In the third perfon fingular, prefent time, indicative mode, the termination of the verb is generally in s, inftead of th or eth, in the polite and familiar ftyle: as, he has, inftead of he hath; he loves, for he loveth. But in the very folemn and serious style the termination is in th.

Prefent, Being-Perfect, Been ;-Paft, Having been.

The

The Variation of the Verb active according to Perfon, Number, Time, and Mode.

Perfons. 2.Love thou, or do thou love, Love ye, or doye love.

3. Let him love;

Let them love.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE-Prefent Time.

We

hall or will love.

They

Let us love.

INFINITIVE MODE.

Prefent, To love;-Paft, To have loved.

PARTICIPLE.

Prefent, Loving;-Perfect, Loved;-Paft, Having loved.

In the plural number of the subjunctive mode, the imperfect and perfect times are put together. The verb in the prefent time, and the auxiliary of the present and paft imperfect times of this mode, frequently have a future fignification; as, "if he arrive (hereafter) we fhall do well:" "if he should, or would come (to-morrow), I might, would, could, or Shouldspeak to him." The auxiliaries Should and would, in the past imperfect, are alfo ufed to exprefs the three fpecies of time, prefent, paft, and future: as, "it is my defire that he should or would come (now or to-morrow), and it was my defire that he should or would come (yesterday)." Therefore, in this mode, the time of the verb is known moftly by the nature of the fentence.

The three grand divifions of time, into prefent, past, and future, are called indefinite, or undeterminate time; but each of thefe are fubdivided into imperfect and perfect time, which, fubdivifion is called definite or determined time,

I fhall (then) be loving, I fhall be loved, I fhall be entering.

Future Perfect.

I shall (then) have loved, I shall have been loved, I shall have entered.

It is not neceffary to give the variations of the definite times, as they are formed only by the proper variations of the auxiliaries, joined to the prefent or perfect participle.

In the formation of these definite times, the active and rienter verbs are alike; the paffive verb differs from the active, only in having the perfect participle instead of the prefent in the imperfect times; and having the perfect participle been in the perfect times.

The paffive verb is formed through all its variations of perfon, number, tine, and mode, by adding the perfect, or paffive participle (both which are the fame, and in all regu lar verbs the fame as the indefinite past time active) to the auxiliary verb to be, through all its variations: as, I am loved, I was loved, I fhall be loved, thou art loved, &c.; the object is placed before the verb, and is in the nominative case, and the agent follows the verb, and is in the objective case, accompanied with a prepofition: as, I am loved by him. Here the pronoun him is the agent, as he performs the action, viz. loves, and is placed in the objective cafe; and the perfonal pronoun is the object, and is placed first, and is in the nominative cafe.

The neuter verb is formed through all its variations like the active verb; but as it does not exprefs any action or paffion, but only a ftate or condition of being, it, confequently, can have no object to be acted upon it therefore has only an agent, and that always in the nominative cafe: as, I am, I fleep. But in fome instances the neuter verb has a paffive form; this is in fome verbs which fignify a sort of motion, or change of place or condition: as, I am rifen, I was fallen, I am come, I was gone. Thefe verbs partake somewhat of the nature of the paffive verb, though they have still the neuter fignification. The auxiliary am, was, defines the time of the verb.

The two principal auxiliaries have already been declined through all their variations. The auxiliary to have, through its feveral variations, is placed only before the perfect, participle;

C 2

ciple; to be is alfo placed before the prefent and perfect participle. The other auxiliaries are placed before the verb, or another auxiliary in its original form,

The nature of the other auxiliaries should be just mentioned. Do, past time did, expreffes the action, or the time of it, with peculiar force.. It is much ufed in interrogative and negative fentences. Italfo fupplies the place of a verb, and renders the repetition of it unneceffary; as, "go and do thou likewife." Let expreffes permiflion, but its chief ufe is in forming the imperative mode, which it does,

The poffibility of performing an action depends upon the power of the agent; and is expreffed,

abfolute,

when {ational,} by the auxiliary canid.

*

The liberty of performing an action depends upon a freedom from all hindrances; and is expreffed,

when {abfolutional,} by the auxiliary {might.

When the agent expreffes the refolution of his own will, to perform an action; it is expreffed,

if Sabfolute,

{ conditional,} by the auxiliary {

will

would.

The neceffity of performing an action from fome external obligation, whether it be natural or moral, and what we call duty; is expreffed,

if fabfolute,

conditional, by the auxiliary Į muft, ought, shall. } muft, ought, fhould. Some of the auxiliaries vary their import according to the person with which they are joined; thus will, in the first perfon, both fingular and plural, promises or threatens; in the fecond and third perfons only foretels: hall, on the contrary, in the firft only foretels; in the, fecond or third, promises, commands, or threatens. But this rule regards explicative

fentences