536

Fenestella. Foliaceous polyzoan, abundant in some of the Paleozoic Strata.

Fenestella, ab. 52 B.C.-19. Latin historian, cited by Plutarch and others. His Annales survive only in fragments. Fenestella. In Architecture, a niche cut in the thickness of the wall, generally on the south side of the altar, containing the piscina (sometimes two or three), and frequently the credence-table above. It is not uncommon to find it on the north

Fenestella, La Sainte Chapelle, Paris.

side in Normandy, the situation of the altar making this more convenient. It was not known in England before the 12th century; the form and decoration vary but the character of the architectural features will always indicate the date.

Fenestra. See EAR.

Fenestral. Window-like opening closed with paper or cloth instead of glass.

Fenestration. In Architecture, disposition and treatment of openings in wall-surfaces, including doorways as well as windows.

Fenestrate, or FENESTRATED. Organs with coarse reticulations, or marked with transparent areas separated by bars like window panes.

Fenestrated Membrane OF SPONGES. See CHOANO

CYTES.

Fenians. Association of Irish and Irish-Americans with the purpose of overthrowing English rule in Ireland and establishing a republic. It had its origin in America among those who had emigrated on account of arbitrary eviction or inability to pay rent, and who smarted under a sense of injustice. The organization was secret, compact, thoroughly organized. The leaders were arrested, the leading organs suppressed, and troops sent into Ireland to preseve quiet. The escape of one of the leaders and his return to America renewed the agitation, and in 1866 a raid was made into Canada, which proved a failure. In 1867 insurrections were attempted in England and Ireland, but with no success. The recent movements have been peaceable, in the way of efforts for home-rule.

Fenn, GEORGE MANVILLE, b. 1831. English novelist, journalist, and writer of juvenile books. Mad, 1868; Menhardoc, 1884; Bag of Diamonds, 1887.

Fennel. Herb of the Carrot family, cultivated in gardens for its aromatic leaves; native of Europe, sparingly introduced into the U. S.

Fennel-flower. Nigella sativa. Showy-flowered herb of the natural family Ranunculaceae, cultivated in gardens; native of the Mediterranean region.

Fenton, EDWARD, d. 1603. English navigator who led an expedition in search of the n. w. passage 1582-83.

Fenton, ELIJAH, 1683-1730. English poet. He tr. 4 books of Pope's Odyssey.

Fenton, REUBEN EATON, 1819-1885. M. C. 1857-65; Gov. of N. Y. 1865-69; U. S. Senator 1869-75. Fenugreek. Trigonella Fonum-Græcum. Low herb of

the natural family Leguminosae, native of the Mediterranean region.

Fenwick, JOHN, 1618-1683. Founder of Salem, N. J.; imprisoned by Sir E. Andros 1678-80.

Fenwick, SIR JOHN, 1645-1697. English Jacobite, attainted and beheaded for conspiracy.

Feoffment. Conveyance of land by delivery of its possession from the grantor to the grantee; obsolete. Feræ. Carnivora. See FISSIPEDIA.

Feræ Naturæ. Naturally wild animals, as distinguished from the domestic. One can have only a qualified property in them; i.e., he is owner so long only as he has control of them. He is bound at his peril to keep them from doing mischief. Ferdausi, or FERDOSSE. See FIRDAUSI.

Fer-de-Lance. Craspedocephalus lanceolatus. Yellow and extremely venomous W. Indian viper. It is ab. 9 ft. long, springs a considerable distance without warning, and is greatly dreaded by man and beast.

Ferdinand I., 1503-1564. German Emperor 1556; King of Hungary and Bohemia 1527; King of Rome 1531; brother and successor of Charles V. The Pope refusing consent to his election, the electors dispensed with that consent thereafter.

Ferdinand II., 1578-1637. Emperor of Germany 1619; nephew of Maximilian II. He devoted his life to suppression of Protestantism, and first crushed the liberties of Bohemia. The conflict thus begun spread over Germany, became the Thirty Years' War, and caused general misery and desolation.

