capio pro herede, 541: see also
Negotia bonae fidei.
Bona fide serviens, 179.
Bonae fidei possessor, 344, 347 ('):
has juristic possession, 352.
Bonitary ownership (in bonis esse),
84, 175, 329: protected by the actio
Publiciana, 349 (cp. 328, 367).
Bonorum emtor, of a bankrupt estate,
304: sues cum deductione, 460: of
an unclaimed estate, 555.
Bonorum possessio, opposed to here-
ditas as a form of hereditary succes-
sion, 538, till Justinian, 564: theories
as to the origin of, 539-42: probable
true view, 543-51: original object
of, 547, 552 (7). 553: edict on, in
Cicero's time, 542 ("), reserved large
powers to praetor, 550: became an
independent system of succession, 551
(and see 85): could only be acquired
by a judicial act, 551: within what
time, had to be applied for, 551,552
(and see 300 (*)): how protected, 552:
edictalis and decretalis, 552: employed
either juris civilis adjuvandi, or corri-
gendi, or supplendi gratia, 539, 547,
550-3 for examples see 556, 558, 573
and 559, 573 and 556, 574, 583
respectively): was either cum re or
sine re, 553: delatio of, takes place
on three grounds:

(1) ab intestato, 556-9: four class,
unde liberi, 556, 557: unde legitimi,
557, 558 (and see 546 (12)): unde
cognati, 558, 559 : unde vir et uxor,
482, 559.

(2) secundum tabulas. 573, 574.
(3) contra tabulas, 583.

Bonorum venditio, see Bonorum

emtor; Execution.

Booty of war, addictio of, 328 (cp.
336).

Breviarium Alarici, 131, 133.

Brevi manu traditio, 330, 331.

Bulgarus, 140.

Bynkershoek, 156.

Byzantium, 136, 137, 138.

C.

Caducorum vindicatio, 498.
Caecilius Africanus, 102.
Caelibes, 'incapacity' of, 497, 498, 592:
and see 551 (19).

Canon, paid by emphyteuta, 370.
Canon Law, 3, 10, 142-4, 146, 147,
161.

Capacity of Action, 228–31: see also
510-3, 567.

Capitis deminutio, 186-90: maxima,
186, 187, 190: media, 187, 190:
minima, 188-90 (see also 477, 499;
508): effect of (a) on the contractual
debts of the capite minutus, 189, 464,
481, 500 (1); (b) on personal servi
tudes, 189, 359, 366; (c) on civic
honour, 191; (d) on patria potestas,
506, 508; (e) on guardianship, 520.
Capito, C. Atejus, 98, 99, 100, 108, 109.
Captivi, as heredes, 209.

Captivity, effect of, 186, 187 (cp. 173).
Caracalla, confers the Roman civitas
on all citizens of the Empire, 48,
103 ("), 119, 181 (cp. 415, note), in-
cluding Latini coloniarii, 182, but
excluding dediticii, 181, and Latini
Juniani, 183.

Cassiani, 98.

Cassius Longinus, 98.

Casus (Accident), 390, 456 (cp. 418,
419, 421): effect of, under the lex
Aquilia, 437.

Cato, M. Porcius, 94.
Caupo, 427, 440.

Causa civilis, necessary for a valid
contract, 391.

falsa non nocet, 220, 222.
justa (traditionis), 331.
lucrativa, 454, 455, 458.
omnis (accessions, &c.), 347.
perpetua, in real servitudes, 362.
Causae cognitio, see Cognitio.
Cautio, a written memorandum, 402,
note, 415, note.

rei uxoriae, 487.

rem pupilli salvam fore, 519.
usuaria, 361.

usufructuaria, 360, 362.

Cavere (drawing up legal formulae), 95.
Celibacy, see Caelibes.

Celsus, P. Juventius, 101, 102, 103,

105.

Censor, 'nota' of, produces existima-

tionis minutio, 191: checks abuse of
patria potestas, 502.

Census, Manumission by, 174-

Centumviri, 239(3): the legis actio
survived in the court of the, 263, 539.
Centuriae, 43.

