NATURAL HISTORY-NAUSICAA found in quantity sufficient to make it commercially available for lighting and for fuel as a substitute for coal till ab. 1880. The principal gas-producing regions in the U. S. are in Pa., Ohio, and Ind. The gas is not limited to any one geological horizon, though the paleozoic rocks are the chief sources of supply in those States. The principal geological conditions essential for the accumulation of natural gas are: (1) the presence of organic matter by whose decomposition the gas is formed; (2) a porous or open-textured rock to serve as a reservoir; (3) a protecting cover of impermeable_rock to prevent premature escape of the gas into the air. The value of the natural gas produced in the U. S. increased very rapidly from 1880-88, amounting in 1888 to over $22,000,000; but it has materially declined in the past few years: in 1895 its value was $12,000,000. This valuable product was long regarded as a nuisance; but since 1885, when very large supplies were obtained near Pittsburgh, it has been utilized on a vast scale, both for household and manufacturing purposes, either from wells sunk in the vicinity or through pipes from places that are oversupplied. How long this yield of gaseous fuel will continue is a matter of speculation, but doubtless it will be exhausted in time. Many other places in the U.S. have also met with considerable quantities of gas in the strata below them, but none have come up to the immense supply afforded by the great "gushers" of Pa., Ohio, and Ind. The plain of Baku, on the Caspian Sea, is also giving very large supplies of natural gas in connection with its petroleum. See PETROLEUM. Natural History. Originally synonymous with what we now call Natural Science (sciences that treat of natural things), the word finally came to mean the science which treats of living things, and the history of the earth as seen in the strata of fossil-bearing rocks. The term is now more or less obsolete, being largely replaced by Biology (with a more definite meaning); but it is often used as synonymous with zoology. A naturalist is generally a zoologist. Naturalists. In Art, opposed to the Eclectics of Bologna. Beside this school, it holds first rank in Italian 17th century art. See CARAVAGGIO, RIBERA, SALVATOR ROSA, and BOLOGNA, SCHOOL OF. Naturalized. Plants which have been introduced into one country from another and become permanently established. Naturalization. Acquisition of citizenship by an alien. The U. S. Congress has exclusive power to confer national citizenship, although each State may confer upon aliens the privileges and immunities of State citizenship. To become a citizen of U. S. an alien must have lived in the country five years and have declared his intentions two years prior to receiving his final papers. The right to vote is given by the several States, and if he declares his intention to become a U. S. citizen, he may in some States receive it in six months after landing. Natural Law. Body of tacitly accepted and understood rules or customs, which have grown up of themselves, and are not reduced to the form of positive law. Natural Philosophy. See PHYSICS. Natural Religion. That knowledge of God and reverence for Him, accompanied by a knowledge and practice of duties toward our fellow men, which is based on and derived from nature, apart from revelation. Natural Rights. Such fundamental rights of human beings as are dictated by natural justice, and should be recognized and established by every body of positive laws. Natural Selection. Survival of the fittest. Just as breeders select those variations that show the desired character most strongly and so produce new races of animals, so does Nature give the advantage in the struggle for existence to the best adapted forms. A slow change in environment is accompanied by progressive changes in the species in a given region; and a differentiation of environmental characters in different localities results in corresponding differentiation of the organisms common to the regions into distinct species. See DARWINISM. Natural System. Classification of animals or plants according to genetic affinities. It implies descent of different species from a common ancestry. Natural Theology. Study of the being and attributes of God as supposed to be traceable in nature. It results merely in theism, and can do no more than pave the way for revealed religion. Its province being thus limited, less stress is laid upon it than formerly, when (as with Paley) it was thought equally important with Christian Evidences. 