from the fact of leagues having been ratified by striking, i. e. sacrificing, a victim.

2. Ex foedere icto-according to the struck league, i. e. the league which had been struck.

Tullus imperat-Tullus commands Mettus inquiring what he (Tullus) would command him, according, &c.

3. Abducti (sunt)—were withdrawn to their homes.

Cui soror. The order is, Cui soror, virgo, fuit obvia, "whom his sister, a virgin, met:" literally, was meeting. Obvia governs a dative.

Quæ desponsa fuerat-who had been betrothed to one of the Curiatii. Mark the force of the pluperfect. The betrothal had occurred before the battle.

Cognitoque and having recognized on her brother's shoulders the military cloak of her spouse. The cloak being recognized. See Rule 14.

Quod ipsa confecerat-which she herself had wrought. See Note under Rule 12, and Rule 12 itself.

4. Qui plurimus-which, very large, very great extent hangs over (overlooks) the city. with qui, i. e. collis.

Aspectat. The subject is qui, i. e. collis.

much, i.e. to a Plurimus agrees

"And which looks

at the opposite citadels from its top," i. e. commands a view of.

Miratur Æneas wonders at the vast size of the city, once but Numidian huts. Magalia is in apposition with molem, which is put for the city itself. See Observation 10, Rule 5.

Strepitumque the noise of the workmen and the paved streets (strata viarum). With strata, loca is understood. "The laid down places of the streets."

Pars ducere muros-some (press on, instant) to raise the walls.

Aptare locum tecto-to fit out or prepare a site for a building, and to enclose it with a ditch.

5. Nescit-knows not how (ne, not, and scire, to know). The object of reddere is beneficium, understood; and the antecedent to qui is ille, understood, the subject of est and of the sentence.

6. Beneficiis ac munificentia. See Rule 6. Cato is the subject of habebatur, understood; which latter has magnus, understood, as its complement.

7. Deus est a God is in the world: i. e. according to the usage of the English, "There is a God."

8. Mea maxima cura. See Observation 10.

Pelago, flammis, both governed by ex, understood.

9. Constat. The subject is the remainder of the sentence,

"That they were the Horatii and the Curiatii is quite well agreed on.'

10. Quibus rebus confectis-which things being accomplished. See Rule 14.

Omnia-all things: equivalent to omnes res. See Rule 15. 13. Patris. The complements undergo no change; the parts changed being the subject, the object, and the verb.

17. Terrent. The verb is plural, to agree with the last-named subject. The verb terret is understood with each of the preceding singular subjects: the learner will observe that this is also the usage of the English language.

18. Quas. The student will pay especial attention to Rules 11, 12, with the Notes under them.

24. Præstantior (præ, before, and stare, to stand).

27. In loco-in the proper place, i.e. at the proper time. Pecuniam negligere, &c., &c., is the subject of est. See Observation 2.

28. Dis. The mark (^) over a word indicates that a letter or syllable is omitted. The word in question is syncopated for divis, the dative and ablative plural of deus; the old nominative was divus. See Definition 9.

Te obire.

Te is the subject. See Rule 7.

Nec-nec. Two necs so coming together are translated, the first, neither; the second, nor. When so situated they are called correlatives; the first being called the antecedent, and the second the consequent.

Decus columen. In apposition with te in the accusative, or Maecenas in the vocative.

29. Cervis, Euro. See Rule 10.

Agente nimbos-than the east wind (Euro) driving before it the clouds. "The cloud-driving east wind."

31. Una, solaque-the one and only thing. Nil admirari. The subject of est.

"To be struck with ad

miration of nothing." To set one's heart on nothing. Beatum. Hominem is understood. See Rule 15.

14.

32. Missis ambagibus-circumlocution being given up. Rule

Accipe-hear. Auribus is understood.

ears."

So accipe (oculis)—“ see.”

Qua ratione-by what means.

"Take in with the

Turdus. Understand si. "If or should a thrush or any other private thing (something for your own private use) be given to you, let it fly thither (be speedily sent) where a great property shines, the owner being an old man." (This is a satire on the

habit of paying court to the rich; of course the language is ironical.)

33. From ille to miles inclusive is a periphrasis for agricola, a husbandman. "He who turns up the sluggish soil with the hard ploughshare, the soldier, and the sailors who bold (boldly) voyage through every sea, say (aiunt) that they endure toil with this intent, that they (when) old may retire into safe ease (a quiet life of ease) when provisions (a subsistence) have been put up by them."

Sibi. The dative after the passive verb congesta sint. See Rule 8, and Observation 2 under it.

35. Invidia vulgi-the dissatisfaction of the common people (the cause of which was) that the public fortune was given up to the keeping of three champions warped (turned from the path of honour) the fickle disposition of the dictator. And, since straightforward plans had not turned out well, he began to attach (to himself) the affections of his subjects by dishonest (plans, consiliis).

36. Ut prius-as before seeking peace during a period of war (in bello), so (now) seeking war during a time of peace, he rouses to arms other states, because he perceived that his own state had more courage (of courage) than strength. The student will observe that the principal verb does not necessarily come first in the sentence, and that it cannot be in a subsidiary or dependent clause, such as that beginning with quia in this place, the words wherein are employed to give a reason for the act expressed by concitat.

