and slavery, growth of, in Turkey,
i. 320.

-, slavery, and death, travel toge-
ther, in both the moral and material
world, i. 91, 239.

Cerebral power of woman abated by the
reproductive system, iii. 303.
Changes in the place of matter, closely
connected with the movements of the
trader, i. 218. Small amount of know-
ledge required for effecting, i. 218.
Necessity there for declines, as men
are more enabled to come together, i.
219. Demand upon the labor of the
solitary settler for effecting, i. 263.
Acceleration of the societary motion
consequent upon a diminution in that
demand, i. 267. Utility of commodi-
ties grows with that diminution, i. 269.
The great obstacle to human improve-
ments found in the necessity for effect-
ing, i. 365.-(See Transportation.)

mechanical and chemical, in the
form of matter. More concrete and
special than changes of place, and re-
quire a higher degree of knowledge, i.
219, 381. Changes in the societary pro-
portions consequent upon increase of
the power for effecting, i. 384, 473, ii.
22. How human effort is economised
by, i. 385. How they affect the econ-
omy of nature's gifts, i. 387. How they
affect the societary motion, i. 389. Ef-
forts at monopolizing the power to effect
such changes, and their effects, i. 392.
-(See Conversion, and Manufactures.)

-, vital, in the form of matter. The
earth alone capable of effecting, i. 220.
Power applied to producing, grows, as
that required for transportation and
conversion declines, 220. Economy
of human force resulting from the
growth of power to effect, ii. 17. In-
crease in the proportion of human effort
that may be given to effecting, ii. 23.
The larger that proportion, the greater
the development of the latent powers
of land and man, ii. 29.-(See Agri-
culture.)

in the societary proportions, i. 263,
384, 473, ii. 22, 29.
of Great Britain,

i. 435.

Changes in the United States, frequency
and rapidity of, ii. 257.

Charge for the use of money, of the, ii.
335. (See Interest.)

Chastity of hunter tribes, iii. 299.
Chatham, Lord, would not permit colo-
nists to make a hob-nail for themselves,
i. 287.

Cheap labor, the condition of the British
system, i. 239. How that of Ireland
has affected the people of England, i.
422, iii. 260, 342.

female labor of Great Britain
tends to deteriorate the condition of
woman every where, iii. 382.
Cheapening of raw produce tends toward
slavery for man, ii. 80.

Cheapness of raw produce in England,
in the 14th century, i. 394.
Chemical and mechanical changes in the
form of matter, of, i. 381.
Chemistry follows physics, in the order
of development, i. 14. Its dependence
on astronomy, i. 14. Lays the founda-
tion of Social Science, i. 19. Treats of
matter that is incapable of progress,
i. 23.

and physiology, how related to
each other, i. 15.

of the population question, iii. 302.
Chevalier, M. His definition of political
economy, i. 260. On the condition of
the French people, ii. 59. On capital
and money, ii. 358, 478. His descrip-
tion of the condition of American
women, iii. 384. His approval of the
protective policies of Colbert, Crom-
well, and others, iii. 429. Holds that
French agriculture has ceased to be
protected, iii. 431.

Chinese opium war, i. 237.
Circulation, the, how affected by protec-
tion, ii. 277. How the increased ra-
pidity of, economises labor, and pro-
motes accumulation, ii. 278. How it
is affected by the precious metals, ii.
300, 342. A medium of, the master
want of man, ii. 456. How production
is affected by, iii. 44. How it affects
the power of accumulation, iii. 49. De-
clines with the growth of centraliza-
tion, iii. 214. Obstacles to, in France,
ii. 348. Increases in rapidity as men
become more numerous, and land be-
comes divided, iii. 75. Sluggishness
of, in the early stages of society, iii. 76.
Development of individuality stimu-
lates, iii. 77. Rapidity of, increases as
capital becomes fixed, iii. 78. Pheno-
mena of, in Greece, Italy, Spain, and
France, iii. 82. Becomes more rapid,
as property becomes more secure, iii.
84. How Colbert's policy tended to-
wards quickening, iii. 86. How the

British system tends towards retarding,
iii. 89. Increased rapidity of, an evi-
dence of growing civilization, iii. 92.
Equality promoted by rapidity of, iii.
93. Becomes more rapid in all the
countries that follow in the lead of
Colbert, iii. 94. Sluggishness of, in all
the countries that follow in that of
Britain, iii. 94. Phenomena of, pre-
sented by the United States, iii. 95.
How American slavery is affected by
sluggishness of, iii. 98. How disper-
sion affects, iii. 101. Adam Smith's
views in regard to, iii. 103.
How it
affects the distribution of the products
of labor, iii. 108.
Circulation of American banks, ii. 423.

of the Bank of England, ii. 388.
France, ii. 414.
Civil government, the analogue of the
nervous co-ordination, iii. 403.

office of the, iii. 405.