1033 Natural Wants. Desires or needs arising from man's nature, without the satisfaction of which he cannot exist, or exist in a normal condition. Such wants are those for food and drink, for shelter, for rest and sleep. Nature. Name which has always stood for a fixed as opposed to a capricious order of events, but has varied with different periods in its specific conception: (a) originally a term for the process of becoming or development; (b) then for the maorder of events, whether mental or physical, which is opposed terial world as opposed to the spiritual; and (c) for any fixed to the supernatural, occasional, or arbitrary. When thus sifted down, it denotes the laws of things, though often wrongly conceived as a cause. Nature Printing. This process is applicable only to flat objects, such as botanical specimens, the parts of the plant being given with an accuracy and minuteness which the finest work of the engraver cannot attain. The specimen is laid upon an even surface of pure lead, and passed through rollers under great pressure, which leaves the imprint of the specimen upon the lead. If only a few impressions are to be made the lead plate is used for printing, otherwise an electrotype is made from it. Nauck, AUGUST, 1822-1892. German editor of Greek classics and Neoplatonists; at St. Petersburg from 1856. Naukratis. Greek settlement of the Nile Delta, flourishing ab. 660-500 B.C.; excavated by Petrie 1884-85, with important results as to demonstration of Egyptian influence on Greek art. Some of the pottery fragments and other objects found there are in the Boston Museum. Naumachia. In Roman antiquities, mimic sea-battles fought by gladiators, generally upon an artificial lake con structed for the purpose. Claudius gave such an exhibition upon the Fucine lake, wherein 100 war-ships and 19,000 men took part. Naumann, KARL FRIEDRICH, 1797-1873. Prof. of Crystallography 1826 and Geognosy 1835 at Freiberg and at Leipzig 1842. Elemente der Mineralogie, 1846-85; Lehrbuch der Geognosie, 1849-54; Lehrbuch der Krystallographie, 1829; Elemente der theoretischen Kyrstallographie, 1856. Naumburg. Town of Prussian Saxony, on the Saale; said to have been delivered from siege by Hussites under Procopius 1432. Here the Protestant princes met Jan. 20-Feb. 8, 1561, refused to take part in the Council of Trent, and demanded a German council. Pop. ab. 20,000. Naumkeag, or NAUMEAG. Indian name of Salem, Mass. Nauplia. Ancient Greek town on Gulf of Argos; capital of Greece 1825-34. Pop., 1889, 5,459. Nauplius. Young of Copepods, and earliest larval form of higher crustacea. It has three pairs of appendages (two pairs of antennæ and the mandibles), which are mainly locomotor in this stage. Nausea. Sickness at the stomach with inclination to vomit, generally accompanied by a sense of disgust or loathing, and sometimes by a feeling of great depression. Nausicaa. Daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phæacians. She conducted the shipwrecked Ulysses to her father's court. 1034 NAUTCH GIRLS-NAVIGATION Nautch Girls. Female dancers in India and the E. Indies. sometimes wandering, sometimes attached to temples. Modern Nautch Girl Dancing. ships 60 m. away have been signaled in this way. In fogs the Navarino, BATTLE OF. On a bay of s. w. Greece, Oct. 20, 1827. The English, French, and Russian fleets under Sir E. Codrington nearly destroyed the Turkish and Egyptian fleet. Navarre. Old province of Spain, extending n. across the Pyrenees and s. to the Ebro; conquered by Charlemagne 778; an independent kingdom 850. Under Sancho III., 1000, it included much of Aragon. It was united to France 1284, and independent under Joanna II., 1329. Ferdinand of Spain annexed all s. of the Pyrenees 1512. The French division descended to Henry of Navarre, who succeeded to the French crown 1589, and annexed Navarre 1607. Navarrete, FRANCISCO MANUEL DE, 1768-1809. Mexican poet. Navarrete, MARTIN FERNANDEZ DE, 1765-1844. Spanish naval historian. Navas de Tolosa. See TOLOSA. Nave. In Ecclesiastical Architecture, the central or main compartment of a church, between the supports of the principal roof. These supports, a series of piers or columns