iv. 15.) Busta' were places adjoining sepulchres, where the bodies were burnt.

A sale by auction on the public account, as of confiscated property, or for recovery of fines, or of the property of a man dying without either will or heirs, or any thing else, was called 'sectio.' It was conducted by a 'praeco' in the presence of a public officer, and a spear was set up on the spot where the auction took place. It may have been called 'domina' in this place because the sale transferred to the purchaserdominium,' or ownership in the thing purchased. Ruperti's conjecture of dominis' is very bad. (See Dict. Ant. 'Sectio' and 'Auctio.') The ɛpear is said to have been derived from the practice followed in old times in the selling of prisoners and booty on the field of battle. 'Praebere' is here to put up to auction.' The word 'venalia' belonged especially to slaves. Seneca (De Ira, i. 2) speaks of passion leading, among other mischiefs, to "totarum exitia gentium et principum sub civili hasta venalia capita," their chief men being reduced to slavery and sold. Grangaeus and some others take the meaning to be, 'he who is ready to put himself up to auction,' which is foreign to the passage.

34. Quondam hi cornicines] These men, who made so much money by public contracts, started, he says, from the lowest beginnings, as trumpeters, who went about with companies of wrestlers and fighters to the different towns, where their puffed cheeks, he says, were well known. See Hor. Epp. i. 1. 49: "Quis circum pagos et circum compita pugnax," &c., and note. 'Now they give shows of gladiators themselves, and put men to death to please the people,' who, when a gladiator had his adversary down, gave the signal for his dispatch, or to spare him, by turning their thumbs up or down. (See note on Hor. Epp. i. 18. 66: "Fautor utroque tuum laudabit pollice ludum.") The number of victims at these shows was enormous, and they were never more frequent than in the reign of Domitian. The expense lavished on them was likewise beyond belief. Lipsius (de Mag. Rom. ii. 11) quotes from

Lactantius (Inst. lib. vi.): "Quid dicendum est de iis qui populari levitate ducti vel magnis urbibus suffecturas opes exhibendis muneribus impendunt?" and from Ambrose (Serm. 81): "Magistratus in theatris, mimis, et athletis, gladiatoribus, aliisque hujusmodi generibus hominum, totum patrimonium suum largitur et prodigit, ut unius horae favorem vulgi acquirat." Half a century before this was written, Constantine had put down gladiatorial shows, but they seem to have revived.

36. Munera nunc edunt,] Public games were called 'munera' from the shows that in early times were given at funerals. The word contains the same root as poipa, and is equivalent to 'justa,' as applied to the rites due to the dead. Some MSS. have 'vulgus,' and others have quem libet,'

quum libet,'' quum jubet.' Jahn has vulgus quem jubet,' which is a compound of these readings. P. has 'vulgus qum libet.' The Scholiast appears to have read vulgus quum jubet;' but his explanation is not worth attending to. In the reading I have adopted 'vulgi' may go with 'quem libet' or 'pollice.' I think it is the former. The editor spectaculorum' sat in a conspicuous place within the podium,' and it is probable the signal would be taken from him, though he may have followed what appeared to be the general wish of the spectators. He might therefore be said very naturally, by the turning of his thumb, to have put to death whom he pleased of the rabble, that is, the gladiators. An old note given by Valla is to this same effect: "Loco imperatoris occidit gladiatores, cum paulo ante intra gladiatorum fuisset numerum.'

37. inde reversi Conducunt foricas:] They give them shows, and then go back to their trade, which condescends to low gains. They are not above farming the public foricae,' places of convenience in Rome for passengers, which were erected at the public expense and farmed. They were no doubt like the cabinets d'aisance at Paris, where they are private property. And what,' says Umbricius, 'is to prevent their having a monopoly of all these things, since they

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be called by a name which means a shewolf is obvious. According to Livy the story of Romulus and Remus being nursed by a wolf is founded on their having sucked the breasts of a 'meretrix.' I agree with Heinrich, who says 'ite' means 'go thither,' i. e. to the Circus. Ruperti says 'in malam rem.'

67. Rusticus ille tuus] See last Satire, 127, n. Here he apostrophizes Romulus as there he spoke to Mars, though according to Servius, there quoted, Mars was called Quirinus when he was in a quiet mood. Of 'trechedipna' the Scholiast says they were Greek shoes (caligulae) worn by parasites running to dinner. The derivation from TρExε and deiπvov is obvious enough; and whatever the things were, the context shows they were Greek. That they were shoes may be inferred from the name. Also a parasite was called 7pexédeπvoç. Beyond this nothing can be said with certainty about 'trechedipna,' which is found no where else. Rusticus' does not here mean a rustic literally, but the descendants of rustics; and Henninius' supposition, therefore, that Juvenal is indignant that even the rustics of Italy should be shod like Greeks, despising their native shoes, is not to be regarded, as the next verse might have told him.

68. Et ceromatico fert niceteria collo.] Ceroma' (howμa) was a preparation of clay, oil, and wax, with which the Greek wrestlers were anointed. 'Niceteria' (vinTipia) here means the prizes of victory for wrestling, a practice only introduced at Rome under the empire. The early Romans despised the Greek gymnastic exercises, and Nero was the first to build a public gymnasium or training-school for wrestlers, &c. Juvenal mentions this as one of the discreditable Greek innovations. He uses Greek words designedly.