, designed both for the
assistance and defence of societies, iii.
405.

Civil and municipal corporations of
Greece and Rome, iii. 417. Guizot on,
iii. 418. Of the middle ages, iii. 418.
Of the United States, iii. 419.
Civilization. Requires association for its
development, i. 227. Of Rome, i. 248.
Early centres of, i. 382. Its essential
characteristic, i. 428. Evidences of
its decline in the United States, ii. 204.
How it affects prices, ii. 302. Increases
as consumption follows more rapidly
on production, iii. 43. How affected
by changes in the proportions of fixed
and movable capital, iii. 59. How
affected by division of the land, and
increase in the rapidity of circulation,
iii. 92.

Civilized communities export their com-
modities in a finished state, iii. 433.
Clay, C. C., on the effects of the cotton cul-
ture in Alabama, ii. 198.
Clément, M.

His error as regards the
effect of the cheapening of food, iii. 424.
Cobden, Mr., on the condition of the rural
population of England, i. 441. On
Russia, ii. 167. On the wars of India,
i. 377.

Coinage. How it affects the value of the
precious metals, ii. 296.

Colbert, advent of, to power, ii. 46. Policy
of, promotive of commerce, ii. 46. Say,
Blanqui, and Thierry, on, ii. 47. Policy
of, adopted in Central and Northern
Europe, ii. 111. How that policy af-
fects the growth of capital, iii. 66.
How it affects the circulation, iii. 94.
His full appreciation of the duties of a
statesman, iii. 424. Held wealth to be
a means, and not an end, iii. 424.

|

Colbert and Cromwell, their resistance to
the monopolies of Holland, i. 391.
Colonial and trading system of Spain, i.

251.

policy of Greece, Carthage, Spain,
and France, i. 285. Of England, i.

411.

systems of France and England,
differences of the, i. 307.
Colonization upon rich soils, failure of
attempts at, i. 117.

commences upon the poorer soils,
iii. 328. Its gradual extension over
the richer ones, iii. 330. Richer lands
of the world as yet unoccupied, iii. 331.
How may they be subdued? iii. 332.
Exhaustion of the soil produces a ne-
cessity for, iii. 333. Of that of Greece,
iii. 334. Destructive effects of the
modern system of, iii. 335. Extent
and effects of that of the United States,
iii. 337. Necessity for, diminishes as
the prices of rude products and finished
commodities approximate each other,
iii. 346.

Es-

Combination required for development
of the individual faculties, i. 54.
sential to the growth of wealth, i. 187.
Grecian tendencies towards, i. 240.
How it increases human power, ii. 207.
Diminishing power of, in the United
States, ii. 233. Effects of, as exhibited
in Athens, iii. 26. In Italy, iii. 27. In
France, iii. 28. In England, iii. 36.
Commerce. Can have slight existence
in the absence of differences among
men, i. 198. Obstacles to, in the early
periods of society, i. 203. Gradual de-
velopment of, i. 203. Definition of, i.
210. Sought by all men, i. 210. Re-
gards trade as an instrument to be used
by man, i. 210. Tendency of, towards
decentralization and freedom, i. 203.
Tends to produce continuity of the so-
cietary motion, i. 214. Its place, in the
order of development, i. 222. Every act
of association an act of, i. 222. Natural
history of, i. 224. Roots and branches
of the tree of, i. 224. Decay of, in
Spain, consequent upon the expulsion
of the Moors, i. 251. Gradual growth
of, i. 265. Grows with decline in the
necessity for effecting changes of place,
i. 269. Sacrificed at the shrine of
trade, i. 289. That it may grow, em-
ployments must become diversified, i.
427. Grows with the growth of wealth
and power, ii. 32. How affected by
supplies of the precious metals, ii. 323.
Becomes more free as capital becomes
fixed, and taxation becomes more di-
rect, iii. 201. Grows with concentra-
tion, and declines with centralization,
iii. 212.

Commerce and Society, words that are
only different modes of expressing the
same idea, i. 198.

and Trade, usually regarded as
convertible terms, yet wholly different,
i. 210. Opposite tendencies of, ii. 210-
221, 235-256.

