1048 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG-NEWMAN raised. Coal, ores of copper, lead and silver and asbestos are mined. It was probably visited by Lief, the Norse discoverer, ab. 1000, and by the Cabots 1497. The cod fisheries sprang up early; Portuguese, Spanish, French, and English engaged in them. The French established colonies 1629; conflicts ensued between France and England. The island was ceded to Gt. Britain 1713, the French reserving merely the right to fish off its coasts. It is not part of the Dominion of Canada. Scarcity of provisions caused great distress 1895-96. Capital, St. John's; pop., 1891, 202,145. Newfoundland Dog. Supposed to have been introduced by the Norsemen into America. It is a water dog, with partly webbed feet, color black and white, hair curly, tail bushy and turned up at the end. In spirit it is courageous; its eyes are gentle, its face noble. The largest are 30 in. high at the shoulder. Newgate. Prison on Newgate St., London, known as existing 1207. It stood by the then "new gate" of the city; was rebuilt ab. 1420, again after the great fire of 1666, and once more Newgate. in 1780, but seriously damaged in the riots of that year, when 300 prisoners were set free by the mob. Debtors were not sent to it after 1815: it has been little used since 1877. The Newgate Calendar gives sketches of notorious criminals who have been confined here. New Granada. See COLOMBIA. New Guinea, or PAPUA. Island n. of Australia and just s. of the equator, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Its shape is irregular, its length e. to w. ab. 1,500 m., maximum breadth 400 m., and area ab. 320,000 sq. m. Its surface is mountainous in the interior, the ranges extending to the e. and w. extremities, with peaks from 10,000 to 13,200 ft. high. The s. shore, opposite Australia, is low, marshy, and densely forested. It is nominally held by the Dutch, Germans, and British, but is imperfectly known and developed. Its inhabitants are Papuans with admixture of Polynesian and Malayan elements. Pop. ab. 500,000. m. New Hampshire. One of the n.e. States; area 9,305 sq. It has but a small extent of seacoast. The surface is hilly, rising toward the n. in the White Mts., the highest peak of which, Mt. Washington, has an altitude of 6,293 ft. The principal stream is the Connecticut, upon its w. border. Forests have been cleared away wherever settlement has progressed. The surface geology of the State is very simple, it being covered almost entirely by Archæan formations, a small area of Cambrian being found in the s.e., while near the Connecticut is a narrow belt of Silurian. Its industries are agricultural and manufacturing, the latter rapidly increasing, the former diminishing with the increasing density of population. New Hampshire was early settled by immigrants from Mass. It was one of the 13 original States of the Union. Its coast line was explored by Capt. John Smith 1614: settlements were made at Dover and Portsmouth 1623. The province was united with Mass. 1641, was made a separate royal province 1679, and again united with Mass. 1685-92. It took an active part in the Revolution, joined the federal Union 1788, and during the Civil War sent nearly a tenth of its entire population to join the Union forces. Concord was made the permanent capital 1807. Pop., 1890, 376,530. (See Map, page 136.) New Haven. Capital of N. H. co., Conn., and the largest city of the State; on Long Island Sound; settled 1738 as a separate colony; united to Conn. 1662; chartered 1784. It is the site of Yale Univ., and has extensive commerce and manufactures. Pop., 1890, 81,298. New Hebrides. Group of volcanic islands e. of Australia, discovered 1606, explored 1773; nominally held by British and Natural Lighthouse on Island of Tanna. cious and revengeful; they are of Papuan descent. Area 5,100 sq. m., pop. ab. 80,000. New Jersey. One of the e. States: area 8,224 sq. m. Its n. part is broken, being intersected by numerous ridges; the s. part is a plain, sloping gently to the Atlantic. The shore is bordered almost continuously by reefs inclosing large bays or swamps. Its rivers are short, and navig able to but a short distance, except the Hudson on the e. border and the Delaware on the w., the latter being navigable as far as Trenton. In the n. hilly portions of the State are areas of Archæan, Cambrian and Silurian rocks, succeeded s. by Triassic sandstones, and in the plains by Cretaceous and Eocene beds, with Quarternary deposits along the seacoast. The industries of the State consist of extensive and varied manufactures, transportation, and agriculture, especially marketgardening in the vicinity of New York and Phila. N. J. was first settled by the Dutch. When the Duke of York was granted the colony 1664, he made it over to Lord Berkeley and Sir Geo. Carteret. In 1702 the proprietary rights were ceded to the crown, and a joint governor of N. Y. and N. J. was appointed. The important battles of Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth were fought in N. J. during the Revolution. Capital Trenton. Pop., 1890, 1,444,933. (See Map, page 138.) New Jersey, COLLEGE OF. See PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. New Jersey Tea. Ceanothus americana. Shrub of the natural family Rhamnaceae, native of e. N. America. New Jerusalem Church. Organized 1787 by adherents of SWEDENBORG (q.v.), who regard it as the perfect and ultimate state of the Church prophesied in the Apocalypse. It has ab. 10,000 members in England and America. New Light AND Old Light. Names given to the two branches of the Associate Synods of Scotland in 1800, and later to the two parties in the Reformed Presbyterian Church in America. New London. City of N. L. co., Conn., on the Thames, near Long Island Sound. Its harbor is excellent, and it was once prominent in the whale fishery. It was settled as Nameaug 1646, burned by British troops 1781, and chartered 1784. Pop., 1890, 13,757. Newman, EDWARD, 1801-1876. English naturalist, ed. Entomologist, 1840, and other periodicals. Ferns, 1840; Birds, 1866; Moths, 1869; Butterflies, 1871. Newman, FRANCIS WILLIAM, LL.D., b. 1805. Brother of the Cardinal; Latin prof. Univ. Coll. of London 1846-63. Catholic Union, 1844; Hist. Hebrew Monarchy, 1847; The Soul, 1849; Theism, 1858; Miscellanies. 3 vols., 1869-89; Dict. Modern Arabic, 1871; Libyan Vocabulary, 1882. His best-known book, Phases of Faith, 1850, is autobiographic and deistic. Newman, JOHN HENRY, D.D., 1801-1890. Leader in the Oxford movement, whose submission to Rome 1845 deprived the Ch. of England of one of her greatest men and influenced many minor secessions; head of the Oratory near Birmingham from 1849, except 1854-58, when he was rector of the R. C. University at Dublin; Cardinal 1879. Lead, Kindly Light, and other lyrics appeared in Lyra Apostolica, 1836, and with The Dream of Gerontius in Verses, 1867. He wrote 24 of the 90 Tracts for the Times, including the famous No. 90, 1841. His sermons, collected in 8 vols., are very highly valued. Among his other works are two novels, Loss and Gain, 1848, and Callista, 1855; Arians of 4th Century, 1833; Development of Christian Doctrine, 1845: Difficulties of Anglicans, 1850; Apologia pro Vita sua, 1864; Grammar of Assent, 1870; Let| ters, 1891. Newman, JOHN PHILIP, D.D., LL.D., b. 1826. Chaplain U. S. Senate 1869-74, Inspector of U. S. Consulates 1874, M. E. Bp. 1888. Dan to Beersheba, 1864; Babylon and Nineveh, 1875; America for Americans, 1887. Newman, SAMUEL PHILLIPS, 1796-1842. Prof. Bowdoin 1820-39. Rhetoric, 1829; Political Economy, 1835. river to commerce. The city has now a very extensive sea and river trade, and with its railroads has communication in all directions. It is irregularly planned, and is supplied with water by pumping from the Mississippi. It has no sewers, and the accumulations of water, etc., after flowing through the gutters and canals, are carried into the bayous beyond the city by a sort of undershot wheels. It is an unhealthy city; apart Newmarket. Town in Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, Eng., from its not infrequent epidemics of yellow fever, the death A Wintry Morning on Newmarket Heath. 14 m. e.n.e. of Cambridge; noted since 1605 for its races, of which seven occur annually. Pop., 1891, 6,213. Newmarket. Village of Shenandoah co., Va., scene of a repulse of Union troops under Sigel May 15, 1864. New Mexico. S.w. Territory of the U. S. Area 122,580 sq.m. The e. part consists of arid plains, undulating in surface, with an e. slope. The s. w. part is mainly an arid plateau, broken by occasional ridges and groups of mountains. In the n.w. part are high mountain ranges, many of the peaks exceeding 13,000 ft. The industries consist mainly in the raising of sheep and mining. Coal is mined to a large extent in the n. part, and the precious metals at various points in the central and w. portions. It was a part of Mexico till ceded to the U.S. 1848, with Cal. and other regions. It was organized as a Territory 1850. Its growth has been stimulated by the construction of railroads. Capital, Santa Fé. Pop., 1890, 153,593, mostly of Spanish-Mexican descent. (See Map, page 140.) New Netherlands. Name given by the Dutch to their discoveries and settlements around New York 1614-64. Newnham College. Founded 1871-75 at Cambridge, Eng., for the higher education of women; incorporated 1880. Its students were admitted 1881 to the university examinations, at which many of them have taken high rank. It has 10 instructors and ab. 150 students. New Orleans. In Orleans parish, La.; principal city and commercial port of the Gulf States, on the Mississippi, 107 m. from the Gulf. The site is very flat, but slightly above the mean level of the river, and several feet below its surface in time of flood; it is protected on all sides from inundation by A New Orleans Cotton Wharf. means of levees. The mouth of the river is