connected by arches in a building of masonry, or of posts in timber construction, separate the nave from the aisles, which are representatives of the Phoenician Kedeshoth, who prostituted separately roofed, the space above the roof of the aisles in the themselves in the service of the god. Nautical Almanac. Publication which gives at short intervals of time the positions of the sun, moon, planets, and principal stars, with much other matter of great importance to astronomers and navigators. Works of this kind are issued by several leading European and American states. The most important are the British Nautical Almanac, American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, Connaissance des Temps, pub. by France, and the Berliner Jahrbuch. These works are generally See EPHEMERIS. published three years in advance. Nautical Mile. See KNOT. Nautical Schools. For training boys for merchant marine service. There are several such schools in Great Britain for sailors and officers. In 1874 U. S. Congress authorized the loaning of vessels to States and the detail of officers of the navy as instructors, and schools were established at New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia and Boston; that at San Francisco has been abandoned. Nautilus. See TETRABRANCHIATA. Nauvoo. Village of Hancock co., Ill., on the Mississippi; founded 1840 by ab. 15,000 Mormons, who had been expelled from Mo. Their temple, built at a cost of over $1,000,000, was consecrated May 1, 1846. Sept. 10-13, 1846, the town was attacked by a lawless force of 1,000 men with artillery. The Mormons evacuated it Sept. 17, and took their way westward. Navajo Indians. See APACHES. Naval Academy. School in which men are educated for the naval service. The U. S. Naval Academy is at Annapolis, Md., and was founded by George Bancroft, Sec. of Navy, 1845. It was opened Oct. 10, 1845. In 1861 the Academy was removed to Newport, R. I., and in 1865 re-established at Annapolis. The course is for six years, the last two at sea; in the fourth year there are two courses, one for service in the line and the other for naval engineers. The pay is $500 per year. In Gt. Britain the course of instruction consists of 2 years on the training ship, 44 years at sea as midshipman, 9 months at the Naval College at Greenwich, 3 months at the torpedo school, 9 months at the gunnery school, and 3 months in pilotage. Upon the completion of the course the lieutenant's commission is given. The French school is at Brest. Naval Architecture. See SHIP BUILDING. Naval Reserves, ROYAL. British naval militia, trained for 28 days every year for five years in ships or on shore, and is liable to be called out for five years' service in an emergency. In 1890 there were 558 officers and 19,851 men. Naval Signals. These are made by following a code, as contained in two volumes, the General Signal Book and the Fleet Drill Book. Each contains words and sentences; opposite to each is a number. This number is shown to the ship, to which it is desired to speak, by a series of flags. At night red or green rockets are used, according to the system of E. W. Very, U.S.N. For distant signaling electric lights are used; Nave of St. Albans Abbey, England. walls of the nave becoming the clerestory, or light story, being pierced with windows in addition to those in the wall of the aisle. Where the main body of the church is crossed by transepts, the continuation of it beyond the transepts, though still properly the nave. is known as the choir, the word nave being confined to the body of the church in front of the transepts. Navesink Highlands. In Monmouth co., N. J., on Sandy Hook Bay; marked by twin lighthouses. Navicular. In Botany, boat-shaped organs or organisms. -In Anatomy, the central bone of the tarsus. Navicular Disease. This in the horse is a sprain of the strong flexor tendon of the foot, where it passes over the navicular bone, in the hollow of the fetlock. It is caused by subjecting light young animals to severe work on hard roads. It is recognized by tripping, heat, tenderness, and swelling of the part, and in more advanced cases wasting of the muscles of the leg and undue wear of the toe of the shoe. Treatment consists of rest, hot applications, bandaging, and a soft bed; after the inflammation has subsided the animal should be placed on soft land. Navigable Waters. 