yet been received. Assuming the population of California to be 165,000, (which we do partly by estimates,) and omitting that of Utah, estimated at 15,000, the total number of inhabitants in the United States was, on the 1st of June, 1850, 23,246,301. The absolute increase from 1st of June, 1840, has been 6,176,848, and the actual increase per cent is 36.18. But it has been shown that the probable amount of population acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a comparison be tween the results of the present and the last census. These deductions reduce the total population of the country as a basis of comparison, to 23,074,301, and the increase to 6,004,848. The relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35.17 per cent. The aggregate number of whites in 1850 was 19,619,366, exhibiting a gain upon the number of the same class in 1840 of 5,423,371, and a relative increase of 38.20 per cent. But excluding the 153,000 free population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory since 1840, the gain is 5,270,371, and the increase per cent 37.14. The number of slaves, by the present census, is 3,198,298, which shows an increase of 711,085; equal to 28.58 per cent. If we deduct 19,000 for the probable slave population of Texas in 1840, the result of the comparison will be slightly different. The absolute increase will be 692,085, and the rate per cent 27.83.

The number of free colored population in 1850 was 428,637 ; in 1840, 386,245. The increase of this class has been 42,392, or 10.95 per cent.

From 1830 to 1840 the increase of the whole population was at the rate of 32.67 per cent. At the same rate of advancement the absolute gain for the ten years last past would have been 5,548,333, or 426,515 less than it has been, without including the increase consequent upon additions of territory.

The aggregate increase of population from all sources shows a relative advance greater than that of any other decennial terms, except that from the second to the third census, during which time the country received an accession of inhabitants by the purchase of Louisiana considerably greater than one per cent of the whole number. Rejecting from the census of 1810 1.45 per cent for the population of Louisiana, and from the census of 1850 1 per cent for that of Texas, California, &c., the result is in favor of the last ten years by about one-fourteenth of 1 per cent; the gain from 1800 to 1810 being 35.05 per cent, and from 1840 to 1850, 35.12 per cent. But, without going behind the sum of the returns, it appears that the increase from the second to the third census was thirty-two-hundredths of one per cent greater than from the

sixth to the seventh.

The relative progress of the several races and classes of the population is shown in the following tabular statement:

TABLE OF INCREASE, PER CENT, OF EACH CLASS OF INHABITANTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR SIXTY YEARS.

The census had been taken previously to 1830 on the first of August. The enumerator began that year on the first of June, two months earlier, so that the interval between the fourth and fifth censuses was two months less than ten years; which time allowed for, would bring the total increase up to the rate of 34.36 per cent.

THE TABLE GIVEN BELOW SHOWS THE INCREASE FROM 1790 To 1850, WITHOUT REFERENCE

Sixty years since, the proportion between the whites and blacks, bond and free, was

4.2 to 1. In 1850, it was 5.26 to 1; and the ratio in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number on the 1st of June would have been 4,657,239; so that, in comparison with the whites, they have lost in this period, 1,035,340.

This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon immigration, published at Boston in 1848, distinguished for great elaborateness of research, estimates the gain of the white population from this source at 3,922,152. No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the returns under the law afford materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry.

Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of the 6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners arrived subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign passengers from 1790 to 1810 was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Ducker, author of a valuable work on the census of 1840, supposes the number from 1810 to 1820 to have been 114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000.

If we reckon the increase of these immigrants at the aɣerage rate of the whole body of white population during these three decades, they and their descendants in 1820 would amount to about 360,000. From 1820 to 1830 there arrived, according to the returns of the custom-houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years 715,356. During this period a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland, came into the United States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such, from 1820 to 1830, at 67,993; and from 1830 to 1840, at 199,130; for the twenty years together, 267,123.

During the same time a considerable number are supposed to have landed at New York, with the purpose of pursuing their route to Canada; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by omissions in the official returns. Without reference to the natural increase, then, the accession to our population from foreign sources, from 1820 to 1840, was 982,479 persons.

Erom 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States have been as follows:

Within the last ten years there has probably been very little migration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada frontier; the disposition to take the route by Quebec having yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union; what there has been may, perhaps, be considered as equalled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada after landing at New York; many having been drawn thither by the opportunities of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural increase during the term at 12 per cent; being about one-third of that of the white population of the country at its commencement. This will swell the aggregate to 1,789,192. Deducting this accession to the population from the whole amount, the increase is shown to be 3,684,510, and the rate per cent is reduced to 25.95.

