Upon such a motion under § 547 defendant may be allowed to answer, on terms (Gilleron 164 AD 608, 150 NYS 326). Source CCP § 487, eliminating demurrer-Re- | 536, 129 NYS 846; Kramer 79 Mis 80, 139 NYS visers' Note-Demurrer has been abolished in the 841). Federal equity practice, the English practice, the New Jersey practice and in many other jurisdictions, relief being provided for by the answer. The effect of a demurrer as involving the trial of an issue of law has been practically abolished in this state. Demurrer may be brought on for hearing in three ways-under the original provision of the Code, which requires that the issue be noticed for trial at special term, put on the calendar and reached in regular order; under 8 547 of the Code which authorizes a motion for judgment upon the pleadings; under § 976 of the Code which provides that the demurrer may be brought on and tried as a contested motion (Keyes 173 AD 336, 158 NYS 617; National PkBank 144 AD Under the present practice if the issues raised by a demurrer are disposed of at special term on motion the successful party only recovers motion costs and does not get the regular trial costs (Taishoff 171 AD 288, 157 NYS 98; Grover 113 Mis 3, 183 NYS 731). It has been held that a plaintiff is not entitled to a judgment dismissing a counterclaim on a motion under § 547 where other issues remain undetermined (Sayre 159 AD 799, 144 NYS 897). But it does not seem that this rule applies to a motion under § 976. It is thus apparent that the delays resulting from demurrer are practically eliminated by recent amendments to the Code. § 261. Contents of answer. The answer of the defendant must contain: 1. A general or specific denial of each material allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant, or of any knowledge or information thereof sufficient to form a belief. 2. A statement of any new matter constituting a defense or counterclaim. Source CCP § 500, amended to conform to gen- | eral provision relating to contents of pleading: the last sentence is new, and is inserted in view of the abolition of demurrer and the method proposed in the article on "Objections to Pleadings" for disposing of questions of law-Revisers' Note. It has been suggested to the Committee that the words "but such statement of new matter shall not contain any denial of any allegation of the complaint," be added after the word "counterclaim" in subd 2 of the above section.. The object of the amendment is to change a rule of pleading adopted in certain cases in the First and Second Departments of the Appellate Division. The Committee believes the suggestion should be considered by the residents of all departments be fore final action is taken. "Last sentence" of CPA § 261, above mentioned, omitted by L 1921, c 372, § 1, to agree with Civil Practice Rules 106-111-Revisers' Note. *Of Star (*) means read Not into note heading. General denial sufficient-*Not controverting allegations of complaint and admitting them (Rodgers 162 NY 422). *Not stated separately from affirmative defenses (Jaeger 39 Mis 543, 80 NYS 356; Carpenter 39 Mis 634, 80 NYS 615). all "material allegations" (NYCoach 82 Mis 92, 143 NYS 100). Of each and every allegation (Jones 74 NY 61), except such as are admitted (Griffin 101 NY 348; Pittenger 15 AD 26, 44 NYS 124; *Barton 24 Mis 453, 53 NYS 661; *Luce 49 Supr 202; Clark 15 AbNC 261; *Potter 67 How 445: *Encroe 58 How 250). *Of legal conclusion drawn from facts alleged in complaint (CofNY 188 AD 131, 176 NYS 578). On information and belief (Donovan 74 AD 44, 77 NYS 229; Lazarus 187 NYS 194). Qualified general denial (Osborn Co 186 NYS 721). *Statement of facts inconsistent with facts alleged in complaint (Smith 170 NY 162; Marston 66 NY 206; Chamberlain 178 AD 326, 164 NYS 806; Ivy 73 AD 335, 76 NYS 687; Zwerling 38 Mis 169, 77 NYS 275: East 18 NYS 463). Tho denying but a portion of complaint (Thompson 45 NY 468), or inartificially drawn (Bodine 98 NY 232). *Waiver (Grant 87 AD 490, 84 NYS 984). 