1. In England, those subject to the ebb and flow of the tide. 2. In the U. S., generally, those in fact navigable for commerce. Navigation. As distinguished from seamanship, science and art of conducting a vessel from one port to another, in NAVIGATION LAWS-NEBRASKA 1035 annunciation of the advent of Christ. It fell into the hands of Saladin 1187, and was ruined 1263 by the Sultan of Egypt. Pop. ab. 7,500. Nazarites. Israelites vowed, for life or a time, not to cut their hair nor to drink wine (Numbers vi.). Neagle, JOHN, 1796-1865. American portrait-painter. cluding determination of the latitude, longitude, and course of Neal, JOHN, 1793-1876. American author, of repute and influence as a pioneer, especially in England, where he lived 1823-27. Navigation Laws. By common consent, the open sea, which term includes all the great seas and oceans beyond three miles from land, is free to the ships of all nations. The rules regulating this freedom belong to International Law. Within the three-mile limit each nation has jurisdiction as over its own territory, passing laws to govern the use of such waters, both by its own subjects and foreigners. From 1651 to 1849 the laws of England restricted the trade between that country and her colonies to vessels built, owned, and manned by England or the colonies, and limited foreign importations to England to ships of the country producing the article. Navigators' Islands. See SAMOA. Navy. The organized public vessels of a country; the system for the defense of the nation by sea. See NAVIES OF THE WORLD in the Appendix. Navy Department oF U. S. Presided over by the Sec. of the Navy, who is the adviser of the President on all affairs pertaining to the Navy. The Sec. of the Navy is assisted by an Assistant Sec. and the chiefs of eight bureaus, as follows: navigation, supplies and accounts, medicine and surgery, steam-engineering, repairs and construction, yards and docks, equipment, and ordnance; the bureaus are in charge of naval officers for four years, with the rank of commodore for this term. In England the navy department is designated the Board of Admiralty. Navy Yards OF U. S. These are at Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Portsmouth, Norfolk, Pensacola, San Francisco, and Washington. Naxos. Largest of the Cyclades, midway between s. Greece and Asia Minor; 20 m. by 14; despoiled by Persians 490 B.C.; held by Athens 466 B.C., by Venice 1206, by Turks 1566-1828. Pop. ab. 15,000. Nazarenes. Jewish Christians who denied the necessity of the Mosaic Law for Gentile believers, though observing it themselves; opposed to the Ebionites, who made Christianity a mere feeder of Pharisaism. Nazareth. Village of Galilee, residence of Jesus, 17 m. s.e. Nazareth. of Acre near the plain of Esdraelon. It has a church, reputed to be built on the site rendered memorable as the scene of the Neal, JOSEPH CLAY, 1807-1847. American humorist. Charcoal Sketches, 1837. Neale, JOHN MASON, D.D., 1818-1866. English hymnist. Hist. Holy Eastern Ch.. 4 vols., 1847-51; Commentary on the Psalms, 1860-68; Essays on Liturgiology, 1863. His long array of tales from Ch. history for children has peculiar charm; his Rhythm of Bernard, 1858, and Hymns of the Eastern Ch., 1863, contain the finest lyric versions ever made, and include several of worldwide popularity. Neander, JOACHIM, 1650-1680. German hymnist. Ch. historian, prof. Berlin from 1813. Hist. Christian Religion Neander, JOHANN AUGUST WILHELM, 1789-1850. German and Ch., 6 v., 1826-52; Planting and Training of the Ch., 1832; Memorials of Christian Life, 1822; Life of Christ, 1837. These and others of his works are familiar in English versions. He was born a Jew, by name David Mendel, and was converted 1806. Neap Tides. Tides which occur when the sun and moon are in quadrature. As in this case the sun tends to produce low water when the moon tends to produce high water, they will be the minimum tides. Nearchus. Officer of Alexander, who sailed a fleet from the mouth of the Indus to the Persian Gulf 325-324 B.C., and wrote an account of his voyage. Nearctic Province. Zoological region, including N. America down to Mexico. Its characteristic animals are the American buffalo, turkey, musk-rat, tree-porcupine, and prongbuck. It resembles the Palearctic Region of the Old World in possessing bears, sheep, reindeer, and beaver. Neat's-foot Oil. Oil