Cessio bonorum, 305.
Cessio, In jure, development of, by
the interpretatio, 58, 59: for what
purposes employed, 59 (3) (and see
references there given): cannot be
used by a filiusfamilias, 185 (1): an

example of voluntary jurisdiction,'
264 in jure cessio fiduciae causa,
65 ("), 424 (1): in jure cessio of an
hereditas, 59 (*), 533 (3); cp. 603 (').
Charitable foundations, 207-10, 577.
Childlessness, 497, 498, 592.
Children, status of, if mother a slave,
173: not born in wedlock, 469, 475,
499.

Chirographum, 414 (3).
Christianity, Law and, 24.

Church, Control of the, over charitable
foundations, 208, 210.
Cinus, 144, 146, 149 (").

Citations, Law of, 122, 123, 127 (®).
Civil modes of acquisition, see
Ownership.

Procedure, see Roman Civil

Procedure.
Civis, Civitas; civis defined, 179:
cives and peregrini, 180, 181, 183:
the civitas extended to all Italian
communities, 182, and to all citizens
of the Empire, 181 (see Caracalla):
loss of civitas a capitis deminutio
media, 187, 190 (cp. 191): effect of
infamy on civitas, 193.

Clan, see Gens.

Classical Jurisprudence, 101 ff.: see
Jurisprudence, Roman.
Classici, Classis, 43.

Clausula Juliani, 557 (), 558 (').
Clementinae, 143 (').

Clientela, Clientes, 40, 41, 179.
Code (Codex Justinianeus), 17: MSS.
of the, 21, compilation of the, 128,
129.

Codes, in modern Germany, 7: and see
German Civil Code.

Codex, strict meaning of, 122 (1).

accepti et expensi, 410-4
(and see 123, note).

constitutionum, 123, note.
Gregorianus and Hermogeni-
anus, 123, note, 124, 125, 128, 132.
juris enucleati, 123, note.
Justinianeus, see Code.
repetitae praelectionis, 128.
Theodosianus, 123, note, 125,

128, 132.
Codicilli (codicil), 599: appointment
of a tutor testamentarius by, 514:
fideicommissa usually created by,
597 gift of a mortis causa donatio
by, 607.

Codification, in modern Germany, 5 ff.,
160 of Roman law, 54 (Twelve
Tables), 125 (Justinian).

Coëmtio (matrimonii causa), 470, 473,
475 ceremony of, 476: a 'strict
marriage, or marriage with manus,
473: effect of, on wife's property,
see Husband and Wife: how dis-
solved, 494, 496.

(fiduciae causa), 65 ("), 512 (†).
Cognati (Cognatic Family, Cog-
natio), distinguished from agnati,
etc., 188, 467: gradual supersession
of agnatio by cognatio, 468, 560, 561:
cognatic guardianship under Justinian,
514: the cognati' in bonorum pos-
sessio, 558, 559: degrees of cognati,
558.

Cognitio, the extraordinary procedure
a procedure per cognitionem (causae
cognitio), 112, 115, 116, 306: and
see 311, 315.
Cognitor, 191 (3).

Co-heirs, solidary liability of, 526:
accrual between, 529: operation of
the vesting of the inheritance as
against, 590 and see 428, 429.
Collateral relations, 468: of the
whole and the half blood, 469: and
see 562, 563 (intestate succession under
Novel 118).

Collatio, 590, 591: bonorum, 557,
590: dotis, 590: the Novels divided
into collationes,' 22, 142.

Collective principle, the, in common
rights and duties, 382 (3).
Collegia, 196, 199, 210, 214.

Coloni, 179-

Colonia Italica, 182 (*).

rii.

Latina, see Latini colonia-

Comitia calata, 567.

centuriata, 44.

curiata, 37: arrogatio in the,
499: and cp. 568.

tributa, 44(5): see also 239 (*).
Commentators, 144 ff.: work out a jus
commune for Italy, 1479: apply
scholastic methods to law, 151-3:
their practical aims, 151, 152: nature
of their work illustrated, 153: raise
Roman law once more to the rank of
universal law, 155.