820, afd 43 AD 550, 60 NYS 1143, afd 167 NY 107, Matter provable under general denial-Account standing on books in name of one, actually account of another (Field 108 NY 87). Act of leged daughter (Johnson 34 Mis 89. 68 NYS another, in action for negligent blasting (Roemer764), *not real party in interest (Fourth 38 142 NY 134). *Adequate remedy at law (Goldberg 36 Mis 249, 73 NYS 358; Gould 29 Mis 241, 60 NYS 559). *Admission of facts (Mitnacht 31 Mis 378, 64 NYS 493). Agreement to give rebate (Marsh 4 Hun 278). Alteration of note since execution (Schwarz 74 NY 307). Bills of sale fraudulent, in conversion action (TumSuden 32 Mis 660, 66 NYS 452). *Cause of action satisfied or defeated after accrual (Globe 185 AD 366, 173 NYS 221). Compliance with conditions precedent in fire policy (McManus 22 Mis 269, 48 NYS AD 198, 56 NYS 566), *residence of not material to cause of action (Ubart 117 AD 831, 102 NYS 1000). Refund of moneys illegally loaned by bank, action for losses occasioned by alleged illegal loans (Knapp 94 NY 329). *Release of cause of action (Horton 83 Hun 213, 31 NYS 588). Right of way by prescription or necessity, in ejectment (Burlew 41 AD 148, 58 NYS 453). Statutory notice, failure to serve (Kelliher 77 Mis 330. 136 NYS 256). *Ultra vires of corporation (Gordon 206 NY 528; Keating 62 AD 501 Ref not 71 NYS 95). *Usury (Laux 23 AD 352, 48 NYS | 680). *Personal transactions (Scranton 78 Mis 301). 512, 138 NYS 617; Singer 16 Mis 334, 39 NYS Denial of knowledge or information sufficient- 720; Sherman 1 HowNS 278). Plaintiff's right *Addition of "and therefore denies the same" and title to sue (Altman 161 AD 583, 146 NYS (Stroock 129 AD. 14, 113 NYS 214). *Agree-949). Presentation of claim to comptroller (Mack ment to pay for work, labor and services (Little 142 AD 702, 127 NYS 738). Purchase and sale 171 AD 233, 157 NYS 350). Answer on infor- on commissions (Neuberger 24 Hun 347). mation and belief that no allegation thereof is erence to paragraph without repeating, sufficient true, except etc (Stent 5 AbNC 88; Metraz 5 Fairbank 33 NYS 713). Sale of goods (Rourke AbNC 90) Applied to mandamus return (Px 11 Mis 622, 32 NYS 794). Tax action, defendMcGuire 20 AD 8, 46 NYS 648). "As to all the ant admitting residence (CofNY 91 AD 303. 86 allegations" (Rosensteil 5 AD 128, 39 NYS 53). NYS 659). Tax "duly imposed" (See CofNY Assignment of: bond and mortgage (Reese 61 AD 91 AD 206, 86 NYS 665). *To the allegations 64, 69 NYS 1115), judgment (Thornton 164 AD contained in such and such a paragraph" 580, 150 NYS 39). By corporation: as to facts Kirschbaum 205 NY 127). Transfer of note beof alleged injury to employe of corporation (John- fore maturity (Hughes 17 Mis 32, 39 NYS 210). ston 115 NYS 141), on information and belief, *Truth of all allegations (Collins 1 Mis 211, denying each and every allegation of complaint, 20 NYS 892). Unintelligible except on careful verified by treasurer (Macauley 67 How 252). comparison with complaint to find out what is By executor: conducting testator's business for denied (Baylis 110 NY 621). Withdrawal of goods sold and delivered (Nichols 38 Mis 671, 78 bank account (Meehan 5 Hun 439). NYS 242), sued for alleged promise of testator Negative pregnant-Denial: in haec verba (Lau(Lasher 162 AD 232, 147 NYS 446). By presi- rie 30 Mis 154, 61 NYS 930; Kelly 25 Mis 6, dent of express company as to facts of alleged 53 NYS 825), in identical language of complaint injury by one of express company's trucks (Walsh (Armstrong 75 Hun 405, 27 NYS 60), *of alle154 AD 461, 139 