obtained by boiling the feet of neat cattle, principally calves' and sheep's feet. It is used for softening leather and is often adulterated with lard oil. Nebalia. Genus of small Crustacea, characterized by possessing a cephalothorax like the Malacostraca, but bearing Phyllopod-like feet. The abdomen has eight segments, the last two having no appendages, and ends with a fork, as in many Entomostraca, and not with a telson. Nebo. Mountain n.e. of Dead Sea, where Moses saw the promised land and died; now Jebel Nibbah; ht. 2,685 ft. Nebo, MT. Highest summit of the Wasatch range, Utah. Altitude 11,992 ft. Nebraska. One of the northern central States. Its area is 76,840 sq. m. Its surface is that of an undulating prairie, merging toward the w. part into semi-arid plains. It has no navigable rivers except the Missouri, which flows on its e. boundary; the Platte and its branches are of interest only for irrigation purposes. The w. three-fourths of the State are overlaid by Neocene formations. E. of this lie Cretaceous beds, and in the s.e. corner is a small area of Carboniferous formations. It is an agricultural State; the principal crop is wheat. Manufactures have not as yet attained any degree of importance, and are confined to a few of the large cities. Coal is mined, but to a very limited extent. The railroad mileage in 1894 was 5,529. The capital is Lincoln, in the e. central part of the State. Omaha, on the Missouri, at the e. boundary, is the largest city. The region was a portion of the original Louisiana purchase, and at first included much more than its present area; it was then occupied mainly by Indian tribes. The first white settlement was made 1847, when a trading post of the American Fur Co. was established near Omaha. N. was constituted a Territory and opened to settlement 1854. In 1861 the Territories of Dakota and Colorado were cut off from it, and in 1863 Idaho. In 1867 it was admitted as a State. Pop., 1890, 1,058,910, ab. 14 per sq. m. Nebraska, UNIVERSITY OF. At Lincoln, Neb.; founded 1869, opened 1871. It comprises colleges of art, science, engineering, law, agriculture, and mechanic arts, with graduate courses. There are 34 professors, 33 instructors, and 60 assistants; students in arts, 497; in industrial branches, 228; in law, 81; in graduate school, 69; in all courses, 1,506. Library, 32,000 NEBRASKA CITY-NEELE 1037 vols. Annual revenue $130,000, derived in part from State tax, in part from lands. Nebraska City. Capital of Otoe co., Neb., on the Mississippi. It is in the center of a corn belt, and has extensive stock yards, pork-packing plants, and flour and starch mills. Pop., 1890, 11,494. Nebula of Andromeda. a Nebuchadnezzar. King of Babylonia 604ab.560 B.C.; son of Nabopolassar. He carried many Jews into captivity 605 B.C., completed the conquest of Judea 586, destroyed Tyre after 13 years' siege 585, and rebuilt many cities. Nebula. Luminous, cloudy object, which may be an aggregation of stars so remote that mass of gaseous matter, or a cloud of minute solid most conspicuous are the Right Ascension. Declination. Oh. 36m. 40° 37' N. they are not separately visible, or not yet condensed into solid bodies, bodies like meteors. Among the following: 5h. 29m. 18h. 49m. 5° 29' S. 32° 53' N. Great nebula of Andromeda Great nebula of Orion Annular nebula of Lyra Nebular Hypothesis. The origin of this is generally referred to Laplace. It supposes the matter of the solar system to have been at one time a gaseous mass extending beyond the orbit of Neptune; by the action of known physical laws it became condensed and formed into the sun and planets as we now see them. Necessaria. Order of the Linnæan class Syngenesia (natural order Composite), having the disk florets staminate, and the ray florets pistillate, as in Calendula. Necessaries, IN ECONOMICS. Things needed to enable the average laborer to support himself and his family, and to keep himself in a state of full efficiency; differing, therefore, according to climate, to occupation, and to social position. Necessaries, IN LAW. 1. For married women and minors, food, clothing, etc., suitable to the condition of life of each and not supplied from another source. A wife may pledge her husband's credit therefor, and a minor's estate is liable for his necessaries. 