Mahrattas.

origin, but judging from their physical characteristics, religion, and language, it is supposed they came from Central

Asia.

Mai, ANGELO, 1782-1854. Italian Jesuit, librarian at the Vatican 1819. cardinal 1838; discoverer of sundry classical texts. His editions of ancient MSS. fill 36 vols., 1825-53.

Maia. Daughter of Atlas; eldest of the Pleiades; mother of Hermes, by Zeus.

Maiden. Prototype of the guillotine, once used in Scotland and n. England.

Maidenhair.

Adiantum pedatum. Delicate woodland fern, native of e. N. America; also other species of the same genus.

Maidenhair Tree. See GINKO.

Maid Marian. The story of Maid Marian has been considered a dramatic fiction, and the character borrowed from a French pastoral drama of the 11th century, entitled Le jeu du Berger, et la Bergerie. On the other hand it is declared that the name was originally assumed by a lady of high degree who was murdered at Dunmow Priory, where her tomb may still be seen. She is reputed to have married Robin Hood, the outlawed Earl of Huntington, and after his death to have been murdered by means of a poisoned bracelet, sent her by King

John.

Maidment, JAMES, 1794-1879. Anglo-Scottish lawyer and antiquary, editor of ballads, 1824-59, and of Dramatists of the Restoration, 1872-75.

Maid of Kent. ELIZABETH BARTON (q.v.), whose prophecies deceived many; executed 1534. Maid of Norway, 1282-1317. Margaret, Queen of Scotland 1286-90; b. in Norway.

Maid of Orleans. See JOAN OF ARC.

Maids of Honor. Imme liate attendants to the Queen, 8 in number. See HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL.

Maikoff, APOLLON NIKOLAEVICH, b. 1821. Russian poet and dramatist. His brother, LEONTI, b. 1839, is a journalist of note; his great-grandfather, VASILI, d. 1778, wrote tragedies and lyrics.

Maildun. Irish wonder-tale of the sea; written perhaps ab. 750, tr. 1879; one of the four Imrama or marine legends. Maimbourg, LOUIS, 1610-1686. French Jesuit, author of sundry partisan histories.

Maimon, SOLOMON, 1754-1800. Jewish philosopher of wandering life; b. in Russia; esteemed by Kant and Moses Mendelssohn. Transcendentalphilosophie, 1790.

Angers on the Main.

its confluence with the Rhine near Mainz; navigable for 205 m. Length, 307 m.

Maine. Former province of France, s. of Normandy. Maine. Northeasternmost of the U. S. Its area is 33,040 sq. m. The coast is rugged and extremely irregular, with islands and deep land-locked bays and passages. The surface near the seacoast is hilly, rising n. and becoming mountainous in parts. It abounds in lakes and streams, several, as the Penobscot and Kennebec, are navigable for considerable distances from the coast. The State was originally covered with dense forests. In the settled portions these have been largely cut away. Geologically, M. is one of the oldest of the States. Most of its area, including all of the s. part, is of the Archæan formation, succeeded in the nothern part by Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian rocks. Its industries consist of manufactures, which are rapidly growing, agriculture, which is proportionately diminishing, fishing, and commerce. The lumber industry, which was formerly very extensive, has now greatly fallen off. The coast was discovered and explored 1497 by the Cabots. In 1607 Henry IV. of France granted a charter to De Monts to all of North America between 40° and 46° N. lat.; in 1608 he founded a settlement on the St. Croix. In 1607 James I. of England granted to some of his subjects all the territory between 34° and 45° N. lat. This made disputed territory of the region, and the conflict over the frontier continued long. A colony was planted at the mouth of the Kennebec River 1607 and deserted 1608; scattered settlements were made between the Kennebec and the Penobscot. In 1622 a charter was granted to SIR FERDINANDO GORGES (q.v) and Capt. John Mason, covering the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, and extending 60 m. inland. The territory was named the province of M., and was afterward divided, Gorges taking the portion between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec. The following boundaries and jurisdiction, Gorges having received from the half-century witnessed a series of struggles over territorial king a feudal tenure of his territory, but finding great difficulty in maintaining it against encroaching settlers and the increasing claims of the Mass. colony. The disputes were ended by the new charter of William and Mary, which merged the provinces of Plymouth, Mass., Maine, Sagadahock, and Acadia under one title and jurisdiction, "the province of Mass. Bay." Five years afterward the part of the province e. of the St. Croix was ceded back to the crown, and that river has since been the e. boundary of the province and of the U. S. The history of M. was mingled with the history of Mass. until 1820, when M. was recognized as a separate State in the Union. For a long time previous it had been practically an independent State. Pop., 1890, 661,086, or 22 per sq. m.