NYS 68). Court records, ap- gation in certain paragraph of complaint, folpointment of guardian ad litem (Neubauer 171 lowed by quoting paragraph (Hoffman 15 AD 405, F273). Denial: of any knowledge, etc "as to 44 NYS 52), *of allegation that plaintiff enevery allegation not hereinbefore admitted" gaged in dangerous business (Donovan 74 AD (Tracy 38 Hun 263), *of information only (Ed- 44, 77 NYS 229), of allegations "as alleged" wards 193 AD 334, 183 NYS 851; Kneuper 171 (Hutchinson 46 Mis 302, 93 NYS 189), of alleAD 555, 157 NYS 395; Bank 162 NYS 699: gation that each and all of defendants in action Genninger 116 NYS 578; Locomobile 59 Mis 221. were directors (Pascekwitz 37 Mis 250, 75 NYS 110 NYS 413; Steinback 52 AD 437, 65 NYS 291), *of "each and every allegation" (Electrical 118), of knowledge only (City 132 AD 192, 116 194 NY 473), of facts as alleged (Kneuper 171 NYS 947; Singer 16 Mis 334, 39 NYS 720), AD 555, 157 NYS 395). "Indebtedness" "of knowledge on information and belief (Gal- correctly stated in account (Bielby's 91 Mis 353. braith 37 Mis 156, 74 NYS 837), of knowledge 155 NYS 133). Services: denial of performance or information as to allegations contained in on days and at times and to extent or quantity complaint sufficient to form belief (Hagadora 13 mentioned (Davidson 16 How 467), in Brazil NYS 687), *of knowledge or information in gen- (Pullen 165 AD 117, 150 NYS 719). Waived eral (Jurgens 124 AD 531, 108 NYS 881), of by plaintiff if not objected to before trial (Armknowledge or information sufficient to form a be- strong 75 Hun 405, 27 NYS 60). lief as to all allegations of complaint (Hinds 63 Mis 258, 116 NYS 663), information and belief (Bennett 110 NY 150; Joslyn 59 Hun 129, 13 NYS 311; *Ubart 117 AD 831, 102 NYS 1000; *Pratt 33 Hun 143, 5 CivP 372; *Powers 3 Hun 285; *Swinburne 58 How 312) *in gross (Burkert 35 Mis 318. 71 NYS 144). Depriva-tributory negligence (Wiley 86 Hun 495, 33 NYS tion of liberty (Jacobs 77 Mis 563, 138 NYS 387). Due bill, giving of (Sheldon 78 Hun 50. 29 NYS 275). Employment of servant (Johnston 115 NYS 141). Execution: and delivery of bond and mortgage and nonpayment (Alexander 65 AD 174, 72 NYS 640), and delivery of bond, denial of knowledge or information as too frivolous if contradicted by agreement (Preston 140 AD 144, 124 NYS 1031), of lease (Gallagher 13 AD 182, 43 NYS 303), of note, denial on information and belief (Wood 39 Hun 144). *Facts within personal knowledge (Rochkind 123 AD 808. 108 NYS 224). Generally (American 84 AD 304, 82 NYS 642). Indorsement: and ownership of note (Robert 51 Hun 97, 5 NYS 457), and transfer of note (Byrne 24 AD 152, 48 NYS 788). Information possessed by defendant sufficient to form a belief as to facts alleged, but defendant without personal knowledge of such facts (Ledgerwood 14 AbNC 138). Injury, circumstances of (Curran 141 AD 659, 125 NYS 993). *In NY City district court (Steinam 7 Mis 318. 27 NYS 905) Instrument, existence of (Baumfeld 135 AD 497, 120 NYS 349). *Matters of public record (Harley 210 NY 405: Childs 150 AD 656. 135 NYS 972; Rochkind 123 AD 808, 108 NYS 224: Kingsbury 162 NYS 730: Austin 8 Mis 11, 28 NYS 77). *Matters within personal knowledge of defendant (Kingsbury 162 NYS 730). Mortgage: assignment (Ginnel 71 AD 540, 75 NYS 887), foreclosure (Cook 183 AD 46, 171 NYS 28). Omission of: "any" immaterial (Hidden 88 AD 496, 85 NYS 197), "thereof" and interpolation of "the truth of" (Baum 64 Mis 43. 