The density of population is a branch of the subject which naturally first attracts the attention of the inquirer. The following table has been prepared from the most authentic data accessible to this office :

• This return includes fifteen months; namely, from July 1, 1845, to September 30, 1846. + The report from the State Department for this year gives 315,333 as the total number of passengers arriving in the United States; but of these, 30,023 were citizens of the Atlantic States proceed. ing to California by sea, and 5,320 natives of the country returning from visits abroad. A deduction of 106,879 is made from the balance, for that portion of the year from June 1st to September 30th.

TABLE OF THE AREA, AND THE NUMBER OF INHABITANTS TO THE SQUARE MILE OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNION.

From the location, climate, productions, and the habits and pursuits of their inhabitants. the States of the Union may be properly arranged in the following groups :—

States.

New England States; namely, Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut....

Middle States, including New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and
Ohio.....

Coast Planting States, including South Caroli

na, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana.

Central Slave States; Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkan-

sas.....

Northwestern States; Indiana, Illinois, Michi

gan, Wisconsin, and Iowa...

There are points of agreement in the general characteristics of the States combined in the above groups, which warrant the mode of arrangement adopted. Maryland is classed as heretofore, with the Middle States, because its leading interest appears to connect it, rather with the commercial and manufacturing section, to which it is here assigned, than with the purely agricultural States. Ohio is placed in the same connection, for nearly similar reasons. There seems to be a marked propriety for setting off the new agricultural States of the northwest by themselves, as a preliminary to the comparison of their progress with other portions of the Union. The occupations which give employment to the people of the central range of States, south of the line of the Potomac, distinguish them to some extent from that division to which we have given the appellation of coast planting Staies. In the latter, cottons, sugar, and rice are the great staples, the cultivation of which is so absorbing as to stamp its impress on the character of the people.

The industry of the Central States is more diversified, the surface of the country is more broken, the modes of cultivation are different, and the minuter divisions of

labor, create more numerous and less accordant interests. So far as Texas is settled, its population closely assimilates with that of the other coast planting States; but it would obviously convey no well founded idea of the density of population in that section, to distribute their people over the vast uninhabited region of Texas. For the same reason, and the additional one of the insolation of her position, California is considered distinct from other States.

Taking the thirty-one States together, their area is 1,485,870 square miles, and the average number of their inhabitants is 15.48 to the square mile. The total area of the United States is 3,220,000 square miles, and the average density of population is 7.219 to the square mile.

The areas assigned to those States and Territories in which public lands are situated are doubtless correct, being taken from the records of the land office; but, as to those attributed to the older States, the same means of verifying their accuracy, or the want of it, do not exist. But care has been taken to consult the best local authorities for ascertaining the extent of surface in those States, and as the figures adopted are found to agree with or differ but slightly from those assumed to be correct at the General Land Office, it is probable they do not vary essentially from the exact truth.

The area of some of the States-as Maryland and Virginia-are stated considerably below the commonly assumed extent of their territory, which may be accounted for on the supposition that the portions of the surface, within their exterior limits, covered by large bodies of water, have been subtracted from the aggregate amount. This is known to be the case in regard to Maryland, the superficial extent of which, within the outlines of its boundaries, is 13,959 square miles, and is deemed probable with reference to Virginia, from the fact that many geographers have given its total area as high as 66,000 square miles.

It appears from the returns that during the year ending on the 1st June, 1850, there escaped from their owners, one thousand and eleven slaves, and that, during the same period, fourteen hundred and sixty-seven were manumitted. The number of both classes will appear in the following table:

In connection with this statement, and as effecting the natural increase of the free colored population of the United States, it may be proper to remark, that during the year to which the census applies, the Colonization Society sent 562 colored emigrants to Liberia. In our calculations respecting the increase of the free colored population, we have considered that class of persons independent of these two causes, which respectively swell and diminish their number.

The statistics of mortality for the census year represent the number of deaths occurring within the year as 320,194, the ratio being as 1 to 726 of the living population, or as 10 to cach 726 of the population. The rate of mortality in this statement seems so much less than that of any portion of Europe, that it must at present be received with some degree of allowance.

Should a more critical examination, which time will enable us to exercise, prove the returns of the number of deaths too small, such a result will not affect their value for the purposes of comparison of one portion of the country with another, or cause with effect. The tables will possess an interest second to none others in the work, and the many valuable truths which they will suggest, will be found of great practical advantage. Medical men will accord to the Census Board no small meed of credit, for the wisdom manifested in an arrangement which will throw more light on the history of disease in the United States, and present in connection more interesting facts connected therewith than the united efforts of all scientific men have heretofore accomplished.

STATEMENT OF THE POPULATION IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY, DECENNIALLY, COMMENCING 1790 TO 1850, INCLUSIVE.