Ferdinand III., 1608-1657. German Emperor 1637. Son and successor of Ferdinand II.; King of Hungary 1625, and Bohemia 1627. The war ended 1648. The diet of Nuremberg, 1653-54, was the last presided over by an emperor in person. See WESTPHALIA, PEACE OF.

Ferdinand I., "THE GREAT," d. 1065. King of Castile 1035, and Leon 1038. He attacked Portugal, Navarre, and the Moors, greatly increasing his dominions.

Ferdinand III., 1199-1252. King of Castile 1217, and Leon 1220. He gained sundry victories over the Moors, and was canonized 1671.

Ferdinand V., "THE CATHOLIC," 1452-1516. King of Castile 1474, in right of his wife Isabella, and of Aragon 1479. He established the Inquisition 1480, conquered Granada 1492, ex

Ferdinand VI., 1712-1759. King of Spain 1746, succeeding his father Philip V.

Ferdinand VII., 1784-1833. King of Spain 1808; deposed by Napoleon; restored 1814. He annuled the constitution 1816, and re-established the Pragmatic Sanction 1830.

Ferdinand I., 1345-1383. King of Portugal 1367. He waged an unsuccessful war with Castile.

Ferdinand, "THE JUST," 1379-1416. King of Aragon 1412. Ferdinand I., 1423-1494. King of Naples 1458.

Ferdinand I. (or IV.), 1751-1825. King of Naples 1759; expelled by the French 1799 and 1805; restored by England and Austria 1799 and 1815. He was a cruel tyrant, as was his grandson, FERDINAND II., "BOMBA," 1810-1859, king from 1830.

Ferdinand III., 1769-1824. Grandduke of Tuscany 1790; Archduke of Austria; son of Leopold II., German Emperor; expelled by the French 1799; deposed 1801; restored 1814.

Ferdinand I., 1793-1875. Emperor of Austria 1835; son of Francis I.; abdicated 1848.

Ferdinand, b. 1861. Prince of Bulgaria 1888; grandson of Louis Philippe, son of the Prince of Saxe-Coburg.

Fere Champenoise. In n.e. France; scene of a French defeat March 25, 1814.

Feretory. Shrine of gold, silver, wood, or ivory, contain.

537

tem of Practical Surgery, 1842; Progress of Anatomy and Surgery, 1867.

Feriæ. Roman holidays, of which some pertained to families. Of the public ones, some were fixed, others movable or occasional, and had to be announced by the Consul or Prætor. Feringhis. Eurasians of Portuguese descent in Bengal; also Europeans, so called by Asiatics.

Ferishtah, or Firishta, MOHAMMAD KASIM HINDU SHAH, d. ab. 1613. Historian of the Mohammedan power in India. His Tarikh, edited at Bombay 1831 and tr. 1832, is a valuable work.

Fermat, PIERRE DE, 1601-1665. French mathematician. With Pascal he founded the mathematical treatment of the Theory of Probabilities. Varia Opera Mathematica, 1679; repub. in facsimile 1861.

Fermat's Law. If a ray of light or other form of wavemotion pass from a point A in one medium to a point B in another, there is no path between A and B, taking into account the relative velocities of propagation in the two media, so short in time as that traversed according to the law that the ratio of the sine of the incident angle to that of the angle of refraction is constant. This constant, which in optics is the index of refraction, is the ratio of the actual velocities in the two media.

Ferment. Organic body or mass of bodies that can produce chemical decomposition in substances with which they come into contact. There are two sorts, enzymes and organized ferments. The former are minute particies of ultra microscopic size, produced originally within living cells. They cause chemical changes without being themselves altered in bulk or constitution. Examples are ptyalin, pepsin, rennet, trypsin. The organized ferments are the bacteria, yeasts and moulds. To some extent any protoplasmic cell is a ferment by virtue of the enzymes it contains. Organized ferments not

Feretory in Ely Cathedral.

ing the relics of saints, either fixed on tombs or borne in religious processions. Its form is usually that of a chest with a high pitched roof.

Ferguson, ADAM. LL.D., 1723-1816. Prof. Edinburgh 175985. Civil Society. 1766; Moral Philosophy. 1772; Moral and Political Science, 1792. His Hist. Roman Republic. 1782, was highly valued.