Commercial Treaties, 68 (cp. 180,
324).

Commercium, Jus commercii, 68,
180, 184: granted to certain aliens
by express treaty, see preceding word:
liberti have the, 176, and filiifamilias,
185, and Latini, 181, but Latini
Juniani only the commercium inter

vivos, 182: testamenti factio passiva
a necessary incident of the, 567.
Commodatum, 393, 395, 396, 400:
distinguished from precarium, 354 (3).
Common Law of Germany, 3, 28, 160:
cp. 522.

Communio, 428, 429: three kinds of,
428: and see Partition suit.
Compensatio (Set-off), 457-63: oper-
ates ipso jure in an actio bonae fidei,
458, and ope exceptionis (doli) in an
actio stricti juris, 459–61 (and see
296): rule as to ipso jure compen-
sari,' 461, 462: distinguished from
deductio, 460 (*).

Complex relationship, 469.
Compromise (Transactio), a plea of,
291: gives rise to an actio praescriptis
verbis, 400, note.
Concubinatus, 475, 476.
Concursus causarum lucrativarum,
454: cp. 456.

Condemnatio, 281-90: as part of the
formula, 271, 281: condemnatio pecu-
niaria, 281, 289, 302; its unfair
operation illustrated, 282-5, how
remedied by the praetor, 286-8:
effect on the, of an exceptio doli
for enforcing a counter-claim, 460,
461.

Condicio, in praesens vel praeteri-
tum relata, 226.

- juris, 225, 226, 545 (♥).
potestativa, 581.
tacita, 225.

turpis, 226: and see Condition.
Condictio, see Legis actio per con-
dictionem: literal meaning of, 246:
when an actio stricti juris is called a,
280, 407: examples of the, 395, 407,
411.

causa data causa non secuta,

424, 426.

411).

certi, 407, 409 (cp. 285, 395,

ex injusta causa, 426.
furtiva, 280, 425, 432, 434.
incerti, 408 (*).

indebiti, 434, 426: not avail-
able to recover money paid under a
'natural' obligation, 430.

ob causam datorum, 424.
ob turpem causam, 426.
propter poenitentiam, 424 (1).
sine causa, 425.
triticaria, 407.

Condition, 224-6: a suus cannot be
instituted or disinherited on a, 581.

KINDS OF CONDITIONS:
Condition, immoral, 226, 578.
-impossible, 226, 577, 578.
necessary, 226.

- resolutive, 224, 225: an institu-
tion cannot be made subject to a,
577, except through a fideicom-
missum, 604, 605.

suspensive, 224, 225, 577.

See also Condicio.
Conducere, literal meaning of, 420 (1).
Conductio, see Locatio conductio.
perpetua, 369 (1).

Confarreatio, Marriage by, 470, 471,
473, 475: ceremony of, 478: how
dissolved, 494, 496.

Confessio in jure (Confessus pro
judicato est), 58, 59, 238, 248, 264,
303.
Confusio, a mode of extinguishing
servitudes, 366, and obligations, 456:
see also 587.

bonorum, 587.
Connubium (Jus connubii), 180,
184, 471: all Latini except Latini
Juniani have, 181: liberti have, 176,
and filiifamilias, 185: restricted by
infamy, 193.

Consanguinei, 469.

Consensual Contracts, 391, 394, 415-
23: how extinguished, 452: and see
398 (3).
Consensus, 32,216, 391, 394, 415, 475:
not sufficient to transfer wnership,330.
(nuptialis) facit nuptias, 475-
sponsalicius, 475.

Consilium, the legal advisers of the
magistrate, 178, and of the emperors,

103.
Consobrini, 558.

Constantine, the imperial power mon-
archical in character since, 109: and
see 175 (manumissio in ecclesia), 377
(lex commissoria), 498 (caelibes and
orbi), 505 (filiifamilias), 598 (legata).
Constitutional Law, 27.