117 NYS 935). Ownership of automobile (Walsh 154 AD 461, 139 NYS 68). *Payment: of judgment in prior litigation in same cause (Dahlstrom 198 NY 449, rvg 133 AD 69, 117 NYS 576), of taxes and assessments (Mutual 58 AD 188, 68 NYS Specific denial sufficient-*Allegations inconsistent with complaint (Ivy 73 AD 335, 76 NYS 687; Lord 82 Mis 656, 144 NYS 385; Zwerling 38 Mis 169, 77 NYS 275). Alleged loan to corporation and its liability therefor (Zivi 2 Mis 177, 21 NYS 583). Defendant free from con773). Denial: in haec verba (Donovan 74 AD 44, 77 NYS 229), of each and every allegation except as admitted, denied, explained or qualified (Crane 43 Hun 309; Mason 33 NYS 689. 24 CivP 345; Barton 36 AD 572, 55 NYS 477. afg 24 Mis 453, 53 NYS 661; *Thierry 33 Hun 366; Zimmerman 34 Mis 307, 69 NYS 800). of each material allegation of complaint (Uggla 77 AD 310, 79 NYS 244). tho appearing in separate defense in itself bad (Patten 93 Mis 368. 158 NYS 70), of particular numbered paragraph instead of denying allegations contained therein (Fleming 32 AD 231, 52 NYS 1001), of specified allegations except as admitted or denied (Thompson 184 NY 117). Documents annexed to complaint, facts stated therein, must be denied and other facts controverting them alleged (Jamieson 174 AD 78, 159 NYS 317). For a second separate and distinct defense (Hopkins 76 AD 365. 78 NYS 459). Of malice in libel (Dinkelspiel 42 Mis 74, 85 NYS 570). On information and belief (Lazarus 187 NYS 194), where defendant has no positive knowledge (Brotherton 21 Hun 436), or where defendant necessarily has knowledge (Rockowitz 151 AD 636. 136 NYS 192). Simultaneous execution of mortgages (Wade 166 NY 251). *Unintelligible (Avery 6 NYS 547). New matter properly stated as defense-*Admis sions and denials (Flack 19 Mis 399. 43 NYS 854). *Any issue raised by general denial (Black) 152 NYS 515). Attachment proceedings. allegation as to in foreign jurisdiction (Douglas 138 NY 209). Breach of warranty (Penser 167 AÐ 604. 153 NYS 381). *Conclusion of law: "discharge for good cause" (Hicks 22 Mis 585, 49 NYS 401). *waiver of right (Ward 63 Mis 435. 116 NY 456). Contract, breach of respecting hours of employment on municipal work (Rose 146 AD 470. 131 NYS 334). Denial: incorporated in afirmative defense (Einstein 158 AD 498, 143 NYS 706), *of immaterial allegation (See Bulova (Deeves 195 NY 324). Separate action brought Defense sufficient-*Allegation that defendant re- gations indefinite and uncertain (Borsuk 93 AD 306, 87 NYS 851). Denials and affirmative defense proper-Denial: necessary to complete affirmative defense, lawful arrest (Mulinos 95 Mis 165, 159 NYS 16). not a defense (Dunlap 75 NYS 1085). Denials: stated first (Stern 119 AD 478, 103 NYS 1026). *Stricken out as irrelevant and immaterial (Staten 34 Mis 49, 68 NYS 556). Distinguished (Eells 84 AD 105, 82 NYS 531). General denial cannot be incorporated in affirmative defense (Cooper 107 Mis 494, 174 NYS 687). Necessary to perfect answer as complete affirmative defense (Einstein 158 AD 498, 143 NYS 706; Mendelson 157 AD 666, 142 NYS 825; Haffen 126 AD 675, 111 NYS 225). Separately stated (Bulova 111 Mis 150, 181 NYS 247; Dry 156 NYS 869; Black 152 NYS 515: Morron 162 AD 466, 147 NYS 931: Einstein 158 NYS 498: Wagner 121 NYS 1109; Carpenter 39 Mis 634, 80 NYS 615). Specific denial cannot be included in affirmative defense when unnecessary (Bulova 193 AD 161, 183 NYS 495). New matter properly pleaded as counterclaim—Accounting for money invested (Cornell 176 AD 798. 163 NYS 384). *Answer purporting to set up defense merely and so expressly stating (Equit-*Whether answer denies or admits complaint alleable 75 NY 511). Assault by plaintiff (Deagan 67 AD 410, 73 NYS 641). Agreement: in lease (Hayes 123 NYS 240), as to lease (Walker 167 NYS 600). Breach of contract (Caspary 157 AD 679. 