Maine, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER, LL.D., F.R.S., 1822-1888. Prof. Cambridge 1847-54; in India 1862-69; prof. Oxford 1870. His books are high authorities in their field. Ancient Law, 1861; Village Communities, 1871; Early History of Institutions, 1875; Early Law and Custom, 1883; Popular Government, 1885; International Law, 1888.

Maine de Biran, MARIE FRANÇOIS PIERRE GONTHIER, 1766-1824. French philosopher. Works, 6 vols., 1841-59.

Maine State College. At Orono, Me.; land-grant institution, founded 1865. It has received from the State ab.

$250,000, and offers courses in agriculture, chemistry, and the various branches of engineering. Teaching staff, 23; students (1895), 203. Connected with the college is the State Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mainotes. Warlike people of s. Greece, alleged descendants of the Spartans. Some of them, who migrated to Corsica 1676, may have been ancestors of Napoleon.

U. S.

Maintenance. Illegal upholding of a litigant; obsolete or abolished as a crime in Britain, and as a tort crime in the Maintenance of the Sun's Heat. The theory most commonly accepted is that which ascribes it to the gradual shrinking in volume, a contraction of 250 ft. in diameter per year being sufficient.

Maintenance of Way. Department of a railroad company which embraces the repair of the roadbed and track, with renewals of rails and bridges. On U. S. railroads the cost is ab. 27 per cent of the total operating expenses.

Maintenon, FRANÇOISE D'AUBIGNÉ, MARQUISE DE, 1635-1719. Wife of the poet Scarron 1651-60; governess of Louis XIV.'s children, 1669. She became powerful with the king, was privately married to him 1685, and had a large share in procuring the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Her influence was otherwise good, and her life pure.

Mainz, MENTZ, or MAYENCE. Strongly fortified city of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the Rhine nearly opposite the mouth of the Main; known to the Romans as Moguntia; destroyed by Huns 451; favored by Charlemagne; head of the Rhenish

925

known in the wild state; called Indian Corn. It is largest and most important grain crop of the U. S. Corn is more or less grown all over the country, but the corn-growing belt includes Ohio, Ind., Ill., Mo., Iowa, Kansas, and Neb. Corn will grow on all soils except the very wet, and loves an abundance of plant food of the richest kind. It is planted in drills or in hills 3 to 4 feet apart each way, according to locality and variety, and cultivated both ways by horse-power. Outside of the corn-growing belt the stalks are cut and harvested with the grain, but where corn is largely grown only the ears are stripped off and the stalks practically abandoned, though cattle are usually turned in to glean what they may. In many parts of the West LISTING (q.v.) is a favorite way of growing corn. Corn meal contains water 15.03, ash 1.45, protein 9.09, fiber 1.85, nitrogen-free extract 68.86, fat 3.72. In the U. S. in 1894 62,582,269 acres were planted with maize, yielding 1,212,770,052 bushels, valued at $554,719,162.

Majano, BENEDETTO DA, 1442-1498. Florentine sculptor, known by the marble pulpit in Santa Croce at Florence with reliefs from the life of St. Francis, of which there is a cast in the New York Metropolitan Museum, and the tomb of Filippo Strozzi in Santa Maria Novella, Florence.

Majesty. Title applied in speaking to and of a royal person. Among the Romans it used to signify the power and dignity of the people. Its use began in England during the reign of Henry VIII.

Majolica. Glazed pottery in general; formerly, and still especially, the historic Italian ware from 15th to 18th century. The color and the glaze were laid on together. The best was

Mainz.

league in 13th century; governed by archbishops 1462-1802; taken by Swedes 1631, and by French 1644; held by France 1801-14. Here Gutenberg invented printing ab. 1440. Pop., 1890, 71,395.

Maiorescu, TITU, b. 1840. Roumanian author and official. Maipu. Chilian river, on whose banks a Spanish force was defeated and captured, March 19, 1818, in the war of Independence.

Maison Carrée. Beautiful and well-preserved Roman temple at Nimes, s. France.