2. For a vessel, things needed for her reasonable outfit. Necessity. Philosophic tenet which in effect excludes freedom of the will. Neches. River heading in e. Texas and flowing generally s.e. to its mouth in Sabine Lake. Length ab. 350 m. Necho, PHARAOH. King of Egypt 609-595 B.C. He slew King Josiah of Judah, at Megiddo, and overran Syria, but was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish and compelled to withdraw into Egypt. Neckar. River of Würtemberg, rising in the Black Forest, flowing n. and n.w., and joining the Rhine at Mannheim. Length ab. 220 m., drainage area 5,000 sq. m. Necker, JACQUES, 1732-1804. French banker, b. in Geneva; father of Mme. de Stael; Director-gen. of Finances 1777-81; Comptroller-gen. 1788-90. Euvres Complètes, 17 vols., 1822. Necker, NOEL JOSEPH DE, 1729-1793. French botanist. Delicia gallo-belgica sylvestres, 1768; Physiologia muscorum, 1774; Elementa botanica, 1790. Necking. The molding or other ornament upon the shaft of a column, just below the capital. Necklace. See DIAMOND NECKLACE. Neckweed. Veronica peregrina. N. American herb, widely distributed in waste and cultivated grounds, of the natural family Scrophulariaceae, appearing like an introduced weed; known as Purslane Speedwell; also Hemp. Necromancy. Divination through spirits of the dead; much practiced in antiquity (as I. Sam. xxviii.), especially by the Greeks. Our spiritual mediums show a survival of the art. The word is popularly applied to magicians generally, it being thought, through a false etymology, to refer to workers of the "black art." Monument in the Royal Necropolis at Golconda, India. only applied to a suburb of Alexandria where the corpses were received and embalmed. Here Cleopatra applied the asp to her breast. Necrosis. Local tissue death, caused by the arrest of nutrition to the part. The term is generally applied to mortification or death of bone. It corresponds to gangrene of the soft parts and like it is acute and chronic, dry and moist, inflammatory, senile, etc. Nectanebo. I. King of Egypt 386-368 B.C.; at war with Persia.-II. King 361-349 B.C.; expelled and succeeded by Persians. Nectar. Saccharine fluid secreted by certain glands borne for the most part within the flowers of many plants, but also in some cases on the leaves, peduncles, or other organs. Bees collect this substance and transform it into honey.-In Mythology, drink of the gods. Nectar-Guides. Markings in certain flowers which lead to the nectar-secreting glands. Nectaries. Receptacles for the collection and accumulation of nectar, borne in certain flowers: with older writers, petals of very irregular form. Nectarine. Variety of the Peach, Amygdalus persica, differing from that fruit in having a smooth skin. Nectocalyces. Medusoid polyps, situated beneath the pneumatophore of certain Siphonophores. They are without mouth, manubrium, tentacles, and sense organs. Nectocalycine Canals. Radiating and circular gastrovascular canals in a Medusa or medusoid polyp. Nectocalyx. Swimming-bell, or general body, of a Medusa. Nectosac. Sub-umbrellar or bell-cavity of the nectocalyx of a Siphonophore. Necturus. See MENOBRANCHUS. Needham, JOHN, d. ab.1786. English hymnist. Needle. Tool used in charging holes for blasting; when withdrawn, it leaves an open channel through which fire is communicated to the explosive used. Needle-Gun. Breech-loading rifled musket used by Prussia first 1848, and afterward by the German infantry until superseded by the Mauser rifle. Its cartridge was discharged by a central bolt, or needle-shaped rod, striking against the detonating charge in the base of the cartridge. Needles. Bone needles with eyes are found in the reindeer caves of France and lake dwellings of central Europe. Bronze needles have been found in Egypt. Some savage tribes make needles without eyes, but instead have a pin-like head, around which the thread is passed. Surgical needles are found in the ruins of Pompeii. Steel needles were made in 1370 at Nuremberg. Modern needles are made at a single operation. The tempered wire is fed into a machine, which cuts off the proper length, points it, drills the eye, polishes, counts, and puts them in papers ready for the market. Needles, THE. Three rocks of chalk off the w. end of the Isle of Wight. On the cape behind is the N. lighthouse. Needle Work. See BAYEUX, EMBROIDERY, LACE, and TAPESTRY. Neele, HENRY, 1798-1828. English poet and critic. Romance of History, 1827. |