142 NYS 785), contract alleged based on nondelivery (Symington 172 NYS 677), warranty pleaded either as defense or counterclaim improper (Harris 134 AD 975, 119 NYS 297). *Cause of action set up not arising out of transactions set forth in complaint (Smith 50 Hun 236, 2 NYS 820). Claim for damages (Herb SO AD 145, 80 NYS 552). Debt due intervenor pleaded in separate counterclaim (Kinney 57 AD 206, 68 NYS 325). Demand for services (Pendergast 40 Hun 494). Denomination of new matter as counterclaim and defense harmless error (Loew 159 AD 513, 144 NYS 546). Enforcement of contracts (Stevenson 158 AD 616. 143 NYS 916). False representations (Harper 175 F 412; Clarkson 4 F 257). Indebtedness for money advanced (Scognamillo 157 AD 428, 142 NYS 382). Infringement of patents (Marconi 206 F 295). Judgment (Rando 137 AD 190. 121 NYS 1048). Lien (Barber 137 AD 704, 122 NYS 369). Matter insufficient as defense (Ivy 73 AD 335. 76 NYS 687). *Matter not designated "counterclaim" (Gruhn 175 AD 787, 161 NYS 629: Huber 146 AD 469, 131 NYS 271). *Matter styled "defense" (First 4 AD 421, 38 NYS 859). *Mere possession by plaintiff of certain chattels (NYCoach 82 Mis 92, 143 NYS 100). Mortgage foreclosure (Metropolitan 43 Hun 521. 7 StR 90). Necessary before proof can be given (Fowler 6 Hun 186). Not necessary to preserve right of action (Inslee 8 Hun 230). Note (McKinnon 217 F 339). *Payment made in settlement of claims of injured persons (Fulton 200 NY 287). Reformation of mortgage by correcting mistake (Andrews 47 NY 487). *Stating conclusions of pleader (Groshut 154 NYS 126). Trespass (Adams 137 AD 230, 122 NYS 41). Denial and counterclaim proper-Separate statement necessary, denial of cruelty and counterclaim of prior marriage (Johannessen 70 Mis 361, 128 NYS 892). Compared to L 1881, c 414, relating to denials in Justice's courts (Davison 40 Hun 245). Cited but not applied-Seibert 216 NY 237: Smith 191 NY 452; Lent 130 NY 504; Linton 124 NY 533: Cleaveland 165 AD 39, 150 NYS 477; Young 158 AD 760. 143 NYS 931; Bracken 153 AD 57. 137 NYS 1043; Gutta 150 AD 678. 135 NYS 766; McKane 128 AD 190. 112 NYS 650; United 122 AD 608, 107 NYS 490: Jackson 109 AD 556, 96 NYS 366; Schultz 104 AD 20. 93 NYS 334; Hicks 95 AD 162, 88 NYS 528; Cashman 56 Hun 333, 9 NYS 614; Ennis 22 Hun 584; Gordon 100 Mis 172. 165 NYS 384; Davidson 97 Mis 89. 161 NYS 73; Eusaman 79 Mis 304. 140 NYS 183; Schlesinger 46 Mis 403, 92 NYS 575; Soper 38 Mis 294, 77 NYS 896: Schmidt 34 Mis 693, 70 NYS 1011; Strauss 33 Mis 571. 67 NYS 931; Cruikshank 32 Mis 164. 65 NYS 678, afd 59 AD 620, 69 NYS 1133: Hoffman 50 Supr 403: McNeil 154 NYS 872: Wagner 121 NYS 1109: Mixer 15 NYS 782: Tilden 6 NYS 556; VanBenthuysen 2 NYS 238: Robertson 129 US 233, 9 SC 279. § 262. Pleading several defenses or counterclaims. A defendant may set forth in his answer as many defenses or counterclaims, or both, as he has, whether they are such as were formerly denominated legal or equitable. Unless [the answer] is interposed as an answer to the entire complaint, it must distinctly refer to the cause of action which it is intended to answer. A partial defense may be set forth, but it must be expressly stated to be a partial defense to the entire complaint, or to one or more separate causes of action therein set forth. Whether it is sufficient for that purpose [presents a question of law, upon seasonable objection taken thereto.] Matter tending only to mitigate or reduce damages is a partial defense, within the meaning of this section. Source CCP 88 507 and 508 combined; the first paragraph is § 507, substance unchanged. except that the second sentence is omitted and covered in general provisions relating to plead ings; the second paragraph is CCP § 508, amended as indicated-Revisers' Note. The last sentence has. been amended so as to make matter tending only to mitigate or reduce damages a partial defense in all cases. NYS 720; Browning 144 AD 516, 129 NYS 431; see Jackson 124 NYS 735: Price 128 AD 472. 112 NYS 830; Murphy 113 AD 659. 99 NYS 950; Munnally 113 AD 831. 