopez is frequently alluded to in literature of the period, as Fleay remarks, notably in Marlowe's Faustus (sc. 11, ed. Bullen), Dekker's Whore of Babylon (ed. 1873, 2. 231), and Middleton's Game at Chess (4. 2. 117 ff., ed. Bullen). It is barely possible, therefore, that Jonson, when he chose the name Lupus, did have in mind the case of the notorious Dr. Lopez; but it is difficult to see just how the implications of the modern name would add definition to the character of the meddling, over-zealous London magistrate, whom Lupus represents. The simple statement would be that Lupus is a suitable name for an envious and troublesome Roman official, as is Wolf for a turnkey, and Fangs for a sergeant, and there the matter may rest.

Luscus. In Sat. 1. 5, Horace ridicules Aufidius Luscus, chief magistrate of the town of Fundi in Latium, through which Maecenas and Horace passed on their way to Brundisium. This Luscus seems to have made as ass of himself upon the arrival of the illustrious travellers, for Horace writes (1. 5. 34-36) ‘In high glee we left Fundi, in the praetorship of Aufidius Luscus, laughing over the magisterial insignia of that crazy scribe.' Jonson may have had this particular character in mind when he named the old servant of Ovid senior; but I think it more likely that the meaning of the word luscus, which is one-eyed, halfblind, was felt to describe fairly well the ignorant and officious 'varlet.'

Maecenas. No attempt has been made to identify Maecenas with any contemporary of Jonson's, and the princely Roman is too well known to require characterization here.

Minos. Minos was, of course, the name of the famous son of Zeus and Europa, who ruled in Crete, and after death became one of the judges in Hades. This character is probably not a satire on any contemporary of Jonson's.

Nasutus. The names Nasutus and Polyposus were suggested by Martial (cf. Fleay, Chr. 1. 369), Epigr. 12. 37. 1-2; 13. 2. 1. The title page of Cynthia's Revels, fol. 1616, bears the line (Martial 12. 37. 2): Nasutum volo, nolo polyposum. Nasutus in Latin means large-nosed; fig., witty, satirical.

Ovid, Marcus. I have been unable to find any mention, among ancients or moderns, of the name of the elder Ovid. As the ultimate source for what we know of the poet's family is the Works, and as these do not contain the paternal praenomen or cognomen, the case seems hopeless.

Ovid, Publius. Jonson's portraiture of the poet Ovid is based principally upon Trist. 4. 10. As is represented in Poetaster act 1, Ovid was obliged by his father to study law, but poetry proved too alluring, and the paternal per