It is usual to sum

Ii. This is a mere repetition of omnes. up all the individuals when situated in this way. The individuals, quos flagitium, quos egestas, quos conscius animus exagitabat, may or may not be different characters, and the ii includes them all.

A culpa vacuus. See Rule 20. The preposition is thus frequently expressed.

Par similis. The former implies equality in acts of daring, the latter similarity in disposition. The two are not necessarily combined; hence there is no redundancy. For the syntax of ceteris, see Rule 18.

2. Ubi ea (for eæ res) explorata sunt, quæ voluit (explorari), in unum (locum) convocat omnes (eos) quibus (erat) maxima necessitudo et plurimum audaciæ.

Explorata sunt. It has been already remarked that the participle which combines with esse to form the passive verb agrees, as an adjective, with the subject of such verb in gender, number, and case. Explorata is the nominative plural, neuter gender, to agree with ea.

Quæ voluit. Quæ is the accusative subject of explorari. See Rule 7.

Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations under it.
Plurimum audaciæ = plurima audacia.

Rule 16.

3. Nobilium, governed by juventus, understood. Inceptis. See Observation 6, under Rule 3.

Quibus in otio. The antecedent is ii, understood.

The order

is, "li quibus erat copia vivere in otio vel magnifice vel molliter malebant (habere) incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem," -those who had the means of living in a time of peace, either in a splendid style or luxuriously, were better pleased to have uncertainty than certainty, war than peace.

Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations.

Incerta. See Rule 15.

Qui crederent. The antecedent is homines, understood, or some such word. "There were persons, at that time, who."

Consilii. See Rule 17.

Invisus ipsi-an enemy to him (Crassus).

Voluisse-there were persons who believed that he (Crassus) -was desirous that the power of any one should increase in opposition to his (Pompey's); trusting moreover (as he did) that if the conspiracy succeeded, he himself (se) would become a leader among them (the conspirators).

Confisum, agreeing with Crassum.

Principem. See Rule 13.

Apud illos. There is no word immediately expressed to which

this pronoun refers; it is, however, implied in the word conjuratio. This is a common usage in all languages.

4. Qui dicerent. See note under qui crederent in the preceding sentences.

Oratione habita-the speech having been delivered, after he had delivered his speech. See Rule 14.

Catilinam, the subject of circumtulisse. Rule 7.

Inde. This stands immediately connected with aperuisse. "There were people who believed that then (inde) he opened, &c. when all had tasted after the imprecation.”

Atque eo and they likewise said that he asserted that he did so for this reason, in order that they might be more faithful one to another, being conscious, each to the other, of such a deed. Dictitare, fecisse, aperuisse. The subject is Catilinam.

Ficta hæc. Hæc, for has res; and multa, for multas res, the subject of ficta (esse).

Ciceronis invidiam—the odium under which Cicero laboured. Pœnas dederant—had suffered punishment.

5. His rebus comparatis. See Rule 14.

Si designatus foret-if he could become consul elect.

Facile se-that he would easily use Antony according to his will, make what use he liked of him.

Usurum (esse) Antonio. See Observation 6, Rule 3.

Illi tamen-Cicero.

Per Fulviam-by making many promises through the agency of Fulvia. See Rules 30 and 6.

Ad hoc-moreover, in addition to this.

“That he

Ne sentiret. Ne here is equivalent to ut non. should not feel disposed against, side against, the commonwealth.” Observe, rempublicam is compounded of the noun res, and the adjective publica, both being declined according to their own declension.

Extrema omnia. See Rule 15.

6. Ceteris. See Rule 14.

Eques, senator. See Observation 10, under Rule 5.

Constituere. See Observation 1, under Rule 1.

Ea nocte. Governed by in, understood.

Quantum periculi. See Rule 16.

Consuli impendeat. Observation 6, Rule 3. Im is a modification of in.

Sollicitare-stirred up. Historians frequently use the infinitive for the past indicative.

Egestale, dolore. See Rule 6.

Novarum rerum-new things, a revolution. Governed by cupidam. See Rule 17.

7. Nos cepisse-that we have taken. Rule 7.

Homini-that we may offer danger to any man, expose any man to danger.

Qui miseri. Qui is the subject of sumus, and takes its number and person, not from an immediate antecedent, but from the possessive nostra in the preceding clause, our bodies being equivalent to the bodies of us. This is a usage of the English as well as the Latin language. Of this the following are examples: "In the general warfare of the age, the advantage was on their side, who were most commonly the assailants."-Gibbon.

"In the same year was published my 'Inquiry,' which, in my own opinion, who ought not to judge on that subject, is, of all my writings, incomparably the best."-Hume.

"That our bodies may be protected from harm (the bodies of us), who, wretched, needy, are destitute, through the harsh treatment and cruelty of usurers, most of us of our country (the privileges of citizenship), but all of our characters and fortunes." Patriæ, fama, fortunis, are all, though differing in case, governed by expertes. See Rule 20.

The subject

Licuit-nor was it lawful for any of us to take the benefit of the law, agreeably to the custom of our ancestors. of this verb is the whole of the following clause.

Uti lege. See Observation 6, under Rule 3.
More. See Rule 6.