99 NYS 647; Butler 103 AD 273, 92 NYS 1025: Freeman 43 Mis 364. 87 NYS 493: Burkett 35 Mis 138. 71 NYS 144: Bernascheff 34 Mis 588. 70 NYS 369; Cole 67 NYS 1024: Carter 33 Mis 128. 67 NYS 300: Robinson 25 Mis 243, 55 NYS 62: Mason 33 VYS 689, 24 CivP 345: Mattice 13 NYS 330; Toop 13 NYS 280; Simmons 4 NYS 221; see Maxon 48 Hun 171: Hathorn 44 Hun 608), words "partial defense" unnecessary if purpose apparent on face of answer (Howd 74 Hun 121. 26 NYS 431). Pollution of stream by mill, alleging many 50 years (Whalen 130 AD 313, 114 NYS 220). Partial defenses to one or more separate causes of action sufficient-Action for contract balance and for damages for breach of contract (ContractingCo 192 NY 209). *Matter not alleged as partial defense (Meyer 185 AD 812, 174 NYS 93). Star (*) means read Not into note heading. Several defenses properly pleaded-Action: by attorney for professional services (Clarfield 92 NY 209), by corporation for unpaid stock subscription (USVinegar 143 NY 537), on contract of peculiar nature (Societa 138 NY 468), to rescind sales contract for fraud and recover goods (Good-other mills use same stream for drainage for win 99 NY 149). to set aside deed and will (Coyle 167 NY 240). In bar and abatement (Sheldon 35 NY 279; Hamburger 35 Hun 455: Heenan 34 Hun 602). Inconsistent defenses (Bruce 67 NY 237; Putnam 169 AD 248. 154 NYS 464; Isaacs 77 Mis 180, 136 NYS 69; Kraus 150 AD 122, 134 NYS 694; Gray 44 Mis 206. 88 NYS 857; Manhattan 34 Mis 819. 69 NYS 649; Kelly 46 AD 79. 61 NYS 394; Conklin 37 AD 610. 56 NYS 258; Feeley 25 Mis 544, 54 NYS 1060: Wendling 27 AD 517, 50 NYS 509; Kelly 22 Mis 530, 49 NYS 1108; McCall 89 Hun 490, 35 NYS 364; Sheldon 78 Hun 50, 29 NYS 275: Wood 78 Hun 78. 29 NYS 263; see Doe 32 Hun 628; Ross 12 StR 584). Several counterclaims properly pleaded-Prior judgment for defendants against plaintiff (Cornell 3 StR 262). Equitable or legal defenses available-Contract. mutual mistake (Madison 73 AD 112, 76 NYS 402). Counterclaim for damages in mortgage foreclosure (Herb 80 AD 145, 80 NYS 552). Covenant, action on (McCreery 119 NY 1). *Equitable counterclaim, defendant has remedy at law and counterclaim not connected with action (Spofford 3 StR 272). Promissory note (Vickers 84 Hun 496, 32 NYS 314): equitable defense of indorsers and legal counterclaims by maker (Iroquois 77 Mis 463, 137 NYS 122). note indorsed and accepted as security only (Bank 20 NYS 640). Recission, action for breach of contract (DeCernea 2 NYS 941). Restrain ejectment and establish equitable title to real estate (Boyd 26 Mis 679, 56 NYS 760, afd 53 AD 152. 65 NYS 859). Stockholder, enforce claim against (Bank 168 NY 458, afg 44 AD 435, 61 NYS 268). Applicable to NYCity court under $1534 (Oppenheimer 154 AD 593. 139 NYS 894; Mack 20 AbNC 297). *Not applicable to municipal courts, except in summary proceedings to recover land (Pelgram 58 Mis 195. 109 NYS 55) "Distinctly refer"-Defense that can only ap ply to particular cause "distinctly refers" to it (Crasto 52 Hun 473, 5 NYS 718). Matter tending to mitigate or reduce damagesAlienation of plaintiff's wife's affections, plaintiff by his own acts sacrificed any respect or affection his wife had for him (Cole 67 NYS 1024). Breach of marriage promise, misconduct of plaintiff subsequent to engagement (Keegan 31 AbNC 54. 25 NYS 78). Facts occurring subsequent to commencement of action tending to validate instruments claimed by plaintiff to be spurious (Gabay 77 AD 413. 79 NYS 312). *Fraud. assignment by fraudulent vendor of stock (See Gaylord 128 AD 343. 112 NYS 748). Libel: lack of malice (Kingsley 79 Hun 569, 29 NYS 921). *specific charges of bribery, defense plaintiff generally negligent in conduct of office (McKane 53 Hun 132, 6 NYS 171). truth (Morse 63 AD 61. 