Ferguson, JAMES, F.R.S., 1710-1776. Scottish peasant, who became the first astronomer and mechanician in England, though wholly self-taught; lecturer from 1748; pensioned 1761. Astronomy, 1756; Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, and Optics, 1760.

Ferguson, JAMES, 1797-1867. Scottish-American civil engineer and astronomer, in U. S. Naval Observatory from 1847; discover of three asteroids 1854-60.

Ferguson, PATRICK, 1744-1780. Scottish officer, inventor of the breech-loading rifle, patented 1776: killed at King's Mountain, S. C. He spared Washington's life at the Brandy

wine 1777.

Ferguson, ROBERT, ab. 1637-1714. Scottish intriguer; inspirer and chaplain of Monmouth's rebellion, 1685; later a Jacobite. Hist. Revolution, 1706.

Ferguson, SIR SAMUEL, 1810-1886. Irish poet and antiquarian; knighted 1878.

Fergusonite. Rare mineral, first found in Greenland, containing the chemical elements niobium, tantalum, yttrium, erbium, and cerium.

Fergusson, JAMES. D.C.L.. F.R.S., 1808-1886. Scottish archæologist, long in India. His History of Architecture, 4 vols., 1865-76, is the leading English work on that subject. Rock-cut Temples, 1845: Fortification by Earthworks, 1849; Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis, 1851; Tree and Serpent Worship, 1869; Rude Stone Monuments, 1872.

Fergusson, ROBERT. 1750-1774. Scottish poet. Fergusson, SIR WILLIAM, M.D., F.R.S., 1808-1877. Scottish surgeon; prof. King's Coll., London, 1840; Baronet 1866. Sys

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Yeast-plant, as developed during the process of fermentation:

a, b, c, d, successive stages of cell-multiplication.

only change the constitution of the substances they act on but undergo the changes involved in assimilation and disassimilation, called Growth. Increase in cell bulk ultimately causes cell-division (cell reproduction) and a multiplication of the microscopic particles composing the ferment. Such a result is seen in the brewer's vat, on whose surface or bottom there collects a considerable quantity of yeast, all derived from the small amount added to the malt or sweetwort. Yeasts and moulds as a rule produce alcohol as a by-product of fermentation, while bacteria produce toxic substances called Ptomains, which have numerous specific properties that can affect the nerve cells of an animal. See FERMENTATION, DISEASE GERMS, and SACCHAROMYCETES.

Fermentation. All chemical decomposition produced by Ferments. The evolution of bubbles of gas, as of CO, in the action of yeast in a sugar-solution, while affecting the sense of sight as the main action, is accompanied by formation of the toxic substance, alcohol, in the solution. The sugar gradually disappears, being converted mainly into these two decomposition products; a very small part is assimilated by the yeast in its growth, and some is used in the formation of glycerine, succinic acid, etc., which also are produced in minute amounts. Putrefaction is an analogous process, produced by bacteria in nitrogenous substances, accompanied by production of ammoniacal and sulphureted gases, and a toxine or ptomain. The ENZYMES (q.v.), changing starch to sugar, proteid to peptone, fat to glycerine and fatty acid, exhibit the simplest forms of fermentation. It is by means of various enzymes produced by action of bacteria and yeasts is merely such an exhibition. protoplasm that the latter wields its assimilative power. The Fern. Plant of the order Filices.

Fern, CINNAMON. Osmunda cinnamomea. Large fern growing in swamps and bogs throughout e. N. America.

Fern, CLIMBING. Ferns of the genus Lygodium, which climb over bushes by their twining leaf-stalks; plants of wide geographical distribution.

Fern, FANNY. See PARTON.

Fern, FLOWERING. Osmunda regalis. Marsh fern, native throughout the n. hemisphere.

Fern, OSTRICH. Onoclea struthiopteris. Large, handsome

Ostrich Fern.

fern, its spore-bearing leaves rolled up and bearing some resemblance to ostrich plumes; native of the n.temperate zone.

Fern, SENSITIVE. Onoclea sensibilis. Common N. American fern, growing in low grounds, its leaves erroneously supposed by the older botanists to be sensitive.

Fern, SWEET. Comptonia peregrina. Low, aromatic shrub of the Bayberry family, with pinnatifid leaves; native of e. N. America.