Plus animorum is the accusative subject of esse. "He perceived that more of courage was to his own state." For the syntax of civitati see Rule 9, with the Observations under it.

37. Regno diviso-the kingdom being divided, i. e. after the division of the kingdom.

Et Jugurtha-and (when, postquam) Jugurtha perceived that he had obtained (sese adeptum esse) the reward of his perfidy, thinking that that was true (id esse certum) which he had heard, viz. that all things were saleable (to be had for money) at Rome, and also (simul) fired by the promises of those whom he had a short time before satiated with money, &c. &c.

See Rule 7.

Africa, the ablative governed by ex, understood. Sese, the accusative subject of adeptum esse. Certum ratus. Supply id (for eam rem) esse. Quod acceperat. See Rules 11, 12, and Notes; also Note on accipe in sentence 32 of the foregoing.

Roma-at Rome. The syntax of this and such words will be hereafter laid down in a definite rule.

38. Facinoris. Facinus is a deed, good or bad; scelus, a deed always bad.

Brevi, an adverb, or the ablative of brevis, agreeing with tempore, understood.

İllum alterum—the other. Illum supplies the place of the definite article wanted in Latin.

Bello meliores-those who were superior in war (follow) the other.

Quam maximas copias—as great a number or forces as possible. This is a common phraseology in Cæsar, Sallust, and Livy.

Partim vi-some by violent measures, others of their own free will.

39. Prodigus, stultus. See Rule 15.

Quæ spernit-the things which he despises. The antecedent of quæ is ea-those things; and the ea (which is understood) is the object of donat. This is a common usage in the Latin language, and nearly allied to the conversion of the relative and the antecedent in English into the compound what.

40. Tenera cervice-the docile horse of (possessed of) tender (flexible) neck. See Observation 11, under Rule 5.

Ire viam-to go the way. This accusative may be regarded as governed by the intransitive ire, in like manner as intransitive verbs in English are followed by an objective case analogous to the verb in signification: as, "He walked a distance of forty miles." It is evident, however, that the object in both languages is governed by a preposition understood.

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41. A jar (or vessel) will long retain the odour with which (when) fresh it has once been tinged."

42. Culture-to learning or philosophy. modet.

Governed by com

See Observation 6, under Rule 3. 43. "You see with how much labour of mind and body you shun those misfortunes which you believe (to be) the greatest;' viz. a small income and degrading rejection (when seeking a political office).

Quæ maxima credis. Mala is the object of devites, and the antecedent of quæ, and this quæ is the accusative subject of esse understood: mala is out of its proper clause as the antecedent. This is a species of attraction, the name given to a construction of which the Latin and especially the Greek writers were very fond.

Censum, repulsam, in apposition with mala.

Ne cures ea-do you not wish, i. e. will you not learn, and hear, and intrust yourself to a better person (one of more experience, i. e. a philosopher), that you may not (lest you may)

regard those things which you foolishly admire and wish for. Ne is equivalent to ut non.

44. Minor-until (the horse) worse, i. e. vanquished in the long conflict.

Discessit, the subject is equus.

Sic qui-in like manner the man (homo, understood) who fearing poverty gives up his liberty (caret libertate), preferable to metals, wretch that he is (improbus agreeing with homo), will carry a master and will be a slave for ever, because he will not know (how) to use a little, i. e. to be content with a competency.

Libertate is the ablative governed by caret; it will be laid down hereafter that verbs of abounding and the opposite are followed by the ablative.

Metallis, parvo. For the syntax of these words respectively consult Rule 10, and Observation 6, Rule 3. Also with regard to the adjective parvo, consult Rule 15.

45. "One man (hic) fears the load as too great for his little soul and little body (literally, greater than his soul, &c. &c.). Another (hic) goes under it, and carries it through. Either virtue is an empty name, or the man who has made the attempt justly lays claim to the glory and the reward."

46. Consulares omnes- all persons of consular rank. Magnus atque clarus. See Rules 15 and 13.

47. "I was aware that they (the Romans) had often contended against (with, cum) numerous legions of the enemy with small forces (a handful of men). I had known that wars had been waged (gesta esse) against opulent kings with small resources; moreover (ad hoc, in addition to this) that they (I had known that they, the Romans) had often endured the shock (a reverse) of fortune; (I had known) that the Greeks were before (excelled) the Romans in eloquence, that the Gauls (excelled them) in the glory of war (military glory). And to me, pondering over many things, it was evident that the distinguished virtue of a few citizens had accomplished all, and by this means that it had happened that poverty overcame riches, and a few men (paucitas) overcame a great number.

Contendisse, gesta esse, toleravisse, fuisse, patravisse, factum esse. The accusative subjects of these infinitives respectively are, Romanos, bella, Romanos, Græcos, and Gallos, virtutem, the whole sentence from uti to superaret inclusive.

Constabat. The subject is the whole sentence from paucorum to superaret inclusive.

48. Cato, the subject of habebatur, understood.

Ille-huic. The former became (factus est) illustrious by his