a delta, with several channels, all of which were formerly much obstructed by bars. In 1874 the construction of jetties for the improvement of South Pass, one of these channels, was commenced and carried through successfully, obtaining a depth of 34 ft. on the bar and thus immeasurably increasing the usefulness of the rate is double that of northern cities. It was founded by the French under Bienville in 1718. After passing to Spain and back to France, it was acquired with the Province of Louisiana by the U. S. 1803. It was the scene of Jackson's crushing defeat of the British under Packenham, Jan. 8, 1815, and in the Civil War it was taken by Farragut, April 25, 1862. Pop., 1890, 242,039. New Philippines. Name given to the CAROLINE ISLANDS (q.v.). New Pomerania. See NEW BRITAIN. Newport. Town of Monmouthshire, Eng., on the Usk, 4 m. from its mouth; noted for exports of coal and iron. Pop., 1891, 54,695. Newport. City of Campbell co., Ky., on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, of which it is practically a suburb; founded 1791. Pop., 1890, 24,918. Newport. Capital of N. co., R. I.; on an island in Narragansett Bay; settled 1638; long important for its commerce; held by the British 1776-79; chartered 1853; internationally famous as a summer resort of wealth and fashion. Pop., 1890, 19,457. Newport News. Seaport in Warwick co., Va., at the mouth of the James River, 69 m. s.e. of Richmond. It has one of the best harbors in the world and is fast becoming the foremost grain-shipping port in the U.S., ranking fourth in 1893. It has a grain elevator having a capacity of ab. 2,000,000 bushels. Extensive ship-building yards are here. Pop. ab. 5,000. New Providence. One of the BAHAMAS (q.v.). New Red Sandstone. Formation consisting chiefly of sandy and argillaceous strata, for the most part brick-red, but containing portions of a greenish gray; when these occur in spots and stripes the series has sometimes been called Variegated Sandstone. See PERMIAN and TRIASSIC. New River. Main branch of the Kanawha, which it joins near Charleston, W. Va. It rises in n.e. N. C., and flows generally n. through Va. and W. Va., where it is traversed in part by the Chesapeake & Ohio R.R. It is noted for the wild beauty of its scenery. Newsham, ALBERT, 1809-1864. American artist, noted for his lithographic portraits. New Siberia. Group of islands in Arctic Ocean, n.e. of Lena delta. New South Wales. British colony in s. e. Australia; founded 1788 as a convict station. The e. part is traversed by a mountain range parallel to the coast, back of which stretch great plains. Its area is 310,700 sq. m. The leading industries are agriculture, cattle-raising, and coal-mining. The capital is Sydney. Pop., 1892, 1,197,650. New Spain. Name first applied by Grijalva to Yucatan 1518: later to the Spanish dominions in N. America, especially Mexico. Newspapers. Journalism, as we know it, began with the weekly Frankfort Gazette 1615. But news-sheets, called acta diurna, were circulated at Rome under government supervision 59 B.C., and perhaps earlier. News-pamphlets appeared in various cities of Germany between 1498 and 1610. The writing of circular news-letters, examples of which may be seen in the Paston Letters, was a recognized calling in England ab. 1625, and did not cease till ab.1740. The first English periodical was the London Weekly News, 1622; the first in France was the Gazette, Paris, 1631; the Mercure came next, 1672-1853. The first London daily was the Postboy, 1695. The London daily Times was started 1785. The Boston (Mass.) News-Letter was issued from April 24, 1704, to 1776; it attained a circulation of 300 copies. An earlier venture, 1698, had been suppressed by the government. The Boston Gazette was "published by authority" 1719-54. The New England Courant was established by James Franklin 1721. In 1722 Benjamin Franklin, then 16 years old, became its editor and publisher. From 1729 till 1765 he published the Pa. Gazette; the American Mercury had be gun to appear in Phila. 1719. In 1775 New England had 19 newspapers, Pa. 8, N. Y. 3, the oldest of which, the N. Y. Gazette, was begun Oct. 16, 1725. The earliest political paper was 1052 NEWSTEAD ABBEY-NEWTON'S RINGS the N. Y. Weekly Journal, 1733. The first daily in America was the Advertiser of Phila., 1784; it was the first also to employ reporters. The first N. Y. daily, the Journal and Register, was started 1788; the daily Sun (the first one cent paper) 1833; the Herald 1835; the Tribune 1841; the Times 1851; the World 1860. In 1896 the U. S. and Canada had 20,630 periodicals, of which Canada had 865; of these 2,205 were dailies, 14,640 weeklies, and the rest at longer intervals. In 1893 Gt. Britain had 2,268 newspapers and 1,961 magazines. The total for the world, as estimated in 1896, was 50,000: U. S. and Canada 20,630; Gt. Britain 8,000; Germany 6,000; France 4,300; Japan 2,000; Italy 1,500: Austria-Hungary 1,200: Asia, except Japan, 1,000; Spain 850; Russia 800; Australia 800; Greece 600; Switzerland 450; Holland 300; Belgium 300; all others 1,000; more than half in English language. In England a stamp duty, varying from 1d. to 4d., was laid on papers 1711-1855, and continued for postal purposes till 1870. Newstead Abbey. Ten m. n. of Nottingham; founded 1170; held by the Byron family 1540-1818, when the poet sold it. Newstead Abbey.