Fernandez de Cas

tro, MANUEL, b. 1825. Spanish geologist and engineer, prof. Madrid 1869.

Fernandez de Cordova, DIEGO, MARQUIS OF GUADALCAZAR. Viceroy of Mexico 1612-21, and of Peru 1622-29.

Fernandez de la Cueva, FRANCISCO, DUKE OF ALBUQUERQUE, b. ab. 1610. Viceroy of Mexico 1653-61.-His grandson, FRANCISCO, held the same post 1702-11.

Fernandez de Palencia, ab. 1520-1581. Historian of Peru 1571.

Fernandez Madrid, José, 1789-1830. Pres. of New Granada 1816; Minister to England 1825; author of poems, tragedies, and medical books.

Fernando do Noronha. Volcanic island in s. Atlantic, lat. 3° 50' S., long. 32° 25′ W.; convict station of Brazil; discovered 1503. Area 7 sq. m.; pop. ab. 2,000.

Fernando Po. Island in Gulf of Guinea, lat. 3° 12' N., long. 3° 48' E.; discovered 1471; now a Spanish convict station. Its mountains are over 10,000 ft. high. Area 670 sq. m.; pop. ab. 20,000, chiefly negroes of low grade.

Ferney. French village near Geneva; Voltaire's home 1758-78. Pop., 1891, 1,104.

Fernow, BERNHARD EDWARD, b. 1851. German-American forester, in U. S. Dept. of Agriculture since 1886.

Ferrand, COUNT, OF PORTUGAL. See JOHANNA OF CONSTANTINOPLE.

Ferrand, MARIE LOUISE, COUNT OF, 1753-1808. French general, who served in America and in Santo Domingo 1802-8.

Ferrar, NICHOLAS, 1592-1637. English founder of a religious community at Little Gidding, 1625-47, celebrated in John Inglesant.

Ferrara. City of n.e. Italy, long prominent and populous. Its university, founded 1264, closed 1794-1824, has a fine library.

Ferrara-Florence, COUNCIL OF, 1438-39. It arranged a temporary and nominal union of the Greeks with Rome, abrogated 1472.

Ferrari, GAUDENZIO, 1484-1549. Italian painter. Many of his works are at or near Milan; his Passion is at Varallo in Piedmont.

Ferrari, GIUSEPPE, 1811-1876. Prof. at Turin, Milan, and Florence. Hist. of Italian Revolutions, 4 vols., 1856-58.

Ferrari, PAOLO, 1822-1889. Italian dramatist, prof. at Modena and Milan. Goldoni, 1852; Parini, 1857.

Ferrates. Salts derived from ferric acid, H,FeO., by replacing the hydrogen with metals.

Ferreira, ANTONIO, 1528-1569. Portuguese lyric, pastoral, and dramatic poet.

Ferrel, WILLIAM. 1817-1891. Assistant in Tidal Division, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 1867; prof. of meteorology in U. S. Signal Office 1882-86; author of Motions of Solids and Fluids on the Earth's Surface, 1859; Tidal Researches, 1874; Meteorological Researches, 1875-81; Recent Advances in Meteorology, 1883; Treatise on the Winds. He was the founder of modern dynamic meteorology.

Ferrel's Law. Principle first applied 1856 to meteorology, in accordance with which any body moving in any direction on the earth's surface is deflected to the right (or left) in the n. (or s.) hemisphere by an amount that varies directly as the velocity of the body and as the sine of the latitude. On this principle Ferrel based the accepted mathematical theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean and the rotation of storms. The deflection due to the earth's rotation had been specifically proven by Poisson 1827, but its profound importance in meteorology was first recognized and developed by Ferrel.

Ferrer, RAFAEL, 1570-1611. Spanish Jesuit, missionary and explorer in Peru from 1593.

Ferrers, LAWRENCE SHIRLEY, 4th EARL, 1720-1760. Tried by the lords and hanged for murdering his steward.

Ferrets. See MUSTELIDE. The European Ferret, Pole-cat, Fitch, or Foul Mart is ab. 16 in. long, and in color black-brown. It preys on small animals, attacking them in the neck, or piercing their brain, and is destructive to poultry. The African

Ferret (Putorius furo).