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nus Corinthiacus) was level, and the city of Sicyon, its capital, was originally on the plain, about a mile and a half from the shore. But this was destroyed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and a new town was built by him, which, according to Strabo (viii. p. 587), stood on a fortified eminence. Sicyon was celebrated for its refinements. Amydon is introduced as being at the other end of Greece, on the banks of the Axius in Macedonia. Homer mentions it in his Catalogue, Il. ii. 849. Others, he says, are islanders, some from Andros with the wine for which it was famous, and others from Samos, the name of which represented all that was refined and luxurious in the earlier history of the Asiatic Greeks, but which was itself much decayed at this time. Tralles and Alabanda were flourishing towns on the main land; the former in Lydia, on the right bank of the Maeander; the other in Caria, on the river Marsyas.

71. Esquilias dictumque] He chooses to represent the city by an important part of it, including the third and fifth Regions, which comprised the Esquiline and Viminal hills, and some of the best houses in Rome. Mons Viminalis was supposed to have been so called from an osier plantation that grew on the top of it. He says, these slaves are brought to Rome, to be introduced into great houses, and become so necessary to them as to be themselves the heart and virtual masters of those houses. This he follows up by a description of their character, quick talents, reckless effrontery, and great abundance of words, which, considering the license the Romans gave their upper slaves, would naturally lead to the results he fears.

72. Viscera magnarum domuum] 'Domus' has its dative and ablative singular, and genitive and accusative plural, of the second or fourth declension. The other cases are of the fourth. See Servius on Virgil, Aen. ii. 445: "Turres ac tecta domorum.'

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74. Isaeo torrentior.] This Isaeus was a

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rhetorician of great eminence who lived in Juvenal's time. Pliny the Younger (Epp. ii. 3) says of him, "Summa est facultas, copia, ubertas," that he always spoke extempore, but just as if he had written his speeches; with much more in the highest strain of praise. Torrens' is repeated in the same connexion in S. x. 9 and 128. It is like Horace's description of Pindar (C. iv. 2.5):

"Monte decurrens velut amnis imbres
Quem super notas aluere ripas
Fervet immensusque ruit profundo
Pindarus ore."

Ede quid illum] Come tell us what you think he is (that is, what is his particular accomplishment). Why he is every thing or any thing you please.' Heinrich reads, on his own conjecture, esse jubes.' But the evidence of all the MSS. is in favour of 'putes.' Heinrich says the indicative is wanted after 'ede,' as below (v. 296), 'ede-in qua te quaero proseucha;' but he leaves out ubi consistas,' which corresponds more nearly to this place. Quaero' does not depend on 'ede.' By 'illum' is plainly meant any one of these Greeks. They were ready to open schools for grammar or rhetoric or geometry or drawing or wrestling; to tell the will of heaven or to dance upon the tight-rope; to administer medicines or charms; it was all the same to them. It must be remembered that the Grammatici and Rhetorici, or teachers of grammar and rhetoric, were mostly foreigners and freedmen. These formed the regular teaching of a Roman boy, till he put on the 'toga virilis,' and rhetoric he continued afterwards. Aliptes' seems to mean a trainer,' the name being taken from theceroma' with which the wrestlers were greased (v. 68). The Latin for schoenobates was funambulus.' These persons were very expert. (See below, xiv. 266, and Dict. Ant.) The professional physicians at Rome were chiefly Greeks; the

first, according to Pliny, having been one Archagathus, a Peloponnesian, who arrived in Rome A.U.c. 535. But the chief medici' were either slaves or freedmen living in families.

78. Graeculus esuriens] 'The starveling Greek, bid him fly up to the skies and he'll do it' (or try). This seems to have been a proverbial way of speaking. Horace says, "Caelum ipsum petimus stultitia " (C. i. 3. 38). Juvenal adds, In short (if you doubt me), it was no other than a Greek, born in the heart of Athens, who put on wings and flew.' Daedalus was generally reputed to have been an Athenian. 'Jusseris' is 'suppose you bid him,' on which construction, see Key's L. G. 1227 b, and note on Hor. S. i. 1. 45. Johnson has given this verse a turn which changes its meaning, and is not saved by fidelity from the charge of coarseness.

81. fugiam conchylia?] Their fine clothes dyed with purple, the juice of the shell-fish purpura and murex. Persons of most consideration would naturally sign wills and so forth as witnesses before their inferiors, and lie upon handsome sofas with fine coverings (stragulae vestes.' See Hor. S. ii. 3. 118, n.).

83. quo pruna et cottona vento ?] Pliny (H. N. xiii. 5) says 'cottona' was the name of small figs from Syria. He also speaks in the same place of plums from Damascus, of which both were well known to the Italians (utramque jam familiarem Italiae). Martial mentions the kind of baskets in which cottona were imported, conicalshaped wicker-baskets:

"Haec tibi quae torta venerunt cottona meta ;

Si majora forent cottona ficus erant." To these imported fruits the 'bacca Sabina' is opposed, -the olive grown on the Sabine hills, where they still grow in abundance. The Aventine is put for Rome as the Esquiliae and Viminal were above.