71 NYS 348: Bissell 62 Hun 551, 17 NYS 393). Mechanics' lien foreclosure, damages for noor work (Bernascheff 34 Mis 588, 70 NYS 369). Separate statement or numbering of defenses or counterclaims necessary-Rotts 180 AD 546. 167 VYS 1033: Wagner 121 NYS 1109; Stroock 129 AD 14. 113 NYS 214: Stern 119 AD 478. 103 NYS 1026: Pascewitz 37 Mis 250. 75 NYS 291: Kager 33 AD 452, 54 NYS 94: Balmford 19 Mis 1. 42 NYS 881: Foley 33 NYS 414. Admissions in one defense not admission of allegation in any other defense (Hoes 28 AD 374, 51 NYS 233). separate defense not available to offset general denial (Manhattan 34 Mis 819, 69 NYS 649). Applies only where more than one defense apparent on face of pleading (Hotch 9 Mis 307. 30 NYS 309, afd 85 Hun 522. 33 NYS 332). Counterclaim (Boyd 12 NYS 356). Denials joined with defenses (Morron 162 AD 466. 147 NYS 931: Carnenter 39 Mis 634. 80 NYS Reference to cause of action answered not neces 615: SoDakota 87 Hun 293. 34 NYS 362). Remsary Defenses to entire complaint. mortgage dy by motion. not demurrer (Dovle 86 AD 515. foreclosure (Wood 78 Hun 78, 29 NYS 263). 83 NYS 762; NewJersey 60 AD 69. 69 Partial defenses properly pleaded-Action: prom- 728). NYS Same facts pleaded as: issory note (French 190 AD 733, 180 NYS 374), partial defense (Zacharias 10 Mis 202, 30 NVS complete and *recover contract balance (Deeves 195 NY 324). 945), defense and counterclaim (Walker 167 NYS set aside deed and will (Coyle 167 NY 240). 600). *Where plaintiff "jumbled together three Complete defense: allegation which is true is. or four alleged causes of action in subsequently pleaded as partial defense (Chat-count" a single tuck 125 AD 431. 109 NYS (Kneuper 171 AD 555. 157 NYS 395). 862), alleged as Separate statement or numbering of defenses or "partial defense" (Vogel 156 AD 584, 141 NYS counterclaims insufficient-"By 756, afd 209 NY 568), *matter constituting claim" incorporated in a defense (Stroock 129 way of counterpartial defense pleaded as (Pollitz 150 AD 709. AD 14. 113 NYS 214). "For a 135 NYS 785). Inconsistent defenses (Johnston and distinct defense and by way of a counterfirst, separate 115 NYS 141). Libel: *matter in mitigation clnim. this defendant alleges" (Hollister 172 NYS (Cruikshank 32 Mis 152. 65 NYS 678), *truth 177: Dixon 171 AD 552, 157 NYS 385). (Shanks 23 Mis 264, 51 NYS 154). General Partial allegation attempting to incorporate denials and defense: *not complete in itself (Gray 44 Mis allegations of separate defenses into each separ206, 88 NYS 857), *not designated as such ate defense (Recknagel 58 AD 352. 69 NTS (Thompson 109 NY 329, rvg 40 Hun 536: GeoF 132). Numbering separate paragraphs of answer RootCo 151 NYS 705; Ward 153 AD 638, 138 (Fay 26 Mis 421, 57 NYS 155). Not within section-Equity suit for discretion- bot 188 NY 421; Giles 62 NY 492; Strong 53 ary injunctive relief (Straus 103 AD 277, 92 NY 497; Bulova 111 Mis 150, 181 NYS 247; NYS 1052). Langevin 176 NYS 755; Walling 159 NYS 330; Streeter 157 NYS 699; Lackomowitz 153 NYS 1123; Penser 153 NYS 381; CofNY 44 Mis 509, 90 NYS 63; Willard 65 NYS 73; Kelly 25 Mis 6, 53 NYS 825; Green 22 Mis 279, 49 NYS 163; Goossen 11 Mis 86, 32 NYS 814; Avery 6 NYS 547; McLeod 3 NYS 617; Colt 50 Hun 366, 3 NYS 354; Bennett 23 Hun 50. Compared to-Rule 104 and §§ 261, 266 distinguishing "defense" and "counterclaim" (First 4 AD 421, 38 NYS 859; Baum 92 Hun 1, 37 NYS 913). Section not mandatory-Permits but does not command interposition of counterclaims (Douglas 22 NYS 1045). Cited but not applied-Morris 213 NY 27; Tal § 263. Time within which to answer or appear. A defendant upon whom the plaintiff has served a copy of the complaint must serve a copy of his answer upon the plaintiff's attorney [within twenty days thereafter.] If after service of a copy