To make this last alloy, the directions are first to melt together the copper, nickel, and antimony, and then granulate the resulting alloy in water. The dried granules are mixed with the aluminium and with 1.5 per cent. of a flux consisting of 2 parts borax and 1 part fluorspar, and then remelted.

P. Baudrin makes an alloy very much resembling silver in color, malleability, ring, and even sp. gr., of the following composition:

Jas. Webster* patents the following bronze: copper is melted, and aluminium added so as to

* German Pat., 11,577.

make a 10 per cent. bronze, which is then mixed with 1 to 6 per cent. of an alloy of—

Thos. Shaw, of Newark; N. J.,* patents a phosphor aluminium bronze, making the following claims: First, an alloy of copper, aluminium, and phosphorus containing 0.33 to 5 per cent. of aluminium, 0.05 to 1 per cent. of phosphorus, and the remainder copper. Second, its manufacture by melting a bath of copper, adding to it aluminium in the proportion stated, the bath being covered with a layer of palm oil to prevent oxidation, and then adding a small proportion of phosphorus.

Cowles Bros. in their pamphlet give the following tests of the strength of aluminium-silver castings:

Solders for Al Bronze.-Cowles give the following jeweller's solder for aluminium bronze:—

* U. S. Pat., 303,236. Aug. 1884.

Silicon and Aluminium Bronze.-Cowles Bros. have, by reducing fire clay in presence of copper, obtained alloys of aluminium, silicon, and copper. This alloy is white and brittle if it contains over 10 per cent. of aluminium and silicon together. With from 2 to 6 per cent. of these in equal proportions, the alloy is stronger than gun metal, is very tough, does not oxidize when heated in the air, and has a fine color. Cowles report that a silicon-aluminium bronze wire has shown a tensile strength of 200,000 pounds, a strength hitherto unprecedented in any metal.

ALUMINIUM AND IRON.

Tissier Bros., 1858: "An alloy of aluminium and iron with 5 per cent. iron was made by

placing very fine iron wire with fragments of aluminium in a crucible containing melted NaCl. Under these circumstances the iron could not oxidize, and the alloy was easily formed. We have in this way been able to discover that small quantities of iron give to aluminium the property of crystallizing, and much impair its malleability. When aluminium has become low in price, it will be interesting to see what qualities it can communicate to iron as cast iron or steel, introduced in large or small quantities. Iron raises the fusing point of the aluminium, for we have melted aluminium free from iron on a plate of aluminium containing 4 to 5 per cent. iron.

Deville, 1859: "Iron and aluminium combine. in all proportions. These alloys are hard, brittle, and crystallize in long needles, when the proportion of iron reaches 7 or 8 per cent. The alloy containing 10 per cent. iron much resembles sulphide of antimony. It liquates, however, with some facility, leaving a less fusible skeleton, while less ferruginous aluminium runs down. But this method of purifying aluminium is not exact. The presence of a large quantity of iron in aluminium alters both its chemical and physical properties." Rogers: "By melting a steel high in carbon with aluminium, alloys of steel and aluminium may be obtained. I have one containing 6.4 per

* Moniteur Industriel, 1859, No. 2379.

cent. of the latter. I melted 67 parts of this alloy with 500 of steel, so that the resulting steel contained 0.8 per cent. aluminium. This metal had the qualities of the best Bombay wootz. A small per cent. of aluminium makes steel hard, strong, and brittle, a larger quantity makes it very dense, without impairing its peculiar polish or detracting from its qualities." Fremy, 1883: "Aluminium unites with iron with the greatest facility. To form an alloy it is sufficient to stir a rod of iron in melted aluminium, I when it covers itself with a layer of aluminium and takes on the aspect of being amalgamated. The alloy with 5 per cent. iron is hard, brittle, and more difficult to fuse than aluminium. The 7 per cent. iron alloy possesses the same properties, with a crystalline structure. The 10 per cent. iron alloy, according to Deville, resembles sulphide of antimony, Sb2S3. On the other hand, M. Debray affirms that 7 to 9 per cent. of iron in aluminium causes no appreciable change in its properties. By melting ten parts aluminium, five parts ferric chloride, and twenty parts KCl. and NaCl, Michel obtained on cooling a mass which, treated with very dilute sulphuric acid, left six-sided prisms having the color of iron and the formula Al'Fe, containing 51 per cent. Fe.* Calvert and Johnson obtained the alloy AlFe3,

* Ann. Chem. und Pharm. 115, 102.