the expense of dining are given by Gellius, ii. 24. They never had much attention paid them. See Dict. Ant. Sumptuariae leges.' Here were men, according to Juvenal, who at their private dinner tables had seven. The acccusative, 'fercula,' is like Horace's "patinas coenavit omasi Vilis et agninae."

95. Nunc sportula primo Limine parva sedet,] He says that the 'sportula' is now a shabby affair, and that instead of being given in the atrium' as a regular entertainment ('coena recta'), in the way clients used to be received by their patrons, it was now-set out at the door, to be scrambled for by the hungry rabble, closely watched by the master, lest any should get it under false pretences. Sportula,' a little basket, was the name given to a dole which first under the emperors it became customary for rich men to give to those dependants who chose to pay their respects to them at their early reception in the morning, and to dance attendance upon them at other times. It was given sometimes in the shape of meat, at others in a small sum of money, usually 100 quadrantes, or one and a half denarii, about eleven pence (v. 120). (See Dict. Ant.) Gifford has confounded the public 'sportula' with the private. The former, not the latter, was established by Nero and abolished by Domitian. Mr. Mayor has made the same mistake.

96. turbae rapienda togatae.] Ruperti says this is spoken contemptuously, because under the emperors only the poorer and vulgar sort wore the 'toga.' This is nonsense. He refers to Horace, S. i. 2. 63. 82, which only shews that women of bad cha racter wore a 'toga' instead of a stola.' The 'toga' was worn out of respect to the great man, and it was counted bad taste for any person of respectability to go abroad without it. At one time it became common for persons of family to go to the theatre without the toga,' and Augustus put a stop to the practice. Turba togata,''gens togata,' were commonly used for the Romans.

eye.

95

100

97. trepidat,] This word expresses any hurried action or emotion. Inspicit et trepidat' means he looks in the man's face anxiously, with a sharp scrutinizing 'Ille' can hardly be any but the master, who is supposed to condescend so far as to look on and regulate the distribution. Some take it for the 'dipensator' or 'balneator,' which is the name Martial gives to the servant who distributed the ' sportulae.' "Quos (quadrantes) dividebat balneator elixus" (iii. 7. 3).

99. jubet a praecone vocari Ipsos Trojugenas;] The praeco' may mean the 'nomenclator,' whose particular duty was to attend the morning visits and to know all his master's acquaintance by sight and name, with their circumstances and all about them. See Hor. Epp. i. 6. 50, n. The master bids this man call up the respectable people first; for, says Juvenal, proud gentlemen of the old families condescend to join us humble folk in begging. The poorer they got the more they stuck to their pedigree, and nothing would satisfy them short of the blood of Aeneas in their veins. See below (viii. 42), "Ut te conciperet quae sanguine fulget Iuli;" (ib. 56) "Dic mihi, Teucrorum proles;" (ib. 181) "At vos, Trojugenae;" (xi. 95) "Clarum Trojugenis factura ac nobile fulcrum." See also Horace,--S. ii. 5. 63, n.: "Ab alto demissum genus Aenea."

101. Da Praetori, da deinde Tribuno.] See S. iii. 128. Martial has an epigram addressed to Paulus, a senator, beginning "Cum tu laurigeris annum qui fascibus intras

Mane salutator limina mille teras,"

(x. 10,)

where limina terere' corresponds to 'vexant limen' in the last line. Horace (S. i. 8. 18) says of the Esquiline, thieves and beasts were wont hunc vexare locum,' to infest it. It must be supposed that sometimes magistrates (who were now sunk very

low) were among the crowds who waited on the rich. The master says, "Give the Praetor first, after him the Tribunus ;" but a freedman, who had come before either of them, asserts his claim to be served before them; and a long speech is put into his mouth, in which he makes himself out to be richer than the men of office, and therefore entitled to take precedence of them, an odd argument at such a time. As to 'libertinus,' see Hor. S. i. 6. 6, n. Sed libertinus prior est' is part of the narrative, not the words of the 'dispensator,' as Ruperti says.

104. Natus ad Euphraten,] He may mean from Cappadocia, from which part the Romans got a good many of their slaves (vii. 15). See Martial x. 76:

"Civis non Syriaeve Parthiaeve

Nec de Cappadocis eques catastis." 'Fenestrae' are the holes made for earrings, and they are called 'molles,' which means effeminate. The man says he has five houses, which he lets out for shops, and they are worth 400,000 sesterces, which was an equestrian fortune; unless with Heinrich we understand 'quinque tabernae' to be those spoken of by Livy as banking houses in the forum: "Septem tabernae quae postea quinque et argentariae quae nunc Novae appellantur" (xxvi. 27). In that case the man means his transactions at the 'quinque tabernae' bring him in this income. I incline to this interpretation. With 'quadringenta' sestertia' must be supplied. See below, iii. 153, sq.; v. 132; xiv. 323; and Hor. Epod. iv. 15, n.

6

106. purpura major] That is (as the Scholiast says) the 'latus clavus,' or broad purple stripe on the tunic worn by senators, as opposed to the angustus clavus' worn by 'equites.' (See Dict. Ant.; and Hor. S. i. 5. 36, n.; ii. 7. 10, n.) A 'tribunus militum' of the first four legions was entitled to a seat in the senate, and therefore to the 'latus clavus;' but it was allowed to others who were not senators under the empire.