Ferret is an albino, domesticated in different countries for catching rabbits and rats, but it endures cold weather poorly. In America is the Blackfooted Ferret or Polecat, which lives on the gophers and prairie-dogs of the West.

Ferric Acid. H2FeO.. This acid itself is unknown, but metallic salts have been made. They are unstable.

Ferric Chloride. FeCl,. Yellowish-brown solid, which can be obtained in crystals containing six or twelve molecules of water; made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid and passing chlorine into the solution, or by merely allowing a solution of ferrous chloride to stand exposed to the air. It is used in medicine.

Ferric Ferrocyanide, or PRUSSIAN BLUE. Fe,[Fe(CN)]. or Fe(CN)18. Discovered early in 18th century. On the large scale it is made by precipitating ferrous sulphate with potassium ferrocyanide and then treating the product with chlorine water or dilute nitric acid. Dissolved in ammonium tartrate it gives a deep violet color, with oxalic acid a blue color; used as a pigment.

Ferric Hydroxide. Fe(OH)3. Reddish-brown precipitate, formed by adding ammonium hydroxide to a ferric salt

solution. Heated to 100° it loses water, forming a compound of the formula FeO.OH, and other basic hydroxides.

Ferric Hydroxide, SOLUBLE. Red liquid, used in medicine; made by treating freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide with a solution of ferric chloride and then dialyzing the solution thus formed.

Ferric Nitrate. Fe(NO3)3+12H,O. Very deliquescent; made by dissolving iron in nitric acid; used as a mordant in dyeing and calico printing.

Ferric Oxide, or IRON SESQUIOXIDE. Fe,O,. Found native as HEMATITE (q.v.); brownish red powder, made by heating ferric hydroxide. The rouge used for polishing purposes is ferric oxide made from heating ferrous sulphate. A finer variety is obtained from ferrous oxalate.

Ferric Phosphate. FePO.. White powder, insoluble in water; made by treating a ferric salt with sodium phosphate.

Ferric Sulphate. Fe,(SO). White mass which dissolves in water, with a brownish red color; made by dissolving ferric oxide in sulphuric acid.

Ferric Sulphide. Fe,S,. Made by heating iron and sulphur together. FeS, is also called ferric sulphide. See IRON PYRITES.

Ferricyanides. Salts of hydroferricyanic acid, HsFe(CN).. The most important one is POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE (q.v.).

Ferrier, DAVID, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., b. 1843 at Aberdeen. Prof. King's Coll., London, 1872-89. Functions of the Brain,

1876; Cerebral Disease, 1878.

Ferrier, JAMES FREDERICK, 1808-1864. Prof. Edinburgh 1842 and St. Andrew's from 1845. Metaphysics, 1854; Greek Philosophy, 1866.-His aunt, SUSAN EDMONSTON, 1782-1854, won much repute by three novels: Marriage, 1818; The Inheritance, 1824; and Destiny, 1831.

Ferrier, JOSEPH MARIE AUGUSTIN GABRIEL, b. 1847. French painter.

Ferris Wheel. Designed by G. W. G. Ferris, and erected 1893 at the Exposition in Chicago to carry passengers in cars hung around the circumference. It was 250 ft. in diameter, 28 ft. wide; its total weight including standards was 4,300

539

alteration, sometimes seen in sections of rocks studied under the microscope; name proposed by Vogelsang.

Ferrocyanides. Salts of hydroferrocyanic acid, H,Fe(CN). The most important one is POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE (q.v.).

Ferrol. Seaport on n. coast of Galicia, Spain, with one of the finest harbors in Europe. Pop., 1887, 25,701.

Ferroso-Ferric Oxide. Magnetic oxide of iron, Fe,O., formed when iron is burned in oxygen, or when steam is passed over highly heated iron. It occurs in nature as MAGNETITE (q.v.).

Ferrotype, or TINTYPE. Japanned sheet-iron plate is coated with collodion, sensitized with bromide of cadmium and iodide of potassium, and then placed in the silver nitrate bath. It is exposed in the camera one-half the time as for a negative, developed with sulphate of iron, fixed with potassium cyanide and

varnished.

Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate. FeSO,.(NH4)2SO1+ 6H,O. Hard greenish-blue crystals, obtained by dissolving the proper quantities of ferrous and ammonium sulphates in hot water and allowing them to crystallize.

Ferrous Chloride. FeCl,+4H,O. Made by dissolving iron in hydrochloric acid without access of air. Oxidizing agents convert it into ferric chloride.

Ferrous Ferricyanide, or TURNBULL'S BLUE. Fe,(CN) 12. When dry, a blue powder, with a copper red luster; made by precipitating potassium ferricyanide with ferrous sulphate; used as a pigment.

Ferrous Hydroxide. Fe(OH),. When pure, it is a white solid, but when obtained by precipitating a soluble ferrous salt with an alkali it is usually a dirty green, which rapidly changes to brown or red, owing to the oxidation of the compound to ferric hydroxide. When heated it is converted into ferric oxide.

Ferrous Iodide. Fel2+4H2O. Made by heating iron filings and iodine.

Ferrous Oxide. FeO. Black powder made by passing hydrogen over heated ferric oxide.

Colorless crys

Ferrous Phosphate. Fe: (PO4)2+ 8H2O. tals when pure; made by treating ferrous sulphate with sodium phosphate; used in medicine. See VIVIANITE.

Ferrous Sulphate, GREEN VITRIOL, or COPPERAS. FeSO,+7H,O. Green efflorescent monoclinic prisms, made by dissolving iron in dilute sulphuric acid; used as a disinfectant, a source for Nordhausen sulphuric acid, for the manufacture of inks, and in dyeing.

Ferrous Sulphide. FeS. Made by heating iron filings and sulphur together; used as a source for hydrogen sulphide. Ferrule. Short, brass tube of a standard size, used for connecting a service pipe to a street main.

Ferry, JULES FRANÇOIS CAMILLE, 1832-1893. French Minis

Ferris Wheel.

tons, and its cost ab. $300,000. It was supported on a hollow steel shaft 32 in. in diameter, 16 in. opening and 43 ft. long, turned by steam power. There were 36 passenger cars, having a total capacity of 2,160 persons. During the Exposition 1,453,611 passengers were carried at 50 cents each.

Ferrite. Undetermined brownish or reddish product of

Jules Ferry.

ter of Public Instruction 1879; Prime Minister 1880-81 and 188384; Senator 1891.

Ferry, ORRIS SANFORD. 1823-1875. M. C. from Conn. 185961; U. S. Senator from 1867.

Ferry, PAUL, 1591-1669. Huguenot pastor at Metz, noted for eloquence and efforts toward Christian reunion.

Ferry, THOMAS WHITE, b. 1827. M. C. from Mich. 1865-71; U. S. Senator 1871-83; acting Vice-Pres. Nov. 1875-March 1877.

540

Ferrybridge. In Yorkshire; scene of defeat of Yorkists, March 1461, by Lord Clifford, who was slain in attempting to rejoin the main body of the Lancastrians at Towton.

Fertility. See FECUNDITY.

Fertilization. Processes by which the male protoplasm is brought into proximity to the female; also called FECUNDATION (q.v.).

Fertilizer. Any material that adds available plant food to the soil. While plants feed on a large number of substances, it has been found by experiment that there are but three, phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen, in which most soils are ever deficient; so a fertilizer is a substance containing some or all of these substances. See MANURE.

Fescennine Games. Named from a town in s. Etruria; ancient country festivals, enlivened by improvised jests, often stinging and indecent, and rude verses, mirth-provoking and satirical. These songs were mostly restricted to weddings, and were long popular at Rome.

Fesch, JOSEPH, 1763-1839. Half-uncle of Napoleon I., Abp. of Lyons 1802, Cardinal 1803. He retired to Rome 1814.

Fescue Grass.

Festuca elatior.

Grasses of the genus Festuca, important as pasture and meadow grasses; of wide geographical distribution.

Fessenden, THOMAS GREEN, 17711837. New England poet and journalist. Terrible Tractoration, 1803.