Maistre, JOSEPH MARIE, COMTE DE, 1754-1821. Chancellor of Sardinia 1799, Minister to Russia 1803-17. Soirées de St. Pétersbourg, 1821. His books on The Pope, 1819. and The Gallican Ch., 1821, set forth his ultramontane idealism. Letters, 1851-60; Works, 4 vols., 1864.-His brother, XAVIER, 17631852, lived mostly in Russia, but wrote in French. Journey Round My Room, 1794; Leper of Aosta, 1811; Prascovie, 1825. Maitland, SIR RICHARD, 1496-1586. Scottish statesman, poet, and historian.-His son, WILLIAM, ab. 1527-1573, was active in the troubled affairs of that age, opposed both Knox and Queen Mary, and d. in prison.

Maitland, SAMUEL ROFFEY, D.D., F.R.S., 1792-1866. Librarian at Lambeth 1838. Albigenses, 1832; Dark Ages, 1844. Maitreya. The coming Buddha, who will appear 5,000 years after the enlightenment of Gautama. He is the only Bodhisattvas worshiped by Buddhists everywhere.

Maize. Zea mays. Tall annual grass, probably native of S. America; widely cultivated for its important grain, un

Dish of Italian Majolica, 15th Century.

made in the 16th, and is distinguished by lustrous glaze, beautiful colors, and excellent designs. Urbino was the most important center of the art, which passed to Italy from the Saracens of Majorca, and is hence named.

Major. Field officer ranking above a Captain and below a Lieut.-colonel. His appropriate command is a battalion or a squadron.

Major, DRUM. Non-commissioned officer who directs the movements of the regimental band while on parade, and commands and instructs the drummers and fifers.

Major, or Mair, JOHN, ab. 1470-1550. Prof. at Glasgow, Paris, and St. Andrew's; teacher of Knox; opposed to the Reformation; of great contemporary repute and influence. History, tr. 1891.

Major, RICHARD HENRY, 1818-1891. Cartographer in the British Museum; ed. Columbus's Letters, 1847-72. Prince Henry the Navigator, 1868.

Majorca, or MALLORCA. Largest of the BALEARIC ISLANDS (q.v.); ab. 100 m. e. of Valencia, Spain. Area 1,310 sq. m.; pop. ab. 235,000. Palma is the capital.

Major-General. Officer ranking next above a Brigadiergeneral and below a Lieutenant-general. His command is properly a division of an army corps. In the U. S. Army there

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are now three, the senior, by assignment of the President, being the Commanding General of the army, with headquarters at Washington.

Majority. Voting age, 21, in U. S. and Great Britain. Major Key, IN MUSIC. Mode employing a scale in which the semi-tones fall between the third and fourth and seventh and eighth tones ascending.

Major Orders. In R. C. Ch., four upper orders of the ministry, subdeacon, deacon, presbyter, and bishop, the three uppermost being also sacramental, and communicable only by a bishop. All four, in the West, obliged to perpetual celibacy and to a clerical life.

Majuba Hill. In S. Africa; scene of a defeat of British by Boers of the Transvaal, Feb. 27, 1881.

Makart, HANS, 1840-1884. Austrian painter; finest German colorist of the century; successful in large decorative works like Caterina Cornaro in the National Gallery of Berlin; Entry of Charles V. into Antwerp, in Hamburg; Diana's Hunting Party, in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. examples were exhibited at the, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago.

Fine

Makkari, ABU'L ABBAS AHMED IBN MOHAMMED EL, ab. 1585-1631. Arab historian of Mohammedan Spain, resident at Damascus and Cairo.

Makololo. See MARUTSE.

Makrizi, TAKI-EDDIN AHMED EL, 1864-1442. Arabic historian of Egypt, of the Mameluke princes, and of Abyssinian kings. Some of his works have been tr. into French.

Makua. One of the Bantu tribes, inhabiting the Mosambique region of Africa. They are shy and fear captivity. The women wear a huge ring in the upper lip, and the teeth are filed pointed. Different parts of the tribe are distinguished by different tattooing. The hair is dressed to stand up like a square stub. Pearl crosses are worn on the brow. An apron constitutes full dress. In greeting the hands are clapped, the number of times being apportioned to the rank of the person greeted. The chief is waited on by his wives, 100 or more. When the chief dies he is buried sitting; sometimes living men are inhumed with him. His subjects are buried at full length. Magic and evil spirits are worshiped. The Makua are fond of oratory, two speakers assisting each other, as in a duet.