Constitutiones, III, 112: constitutio
generalis and personalis, 117: the
former the true type of the imperial
law, 125: and see 118 (').
Constitutum debiti, 85, 431.

possessorium, 330, 331.
Consumable things, 321, 322, 360.
Consumtio existimationis, 191.
Contract, defined, 216: restricted sense
of, in Roman law, 391: oldest con-
tracts originate in pledges, 66 (1⁄4):
contracts in the old law, 392-4:

four classes of, 391: liability on a,
made by another, 444-8: contracts
of a slave, 172 (1), 444-6: of a filius-
familias, 185, 446: effect of capitis
deminutio on a, see Capitis deminu-
tio. And see Agreement; Obliga-
tion.

Contrarius actus, a mode of extin

guishing obligations ipso jure, 449
53 (and see 456): application of
the principle of, in the law of mar-
riage, 494, and in the old law of
inheritance, 548.

Contubernium, 476, 477.
Conventio in manum, 189: see
Manus.

Corporations, 205 ff.: distinguished
from partnerships, 213, 214.

Corpus juris civilis, 16-8: its im-
portance for legal science, 14: MSS.
of the, 19 ff.: sums up the whole
development of Roman law, 119,
127: how compiled, 125-9: rivalry
of the, with the Breviarium Alarici,
133, 134.

canonici, 3, 142-4.
Correal obligation, Correality, 380 ff.:
examples of, 381 (see 404, 408, 409,
431): the correal and the collective
principle distinguished, 382 (*): cor-
reality and solidarity, 383, 384, 385
(cp. 431): a correal creditor dis-
tinguished from a solutionis causa
adjectus, 454 (3).

Credit,transactions based on, developed

by the interpretatio, 65: how per-
sonal, becomes possible, 528.
Cretio, defined, 535: how carried out,
535, 545 required from a heres
extraneus in the old law, 540, 544,
545 (cp. 550), not from a suus heres,
544(): no limit of time for, in the
old law, 548: when required from a
heres extraneus in the classical law,
534, 535: literal meaning of, 545 ("):
cretio vulgaris and continua, 535:
abolition of, 535.

Criminal Law, 27: books in the Di-
gest on, 128 (9).
Cujacius, 155.

Culpa (Negligence), levis and lata,
389, 435 liability for, and dolus
distinguished, 439: see Diligentia.
Cura, Curator, cura a form of Guar-
dianship (q. v.), 509: distinguished
from tutela, 509, 510: three cases of,
510: cura minorum, 230, 510, 511:
cura furiosi and prodigi, 513, 515,

Damage, to property in the wider
sense, see Dolus: to corporeal pro-
perty, 434-7.

Damages, measure of, under the lex
Aquilia, 435, 437.

Damnum infectum, pignoris capio
perhaps used in case of, 250: the
legis actio survived in proceedings as
to, 264 (1), 265.

Damnum injuria datum, 434-7.
Dare, meaning of, as the object of
an obligation, 386 (cp. 594).

ex injusta causa, 426.

ob causam, 424-

ob turpem causam, 426.
Datio in solutum, 454.
Deaf persons, cannot witness a will,
574 (").

Decemviri, see Twelve Tables.

stlitibus judicandis, function
of the, 239 (3); abolished by Augus-
tus, 264 (").

Decreta principis, 109, 110, 117.
Decretum, distinguished from sententia
in Roman procedure, 239, 240, and
see 306, 307: the distinction dis-
appears in the later procedure, 316.
divi Marci, 110(3), 237.
Gratiani, 143 (1).
Decuriones, 182 (2).

Dediticii, 68, 178, 181, 184: certain
slaves become, on manumission, 178:
law as to the devolution of the property
of certain, 88 (1): cease to exist under
Justinian, 183: and see Caracalla.
Deductio, a bonorum emtor has to
sue cum deductione, 460: dis-
tinguished from compensatio, 460 (*).
(exagoge), by a suus heres,

Delatio bonorum possessionis, 553-
Delegare, Delegation, 405, 406.
Delicts, opposed to contracts, 390: the
private delicts, 432: obligations ex
delicto, 432 ff.: actiones ex delicto,
280 of slaves and filiifamilias, 440
(cp. 172 (1), 536).