Fessenden, WILLIAM PITT, LL.D., 1806-1869. M. C. from Me. 1841-43; U. S. Senator 1854-64. As Sec. Treasury 186465 he issued the 7.3 per cent loan. Again in the Senate (from March 1865) he opposed the impeachment of Pres. Johnson.

Fessler, IGNAZ AURELIUS, 1756-1839. German author of Hungarian birth; prof. and pastor in Russia from 1809. Marc Aurel, 1790; Matthias Corvinus, 1793; Attila, 1794; Hist. Hungarians, 10 vols., 1812-25; Recollections, 1826.

Festivals, or FEASTS. Among the Jews, the seventh day and year, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, of Trumpets, Day of Atonement, and later, Purim and Dedication of Temple. With Christians the chief are Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and Pentecost.

Festivals, MUSICAL. The most important which have a permanent organization in Germany is the Lower Rhenish festival, dates back to 1811, and given annually at Düsseldorf. Aix-la-Chapelle, or Cologne. In England the Three Choirs Festival, held alternately each year at Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford, dates from 1724. Every third year important festivals are also held at Birmingham, Norwich, Leeds, and Bristol. The Handel Festival in the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, at which the greatest choral and instrumental masses are piled up, began 1857. In the U. S., festivals occur every year at Worcester, Mass., and every second year at Cincinnati. There are a number of smaller annual festivals, merely local in their interest and influence. The Cincinnati festivals began 1873, and have always been directed by THEODORE THOMAS (q.v.). The Worcester festivals, of which the thirty-eighth took place 1895, grew out of the musical conventions common in New England. The German singing clubs for men's voices have given festivals intermittently in the larger cities since 1849, when the first Sängerfest took place in Cincinnati.

Festoon. Garland or wreath usually composed of flowers, fruits, etc., when carved, bound together and suspended by the

Festus, PORCIUS. Successor of Felix as procurator of Judæa, 60-62; of higher character, and more friendly to St. Paul. Festus, SEXTUS POMPEIUS. Latin grammarian of 2d century or later, known only by his abridgment of Verrius Flaccus' De Verborum Significatione. Half of this important work survives in a mutilated state.

Fetiales. College of Roman priests who presided over all international declarations, whether demanding satisfaction for public wrongs, declaring war, or ratifying peace. They alone knew the formal words which the religious laws of Rome made necessary on such occasions.

Fetich, or FETISH. Object, as stone, snake, or tree, in which a spirit is believed to reside. Its possessor, whether person, family, or tribe, has a certain control over this spirit and can require its services. On the west coast of Africa horns

of animals are the commonest fetiches. The Indians of America venerate a great variety of objects, among which worked stones are especially esteemed. A preference seems to have been given to stone of a green color, especially in Mexico, and the s. w. U. S.

Fetichism. Worship of inanimate objects, supposed to possess talismanic virtue; lowest form of religion, vaguely conceiving a divine spirit in all things, and selecting any chance trifle as embodying it.

Fétis, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, 1784-1871. Belgian musician and author; prof. Paris 1821; director Brussels Conservatory 1833. Counterpoint and Fugue. 1824; Universal Biography of Musicians, 8 vols., 1835-44; Harmony, 1844; History of Music, 8 vols., 1869-76.

Fetticus. See CORN-SALAD.

Feuchtwanger, LOUIS, 1805-1876. German chemist, settled in New York from 1829: designer of the nickel cent of 1837. Gems, 1838; Mineralogy, 1839; Fermented Liquors, 1858; Soluble Glass, 1870.

Feud. Capital quarrel, or enmity, only satisfied with the death of the foe. It formerly signified a combination of kindred, to avenge the death of any of their blood, against the killer and all his race. See VENDETTA.

Feudal System. Political and legal system prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages. It treated the king as the owner of all the land, out of which he granted portions to favorite subjects upon condition of fealty and military service, they in turn making subinfeudations or grants to their retainers upon like conditions, and having the right to a variety of aids or contributions which were very burdensome. It became practically extinct in Great Britain in the 17th century. Feu de Joie. Ordered by Washington, as Commander-inchief, in honor of the birth of the Dauphin of France: held May 31 at West Point.