Malabar. District of India; lat. 10° 15'-12° 18′ N.; long. 75° 15'-76° 55′ E. Area 5,765 sq. m., with a population of over

an ore and as a decorative stone. It occurs in small quantity with other ores of copper as a product of alteration, and has been found in abundance in the Ural Mountains.

Malachite Green. See BENZALDEHYDE GREEN.

Malachy, ST., 1095-1148. Bp. of Connor 1125, Abp. of Armagh 1134-37, Bp. of Down 1137; papal legate 1141; active in bringing Ireland under papal authority; canonized 1266. His name is falsely attached to certain fraudulent prophecies. Malacobdella. See HAPLONEMERTEA.

Malacodermata. Division of Coral Polyps (Zoantharia), characterized by secreting no true corallum. The chief groups are Hexactiniæ, with the mesenteries and tentacles in multiples of six, as in the ordinary Sea Anemones (Actinida), Paractinia, with the parts in fours, Cerianthida, living in tubes in the sand, Ilianthidae, with rounded base, and Zoanthidæ, which are compound structures.

Malacopteri, or MALACOPTERYGII. Physostome fishes, divided into the groups ABDOMINALIA and APODA (q.v.). Malacoscolices. See MOLLUSCOIDA.

Malacostraca, or THORACIPODA. Hard-shelled Crustacea. They are of large size, have the head and thorax fused into one piece (cephalothorax), which contains 13 segments bearing appendages. The abdomen is composed of six movable and appendage-bearing segments, and ends in a median plate, the telson. The group is subdivided into the Leptostraca, Arthrostraca, and Thoracostraca.

Malacozoa. MOLLUSCA and MOLLUSCOIDEA (q.v.).

Malaga. Ancient seaport of s. Spain, at the head of Malaga

Malaga.

Bay founded from Carthage; held by Moors ab. 710-1487; noted for its exports of fruits and wines. Pop., 1887, ab. 134,000.

Malakoff. Hill and tower near Sevastopol, strongly fortified by Russians 1854-55; attacked June 17 and 18, 1855, by allied French and English, who were repulsed with loss of 4,640 killed and wounded; taken by the French Sept. 8.

Malan, CÉSAR HENRI ABRAHAM, D.D., 1787-1864. Pastor at Geneva 1820-63. He and his books were popular in England. -His son, SOLOMON CESAR, D.D., b. 1812, took Anglican orders, wrote much, and tr. many Oriental works.

Malaprop, MRS. In Sheridan's Rivals; given to substituting one word for another of similar sound; the progenitor of Mrs. Partington.

Mälar. Lake of Sweden, w. of Stockholm. Length 80 m., area 650 sq. m.

Malaria. Infectious disease, caused by the plasmodium malaria, characterized by fever of an intermittent, remittent and pernicious type. It has the widest geographical distribution of all the infectious diseases; especially prevalent in the Treatment consists of tropics, and in marshy localities. quinine, aided later by tonics, as iron and arsenic.

Malay. One of the Oceanic group of languages. Malayan Race. Characterized by yellow-brown to black colored skin, close, black, loose hair, broad, thick nose, turnedup lips and prognathous jaws; one of the five great divisions of man according to Blumenbach; living on the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australasia, and Madagascar. But modern ethnologists

recognize three distinct races in these regions: the NEGRITOES, MALAYS, and AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES (q.v.). The Malays may be derived from the Mongols.

Malay Apple. Eugenia malaccensis. Tree of the natural family Myrtaceae, native of the East Indies, cultivated for its edible fruit, which is the size of a small apple.

Malay Peninsula. Promontory projecting s. from s.e. Asia, comprising part of Siam, Malaya, and the port of Malacca. It is traversed by a range of mountains, and is 750 m. long and 120 m. wide.

Malays. People of two branches, the Eastern or Polynesian and the Western or Malay proper, inhabiting the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and adjacent East Indian islands, including Borneo. They are of light copper-brown complexion, have straight hair, black eyes, and large mouth with thick lips, are stern and serious in disposition, good sailors, brave, but hightempered when aroused. "Running amok" is characteristic of

Malay Native of Borneo.

Malays whose passion for killing is excited. They use meat only on festal occasions. The women are skillful in fine embroidery work, the men make fine tools. The Javanese are the highest in civilization. They have been influenced by Indian elements. Most Malays are Mohammedans, but in the interior of the larger islands primitive cannibalism still survives. Descent is counted on the female side.