-, as found in the relations of the
sexes, iii. 368.

of the family. Its character, in
the various stages of society, iii. 386.

of the State, the, iii. 401. Object
of societary organization, the deve-
lopment of, iii. 409. Measures re-
quired for promoting, iii. 415. Grows
with the growth of the power of asso-
ciation and co-operation, iii. 421. In-
creases, as land becomes divided, iii.
423. How Colbert's policy tended to
promote, iii. 424. Hume and Smith
on the exercise of the power of co-or-
dination, in reference to, iii. 425. Say,
Rossi, Mill, Chevalier, and others, on
the necessity for measures of protec-
tion, as promotive of, iii. 426. Grows
with diminution of the tax of trans-
portation, iii. 423. Substitution of mere
phrases for ideas, by writers who hold
to the doctrine of laisser faire, in refe-
rence to, iii. 435. Necessity for the
application of intelligence to the direc-
tion of, iii. 444. Commerce of the
world grows with the development of,

iii. 445.

of the United States, how affected
by the wars of the French Revolution,
ii. 183.

of the world. Grows with develop-
ment of the individualities of nations,
iii. 446. Contributions to, of those
communities which follow in the lead
of Colbert, iii. 448. Of those which
follow in the train of England, iii. 449.
Grows with diminution of the tax of
transportation, iii. 452.

Commodities, or things, not wealth to
those who have not the knowledge how
to use them, i. 181.

tend towards those places at which
they are most utilized, ii. 344, 370.
Communism, in Russia, ii. 163. In France,
iii 76. M. Bastiat on, iii. 441. Gigan-
tic, of the British system, iii. 442.
Communistic tendency of the doctrine of
laisser faire, iii. 441.

Communities that limit themselves to the
export of raw produce, must end in the
export of men, ii. 25.

prosper in the ratio of the utiliza-
tion of their rude products, ii. 309.
Comparative circulation of the banks of
America, France, and England, ii. 423.
physiology of procreation, iii.

302.
VOL. III.-31

Comparison, inseparably connected with
the idea of value, i. 151.
Competition, a war of hostile forces, iii.
421. M. Bastiat on, iii. 423.

for nature's services, promotes
increase in the value of land and labor,
iii. 254. Grows in the protected coun-
tries of Europe, iii. 255.

for the purchase of labor. Scarcely
exists in the early stages of society, iii.
233. Grows with the increase of wealth
and population, and with growing di-
versity in the demand for human
powers, iii. 234. Trader desires to pre-
vent its growth, iii. 235. The more
rapid its increase, the greater the ten-
dency towards freedom, iii. 235. In-
creases, as the prices of rude products
and those of finished commodities ap-
proach each other, iii. 237. Grows in
the despotic countries of Europe, iii.
241. British and American policy
tends to prevent its growth, iii. 252.

for the purchase of rude products
of the earth, iii. 250. Increases in the
protected countries of Europe, iii. 251.
Freedom grows with, iii. 251.

In-

for the sale of labor, ii. 163.
Tends towards slavery, iii. 235.
creases, as the range of employments
becomes more limited, iii. 235. Grows
in England, iii. 244; in the United
States, iii. 246.

for the sale of female labor in
England, and its effects, iii. 380. In
the United States, iii. 385.
Composition of forces, law of the, i. 230.
Comte, M. His review of the develop-
ment of science, i. 15. His erroneous
method, in treating Social Science, i.
24. His error in regarding mathematics
as both an instrument and a science,
i. 25. Does not explain the past, and
cannot, therefore, predict the future, i.
28. On the general relation of science
and art, iii. 409.
Condition, the, of human progress, i. 280.
of the English laboring popula-
tion, ii. 83, 93, 95, 98, iii. 394.
Conditions upon which, alone, the pros-
perity of nations can be secured, i. 422.
Concentration, tendencies of, iii. 209.
Promotes the growth of commerce and
the love of peace, iii. 212. Admired
by Adam Smith, iii. 213. Grows with
increase in the rapidity of the societary
circulation, iii. 214. How it tends to
augment the difficulty of making war,
iii. 215. Its development in Greece,
iii. 216. Increases, as land and labor
acquire value, iii. 218. Pressure of
taxation declines with the growth of,
iii. 219. Tends toward the ultimate
freedom of international commerce,

iii. 226. How it exhibits itself in the
Prussian States, iii. 226. In France,
iii. 227. Augments the powers of all,
by producing increase of circulation,
iii. 228. Strength of the State, grows
with the development of the
power of,
iii. 232.
Consolidation of the land, in Italy, i. 247.
In Great Britain, ii. 95. In Spain, ii.
119. In the United States, ii. 216.

of English land, and its effects,
ii. 79, 80, 93, 98, 103, iii. 287.
Constant alliance of war and trade, i. 217,
364, 377, ii. 43, 238.