of the complaint upon an attorney, he appears for another defendant, the latter must answer the complaint within twenty days after such appearance in the action. Except where an order of arrest can be granted only by the court, a defendant arrested before answer has twenty days after the arrest in which to answer the complaint. Source CCP § 422, first sentence; CCP § 479, | twentieth day Sunday (Gilbert 169 AD 840, last clause of last sentence, amended as indi- 155 NYS 687). cated; CCP § 520, last sentence; CCP $ 566, omitting last clause as unnecessary-Revisers' Note. Star (*) means read Not into note heading. Service of answer within twenty days necessary*Extension secured before expiration of original 20 days (Littauer 88 AD 274. 85 NYS 71). Summons: served July 4 (See Slater 25 Mis 783, 55 NYS 581), *and complaint served on Sunday (Scott ShoeCo 63 AD 172, 71 NYS 263). § 264. Controversy between defendants. Where the judgment may determine the ultimate rights of two or more defendants as between themselves, a defendant who requires such a determination must demand it in his answer, and at least twenty days before the trial must serve a copy of his answer upon the attorney for each of the defendants to be affected by the determination, and personally, or as the court or judge may direct, upon defendants so to be affected who have not duly appeared therein by attorney. The controversy between the defendants shall not delay a judgment to which the plaintiff is entitled, unless the court otherwise directs. Source CCP § 521-Revisers' Note. Object of section-To prevent multiplicity of actions (Hinkle 108 AD 316, 95 NYS 788). Determination of entire controversy in single action, not to give successive trials on same issue (Pratt 52 AD 52, 69 NYS 86). cer Cross answer allowed-*Against defendant not mechanics lien foreclosure (Leske 154 AD 233. 138 NYS 859). Service necessary-Between codefendants: in mechanics lien action (Hutton 23 NYS 770). *after adjustment of plaintiff's claim (Wilson 79 Hun 162, 29 NYS 517), in action for partition (Weston 60 Hun 290. 14 NYS 580, afd 137 NY 119), in railroad foreclosure (Knickerbocker 116 AD 78. 101 NYS 241), in action on indemnity bond (Mayor 70 Hun 250, 24 NYS 296). By assignees of fund in mechanics lien action (Paige 11 NYS 496). To determine rights between codefendants in; ejectment action (Ostrander 130 NY 406), mechanics lien foreclosure (Dearstine 106 Mis 102, 173 NYS 875), mortgage foreclosure (Kentona 35 AD 180, 54 NYS 751), set aside fraudulent conveyance (Rogers 23 Hun 424), settlement of ac counts of plaintiff as trustees (Emmet 139 AD 310, 123 NYS 1026; Phraner 178 NYS 768). stockholders action for accounting (Beadleston 7 NYS 747). To establish breach of covenant against incumbrances in foreclosure action (McGuckin 83 Hun 473, 31 NYS 1049, afd 152 NY 297). *To have lien declared where complaint admits defendant's liens in mechanics lien action (Kelly 120 NYS 415). To set aside assignment of claims to codefendant, in action to set aside appointment of receiver (Metcalf 35 AD 596. 55 NYS 179, mod 161 NY 587). *Where codefendants claim no relief against each other (Earle 73 AD 300, 76 NYS 851, afd 173 NY 480). Delays forbidden-Directing judgment for plaintiff (CofNY 149 AD 475, 134 NYS 87, rvg 74 Mis 521. 134 NYS 520). Striking from calendar (Mellen 149 AD 534, 133 NYS 1079). Service timely-One day before trial (Eysaman 140 NYS 183). 20 days before day set for trial pursuant to adjournment taken when cause ready for trial (Muller 99 NYS 618). Answer sufficient-As commencement of action to foreclose lien under lien law (Lincoln 228 NY 359). *In respect to prayer for affirmative relief (Masons' 58 AD 231, 68 NYS 806. afd 172 NY 598). To raise issue: as to validity of lien in |