Malbone, EDWARD GREENE, 1777-1807. American portraitpainter, eminent for his miniatures.

Malcolm I. King of Scotland 943-954.-II. 1005-34.-III. "Canmore," avenger of Duncan and slayer of MACBETH (q.v.); King 1057-93; at war with the Norman conquerors.-IV. 1154–65.

Malcolm, SIR JOHN, 1769-1833. British officer, envoy to Persia 1800, 1807, and 1810; long in India, and prominent in the last Mahratta wars; knighted 1812; Gov. of Bombay 182730; M.P. 1831. Hist. Persia, 1815; Political Hist. India, 1826; Life of Clive, 1836.

Malczewski, ANTONI, 1793-1826. Polish poet. Marya, 1825. Malden. City of Middlesex co., Mass., 5 m. n. of Boston. It has extensive manufactures. Pop., 1890, 23,031.

Maldive Islands. In the Indian Ocean, w. of Ceylon. between lat. 7° 7' N. and 0° 42′ S., long. 72° 30'-73° 50′ E.; of coral formation, small and very numerous. Ab. 200 are inhabited. Pop. ab. 20,000.

Maldonite. Au,Bi. Native combination of gold and bismuth, found at Maldon, Australia.

Malebranche, NICOLAS, 1638-1715. French philosopher, disciple of Descartes; famous for the doctrine of seeing all things in God and the theory of occasional causes, by which mind and matter, not being naturally connected, were arbitrarily and miraculously conjoined. Recherche de la Verité, 1674: Traité de la Morale, 1684; De l'Amour de Dieu, 1697. Malecki, ANTONI, b. 1821. Polish grammarian, essayist, and dramatist, prof. Lemberg 1856-73.

Malesherbes, CHRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON DE. 1721-1794. French official and Academician of high character

927

and great repute; pres. Cour des Aides 1750-71; censor of the press; eminent for wisdom and liberality; Minister of the Interior 1774-76; guillotined for defending Louis XVI. Euvres Choisies, 1809.

Malet, CLAUDE FRANÇOIS DE, 1754-1812. French general 1799-1807; executed for plotting against Napoleon.

Malet, LUCAS. See HARRISON, MARY.

Malherbe, FRANÇOIS DE, 1555-1628. French court poet, regarded as a literary reformer, though his productions are of small value.

Malheur Lake. In s.e. Oregon. It receives the waters of several streams, but has no outlet. Area 117 sq. m.

Malibran, MARIA FELICITÀ, 1808-1836. Dramatic singer, of contralto voice with soprano range; daughter and pupil of Garcia (1775-1832); in New York 1825-27, and thenceforth chiefly in London and Paris.

Mpt. 100° C.

Malic Acid. COOH.CH,.CHOH.COOH. Dibasic acid, very widely distributed in the vegetable world, especially in unripe apples, quinces, and other fruits; colorless solid, exceedingly soluble in water. It can be prepared by the reduction of tartaric acid.

Malice. Settled feeling of ill-will toward a person, prompting to an infliction of pain or harm.-In Law, either absence of legal excuse, or a corrupt motive.

Malicious Mischief. Statutory offense of wantonly injuring another's property.

Malicious Prosecution. Injuriously prosecuting another from a malicious motive and without probable cause.

Malignant Diseases. Diseases that tend toward a fatal issue, as CANCER (q.v.), or certain forms of zymotic diseases with intense infection.

its cloth manufactures employed 3,000 workmen. The cathedral of St. Rombaud, with a steeple 320 ft. high, contains the Last Supper, by Rubens. Pop., 1891, 51,558.

Malingerer. Soldier who feigns illness to avoid duty. Mallard. Anas boschas. Wild duck, from which ordinary domestic ducks have been derived. The female is brownish, the male green on head and neck, with narrow white collar. They nest usually on the ground near water.

Mallarmé, STÉPHANE, b. 1842. French poet of the Décadent school.

Malleability. That specific property of matter in virtue of which it can be beaten out into thin plates or sheets. Gold is the most malleable substance, having been beaten out into leaves 0.000003 of an inch thick. When of this extreme tenuity, it is found to transmit a greenish light, complementary to the yellow which it reflects.

Mallery, GARRICK, U.S.A., LL.D., 1831-1894. American