-The ancestral home of Lord Byron. Since 1818, ab. $500,000 has been spent on its restoration. Irving gives a full description in his Abbotsford and Newstead, 1835. Newt. See SALAMANDRINA. New Testament. Properly New Covenant; canonical Christian Scriptures, consisting of the 4 Gospels, Acts of Apostles, 13 Epistles of St. Paul, that to the Hebrews, 1 of St. James, 2 of St. John, 1 of St. Jude, and the Revelation or Apocalypse. Newton. City of Middlesex co., Mass., 7 m. w. of Boston, of which it is a suburb. Pop., 1890, 24,379. Newton, ALFRED, b. 1829. Prof. Cambridge; writer on ornithology. Newton, SIR CHARLES THOMAS, LL.D., D.C.L., 1815-1894. Antiquarian, in British Museum 1840-52 and 1861-85; prof. Univ. Coll., London, 1880; discoverer and collector in the Orient. Newton, GILBERT STUART, 1797-1835. American-English portrait painter, R.A. 1831. Newton, HUBERT ANSON, 1830-1896. Prof. of Mathematics at Yale since 1855; most widely known for his researches upon meteors. Newton, ISAAC, F.R.S., 1642-1727. Prof. Cambridge 1669; M.P. 1689-90; Warden of the Mint 1695, and its Master from 1699; knighted 1703; pres. Royal Society from 1703; greatest of mathematicians and natural philosophers. He devised the Binomial Theorem; discovered the Analysis now known as the Differential and Integral Calculus; demonstrated the law of Universal Gravitation; invented a reflecting telescope; discovered the compound character of white light; invented the reflecting sextant, similar in all essentials to the instrument now in use as Hadley's quadrant. His thoughts were directed toward gravity as early as 1666; the story about the apple is Isaac Newton. Differentialis, 1736. He was morbidly averse to publicity, and often refused to allow publication. Newton, JOHN, 1725-1807. Curate of Olney, Bucks, 176479, rector in London from 1779; leading Anglican Evangelical; author, with Cooper, of the important Olney Hymns, 1779. Works, 6 vols., 1816. Newton, JOHN, U.S.A., 1823-1895. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861, Major-gen. 1863; distinguished in Va. at Gettysburg, and in the West: improver of navigation at Hell Gate and elsewhere in N. Y. waters; Chief of Engineers 1884; retired 1886; pres. Panama R.R. Co. 1888. Newton, RICHARD, D.D., 1813-1887. Rector in Phila. from 1840; prolific writer, especially for children.-His son, RICHARD HEBER, D.D., b. 1840, rector of All Souls' Ch., N.Y., since 1889, has pub. Uses of the Bible, 1883; Book of the Beginnings, 1884; Church and Creed, 1891.-His brother, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, b. 1843, rector at Pittsfield, Mass., since 1881, has pub. Abelard and Heloise, 1883, and other books, 1885. Newton, THOMAS, D.D., 1704-1782. Bp. of Bristol 1761. On the Prophecies, 1754-58. Newton's Disk. Device for showing that the seven colors of the spectrum form white. It depends on the principle of persistence of vision. It consists of a circular disk of card-board mounted on a horizontal axis and capable of being rapidly rotated. The disk is divided radially into seven sectors, colored in the order of the spectrum colors. The result is a grayish white. Newton's Law of Cooling. This applies to the cooling of solids or liquids when exposed in a chamber of uniform temperature. At each instant the amount of heat lost varies as the difference of temperature between the body and the chamber. The proportionality is sensibly exact when this difference does not exceed a few degrees. In symbols we may express the law, do Ad, in which d is the excess of temperature of the body above the chamber at time t, and A is a constant, depending upon the nature of the substance. Newton's Laws of Motion. 1. Every body perseveres in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it is made to change that state by external forces. 2. The change in the motion of a body is numerically equal to the impulse which produces it, and is in the same direction. 3. To every action there is developed an equal and opposite reaction. See MOBILITY. Newton's Rings. Phenomenon of interference produced by a thin layer of air obtained by pressing into more or less intimate contact two glass surfaces, one plane, the other slightly curved. The interference takes place between rays of light reflected from the two surfaces of the film of air. Those reflected from the second surface are slightly retarded, the amount being proportional to the thickness, which is variable. When this retardation is just half a wave-length, there is complete interference, and the result in monochromatic light is a |