Delictual capacity, 231.
Demonstratio (part of the formula),

in bonae fidei actions, 280: in an
actio in factum civilis, 272 ('), 399: in
the actio ex stipulatu, 408 (*).
Deportation, 188 (1).

Depositum, 396, 397: see also Actio
depositi.

Derelictio, 335: of a slave, 173.
Derivative Acquisition, 330-5: see
Ownership.
Detention, 351.
Dharma, 23 (*).

Dies, 226, 227: an heir cannot be in-
stituted subject to a, 577, 578, except
through a universal fideicommissum,
604, 605 gift of the statutory share
not to be limited by a, 584.

fasti and nefasti, 92.
legati venit, 333-

utiles, see Tempus utile.
Diffarreatio, 494. 496.
Digest (Pandects), part of the Corpus
juris, 17: MSS. of the, 20, 21: how
compiled, 126-8: writings of Ulpian
and Paulus in the, 104, 127 (").
Diligentia, required in bonae fidei
negotia, 389, 390: instances where
omnis diligentia is required: 344
(bonae fidei possessor), 396 (com-
modatarius), 397 (depositor), 397
(pignus), 417 (vendor), 420 (locatio
conducti, see also 395)), 422 (man-
datum), 427 (negotiorum gestor):
instances of the diligentia quam suis
rebus etc.: 422 (socius), 438 (co-
owners), 428, 519 (guardian), 486
(husband as to res dotales).
Diocletian, grants of the jus respon-
dendi occur under, 105 (1), but not
after, 121 with, the imperial power
becomes monarchical and the ad-
ministration bureaucratic, 115, 116,
117, 314: on the delegation of causes
to a judex pedaneus, 316: on laesio
enormis, 418: on adoption by women,
502.

Disinherison, see Exheredatio.
Distraint, see Pignoris capio.
Divisible things, 323: and see 333.
Divorce, when a formal act, 494,

496: when informal, 495, 496:
checks on freedom of, 496.

Doli capax, 231.
Dolus (Fraud), 438, 439: liability
for, and culpa distinguished, 439:
does not affect the validity of juristic
acts by the civil law, 85, 87, 221,
291: praetorian remedies against,
Actio de dolo (q. v.), Exceptio doli
(q. v.) and In integrum restitutio
(q. v.): liability for, in bonae fidei
negotia, 389 (and see 396, 397).

malus, definition of, due to
Labeo, 98.

Dominica potestas, 172, 533.
Dominium ex jure Quiritium, see
Ownership.

revocabile, 225.

Dominus litis, 441.

negotii, 234, 235, 427.
Donatio inter vivos (Gift), 223, 224:
an insinuatio required if the, exceeds
500 solidi, 223, 292, 431: a promise
of a, a pactum legitimum, 431: of
ward's property by a guardian, 517.

ante nuptias, 492, 493, 496.
inter virum et uxorem, is
void, 223, 483, 492.

mortis causa, 217, 224: treated
in many respects like a legacy, 224,
483 (1), 607: a form of mortis causa
capio, 607: valid as between hus-
band and wife, 483 (1), 484.

propter nuptias, 492, 493,

496.
Donellus, 155.
Dorotheus, 126.

Dos, 484 ff.: object and nature of,
484: who can demand a, ibid. : kinds
of: adventicia, 485, 489, 491; pro-
fecticia, 484, 489, 491; recepticia,
485, 489: how created (dotis datio,
dictio, promissio), 485, 491: a pro-
mise of a, a pactum legitimum, 431
(cp. 485): history of the wife's right
to recover the, 487-90 (and ser 496):
husband's rights of retainer in respect
of, ibid.: dotis collatio, 590.
Do ut des, do ut facias, 398, 401.
Ductio, 504.

Dumb persons, cannot witness a will,
574 (9).
Duplicatio, 297.

E.

Ecclesiastical law, 27.

Edict of the Praetor, 76 ff. defined,
77: nature of the, in the early times,