Amisso patrimonio. See Rule 14.

8. Cuidam-to one Publius Umbrenus. See Rule 24. Existimans. The order is, "Existimans eos oppressos ære alieno publice privatimque facile posse adduci ad tale consilium, quod gens Gallica bellicosa esset natura."

Eos-that they being overwhelmed. The subject of posse. See Rule 7.

Ære alieno-with debt; literally, "other men's brass." This is governed by oppressos. See Rule 14.

Publice privatimque-publicly and privately, i. e. their state, and they themselves individually, were overwhelmed with debt. Ad tale consilium. The preposition is often repeated before the governed word, as here. See Rule 26.

Natura-by nature.

Rule 6.

*

Quod in Gallia negotiatus (erat)-because he had carried on business in Gaul.

In eo-in it, the senate.

Nihil auxilii-nothing of aid, no aid.

Uti sui misereretur-that he would take pity on them. See Observation 6, Rule 3.

Nihil tam asperum-saying (understood) that nothing was so

disagreeable, nor so difficult, but that they would most anxiously do it, provided, &c.

Quod foro-because it (the house) was near the forum, and not unacquainted with the plot. In this latter clause the house, by a common figure of speech, is put for the inhabitants. Consilii is governed by aliena on the principle laid down in Rule 17. Quo major auctoritas-in order that a greater weight would attach to his words. For the syntax of sermoni, see Observation 6, under Rule 3.

Eo præsente he (Gabinius) being present, in his presence. Rule 14.

Eos pollicitos then he dismisses them, having promised (after they had first promised) their assistance.

9. Dicendi finem. See Rule 30.

Ceteri verbo-the rest assented in support of different opinions (varie) one to one speaker, another to another (alius adsentiebatur alii). Ceteri verbo is opposed to Marcus Cato and oratio.

Rogatus sententiam.

See Rule 25.

10. In sententiam discessit-voted according to the opinion of Cato. Discedere in sententiam alicujus means "to agree with any one's opinion," and is a phraseology adopted on account of the habit of senators going to the same side of the house who agreed in opinion.

Optimum factum ratus-believing it (to be) the best deed (he could do) to anticipate the night which was coming on, i. e. to do what was to be done.

Quod Tullianum. The more natural antecedent is locus, in which case the relative would be qui. When however the relative is placed between two nouns agrees of different genders, it sometimes, as here with Tullianum, with the latter.

Ad lævam. Supply manum.

Quibus præceptum erat-those persons to whom such command had been issued, &c.

Moribus, factis. See Rule 21.

11. Cum expeditis. Supply militibus, light-armed troops. Versari. The historical infinitive for versabatur.

Laborantibus succurrere-brought succours to those in distress.

See Observation 6, Rule 3.

Omnia providere-took all possible precautions.
Memor generis. See Rule 17.

12. Manifestus-being clearly guilty of.

Prius-quam. These particles are connected in translation: "Did not give up struggling against the truth until."

Supra gratiam-beyond the influence of his money; literally,

'beyond his influence and his money." This is a species of

Hendiadys; a mode of expression usual, especially in the poets, whereby one thing is represented as two.

Parendi sibi. See Rule 30, and Observation 6, Rule 3.

Italia decedere. See Rule 26, which also explains the syntax of Roma in the next passage.

Perituram. Supply esse. The future infinitive.

13. Accepit. The object is ea, the antecedent of quæ, the object of agebat.

Diffidere suis rebus. See Observation 6, Rule 3.
Ipsi liberis vitam. See Rule 24.
Experimentis. See Rule 6.

Cognitum erat genus esse infidum-it had been already known to Metellus by experience that the nation (family) of the Numidians was treacherous, (a nation) of a fickle disposition, and fond of change. The subject of cognitum erat is the sentence.

Genus, the accusative subject of esse.

Ingenio mobili. See the foregoing translation, and Observation 11, Rule 5. Genus is understood.

Novarum rerum. Rule 17.

Tentando. See Rules 6 and 30.
Opportunos-fit for his purpose.

Pollicendo. Rules 6 and 30.

Jugurtham sibi traderent. Rule 24.

Maxime vivum-alive especially; that is, if possible.

Nunciari. The subject is ea, the antecedent of quæ.

"He

orders that such an answer should be openly given to the king as would be according to his (the king's) pleasure;" as would please

him.

14. Amat-loves, i. e. is wont.

Ictu. See Rule 10, and Sentences 23, 24, 25, given by way of illustration under it.

15. Divis orte. See Rule 27.

Pollicitus, agreeing with tu, the subject of abes.

Instar veris your countenance like the spring.

Ut mater-as a mother with vows, omens, and prayers calls for her youthful son, whom the south wind with adverse gales (invido flatu) detains from his sweet home, staying longer than a year (annuo spatio) beyond the waters of the Carpathian sea, nor turns her gaze from the curved shore; in like manner his country, inspired with loyal wishes, seeks for Cæsar.

Rura perambulat. See Rule 26.

Culpari metuit Fides-honour is afraid of being blamed, i. e. does nothing worthy of censure.

Scythen, the accusative singular after a Greek declension. "The frozen Scythian."