107. si Laurenti custodit in agro] Laurentum, which was in Latium, "sixteen miles from Ostia, and near the spot now

105

called Paterno" (according to Cramer, Italy, ii. 16), was a winter resort of the Romans, and abounded with villas. Large flocks of sheep were fed there, and the marshes in the neighbourhood were famous for wild boars, which Horace, however, does not recommend (S. ii. 4. 42). Corvinus was a cognomen of the Messallae, who were a branch of the Valeria Gens, one of the oldest families in Rome. (See Hor. C. iii. 21, Int.; S. i. 6. 12, n., “contra Laevinum, Valeri genus.") This gentleman of old family is supposed to be reduced to keeping sheep as a mercenarius.' A person is said, 'conducere rem faciendam,' in which case he receives pay ('merces') or 'conducere rem utendam,' in which case he pays another for the thing used. (See note on Hor. C. ii. 18. 17, and Long on Cic. in Verr. Act. i. c. 6, there quoted.)

108. ego possideo plus] That' possidere' was used generally in the sense of possessing property, and not confined to the possessores' technically so called, is obvious from this and many passages. The 'possessores' of the republican period were patricians, holders of public lands; and this man could not be a 'possessor' in that sense any more than Pallas or Licinus. He makes himself out to be vastly rich, and yet he is here begging.

109. Pallante et Licinis.] The man's speech ends here. Pallas was a freedman of Claudius, in whose reign he got together a large fortune, for the sake of which he was put to death by Nero, A.D. 63. See his life in Dict. Biog. Licinus was a Gaulish slave manumitted by C. Julius Caesar, and made by Augustus governor of Gallia, which he robbed, and thereby grew very rich. The Scholiast says it was to stop people's mouths that he built a basilica' in the name of Julius Caesar (the Basilica Julia in the Forum Romanum). He died in the reign of Tiberius. This, the Scholiast says, is the Licinus mentioned by Persius (S. ii. 36). This may very likely be the person alluded to by Juvenal here and at xiv. 306. The authorities for his life are quoted in Dict. Biog. The commentators refer to members of the Licinia gens,' of which the family of

.120

ing here. M. has it in the margin. It probably arose from Ovid's "crepitante ciconia rostro" (Met. vi. 97).

117. Sed quum summus honor] "But when the highest magistrates take account at the end of the year what the 'sportula' brings them in, and how much it adds to their income, what will their followers do who get every thing, clothes, and victuals, and firing (fumusque) from that source?" Referre' is the proper word for entering money in an account book, and 'rationes' are the accounts themselves.

119. Quid facient comites,] That is, those parasites whose profession it was to wait upon the rich. See above, v. 46.

120. Densissima centum Quadrantes] -See note on v. 95. Densissima lectica' is equivalent to 'plurima lectica.' Men are not satisfied with going themselves, but they must take their wives with them to get a double allowance, though they be sick or in the family way. Another takes his wife's empty chair, with the curtains drawn round. "It's my wife Galla," says he; are in a hurry, don't detain us." "Put out your head, Galla, that we may see you're there," says the balneator.' "Don't disturb her, she's asleep ;" and so he takes a second dole. As to the difference between 'lectica' and 'sella,' see note on v. 64.

66

we

127. Ipse dies pulcro] Here follows an account of the divisions of the day, which he calls a fair ordering' ironically. The distribution of the dole is the first thing in the morning; then the great man goes to the forum and the law courts, and returns home about dinner time, still attended by his clients, who, after seeing him to his door, retire wearied, and disappointed because he does not ask them to dinner, as rich men used to do before the 'sportula'

was invented. As far as it goes this division of the day corresponds with Martial's (iv. 8). The two first hours, he says, were given up to the 'salutatio,' the next three to the courts, the sixth to sleep and the 'prandium,' the seventh to business again, the eighth to exercise, and the ninth to dinner, which went on ad libitum til bed-time. (See Hor. Epp. i. 7. 47, n.) It is here said that the sportula' was the first business. Becker says the dole itself was taken away in the afternoon, though the 'salutatio' took place in the morning (Gall. p. 29, n.). We have a scene below (iii. 249, sqq.) of slaves carrying away hot viands in the afternoon; and Martial (x. 70. 13) says he has to go at the tenth hour for his bath or his sportula'; "Balnea post decimam lasso, centumve petuntur Quadrantes." It appears, therefore, that people could take the earnings of their servility either in the morning or the afternoon.

128. jurisque peritus Apollo] As to the Forum Augusti, which is here alluded to, see Hor. Epp. i. 16. 57, n. There was in it a statue of Apollo inlaid with ivory (Plin. H. N. vii. 53). In this forum were two porticos, in one of which were statues of Aeneas and the Roman kings, and in the other of distinguished soldiers. Compare Sueton. (Aug. 31): "Statuas omnium (qui imperium populi Romani ex minimo maximum reddidissent) triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui porticu dedicavit," with Ovid (Fast. v. 563, sqq.):

"Hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere sacro Et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos. Hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem

Claraque dispositis arma subesse viris." Amongst others a colossal one of Augustus

C