Consumers and producers come together,

as employments become diversified, i.
83. Trader desires to prevent their
approximation, i. 209. Wealth, free-
dom, power, and happiness, grow with
their near approach to each other, i.

212.

Consumption, the measure of production,
iii. 18. Where does it end, and where
does production begin? iii. 18. Every
act of, an act of production, iii. 19.
Only a transformation, nothing being
by it destroyed, iii. 367.

of iron in the United States, ii.
276. Of cotton, ii. 284.
Contemporaneous maturity of the repro-
ductive function and the intellectual
and moral powers, iii. 300.
Continental system. How it affected the
growth of manufactures, ii. 107. Its
effects, as exhibited in Russia, ii. 148.
Continuity of the societary motion, a test
of civilization, i. 201, 213, iii. 38. How
it affects the growth of wealth, ii. 18.
Conversion, of, i. 381. Requires a know-
ledge of the properties of things,
whereas transportation looks only to
their magnitude or weight, i. 381. Rapid
progress in the arts of, i. 383. Econo-
my of nature's gifts resulting from
bringing the place of, near to that of
production, i. 385. Commerce grows
with increased facilities of, i. 388. The
trader desires to increase the distance
between the producer and the convert-
er, i. 389. Freedom grows, as that dis-
tance is decreased, i. 390.

Co-operation, harmony the result of, iii.
421. Remarkable case of, iii. 422.
Increases as land becomes divided, iii.
423.
Co-ordinating office of the nervous sys-
tem, iii. 402.

power of the State, the, iii. 401.
Required for facilitating combination,
iii. 409. Its action in the social body,
similar to that of the brain in the phy-
sical one, iii. 414. Limitation of its
sphere of duty, iii. 415. Duties of, as
exhibited by Colbert, iii. 424; by Hume

and Smith, iii. 425; by Say, iii. 426;
by Blanqui, Rossi, De Jonnès, and
Mill, iii. 428; by Chevalier, iii. 429.
Necessity for, grows with the growth
of wealth and numbers, iii. 444. Dis-
appearance of, in the countries that
follow in the lead of England, iii. 445.
Co-ordination required in the ratio of
development, iii. 406.

Coquelin, M., on money, capital, and
banks, ii. 342.

Coral islands, formation of, i. 74.
Corn, prices of, in England, at various
periods, iii. 315.

remarkable reduction of
the, in the United States, ii. 271. Con-
trast thereto, presented by Russia and
Germany, ii. 151, 190.

banks of Norway, ii. 397.
Corporate and municipal governments,
of, iii. 408.

Corporations, civil and municipal, of
Greece and Rome, iii. 417. Of the
middle ages, iii. 418. Of the United
States, iii. 419. Principle upon which
they are based, iii. 420.

Corrective, the, of excessive procreation,
iii. 302.

Corruption, legislative, in the United
States, ii. 240.

Cost of reproduction, the limit of value,
i. 149.

Cotton, remarkable reduction in the price
of, ii. 196. Production and consump-
tion of, ii. 283.

culture. How it exhausts the
soil, ii. 88.

growing States. Small produc-
tion of the, ii. 199.

-, comparative consumption of, in
protected and unprotected countries,
iii. 241.

Corsica, course of settlement in, i. 132.
Country life. Its pleasures, as exhibited
by Adam Smith, i. 195.
Course of settlement in the United States,
i. 108. In Mexico, i. 118. In the
West Indies, i. 120. In South America,
i. 121. In England, i. 122. In Scot-
land, i. 124. In France, i. 126. In
Belgium and Holland, i. 128. In Scan-
dinavia, i. 129. In Russia and Ger-
many, i. 130. In Hungary and Italy,
i. 131. In Corsica, Sicily, and Greece,
i. 132. In Africa and the Islands of
the Pacific, i. 133. In India, i. 134.
Craniology, bearing of, upon the problem
of population, iii. 301.
Credit. How it affects the productive
power, ii. 348. Freedom grows with
the growth of, ii. 349. American policy
adverse to the existence of, ii. 437.
Crime in India, i. 355. In England, iii.
399. In the United States, iii. 398.