MISSIONS AT HOME AND ABROAD. Papers and Addresses presented at the World's Congress of Missions, October 2-4, 1893. Compiled by the Rev. E. M. Wherry, D. D., Corresponding Secretary World's Congress of Missions. New York: American Tract Society. 1895. (Pp. 486. 54x34) $2.00.

This handy volume is by no means the least valuable of the echoes that continue to come from the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, two years ago, and may serve as a partial antidote to some of the incidental evils connected with the grand Parliament of Religions. The papers collected in this volume cover the whole field of missions, and are prepared by those who have given special attention to each department treated. The work of Missionary Societies is presented by Rev. A. N. Hitchcock, District Secretary of the A. B. C. F. M., Chicago. City missions are discussed in their various phases by Rev. Dr. Burrell of New York City, Mackay-Smith of Washington, D. C., and Professor Graham Taylor of Chicago. Home Missions are discussed in three papers, by Rev. Drs. Roberts of New York City, Wishard of Ogden, Utah, and Hillis of Evanston, Ill., while to Foreign Missions seven papers are devoted by Drs. Smith of Edinburgh, Washburn of Constantinople, Scott of Chicago, Hayden of Cleveland, Wood of Callao, Peru, Dennis of Beirut, and Bishop Nicholson of Philadelphia,

Among the special topics treated are "Beacon Lights from the World's Mission Fields," to which four papers were devoted: "Auxiliary Agencies in Missions," to which six papers were devoted, one upon "Science and Missions" by Professor Wright of Oberlin, and one by Rev. Dr. Clark upon the "Responsibility of Young People and their Societies for Missions." There are two papers upon "Money and Missions," and four upon "Comity and Coöperation." The closing paper is by Joseph Cook upon "The Victories and the Hopes of Missions." Altogether the volume is one of great value. Nowhere else can one find, in the same compass, so much information concerning missions, and so much healthy discussion of the various topics directly and indirectly related to mission work.

EVOLUTION AND THE IMMANENT GOD. An Essay on the Natural Theology of Evolution. By William F. English, Ph. D., Pastor of the First Congregational Church, East Windsor, Conn. Boston: Arena Publishing Co. (Pp. 122. 5x34) $1.00.

This is a concise and well-considered essay on Evolution as related to Theism. It accepts the general results of the theory of Evolution and maintains with candid and sound argument that between these conclusions and the truths of Scripture there is not only no conflict, but a mutual gain, when to each we add the truth of the other. The arguments for the belief in the existence and benevolence of God are considered in order, with the result that while evolution is not able to remove every difficulty, "it does not complicate the problem, and, on the whole, may be said to powerfully aid and reinforce our conception of an Immanent

God, whose beneficence is illustrated in the progress of development, and will, we believe, become ever increasingly manifest as we come more fully to understand that process, and as its ideals and aims are more fully realized" p. 82). The relation of evolution to revelation, providence and prayer, is considered, with the result that, while the form in which belief in these doctrines is often stated must be given up, the essence of the doctrines remains. As to immortality, the author is ready to affirm that the doctrine of evolution demands "some belief in immortality to afford a satisfactory and worthy end for its processes."

The book is temperate, reasonable, and good. One need not agree with the author's reasoning at every point to commend it heartily. In the main it is in entire accord with what an increasing number of thoughtful Christians regard as true.

THE WRITINGS OF THOMAS PAINE. Collected and Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway, author of "Life of Thomas Paine." Vols. II., III. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1894. (Pp. 523, 436. 784) $2.50 per volume.

The second volume of Paine's collected works includes his writings from 1779 to 1792. The most important of these is his treatise on "The Rights of Man," and the principal new document is the Preamble to the Act of Emancipation, passed by the Philadelphia Assembly in 1780, which was introduced on the day that Paine became clerk of that body, and is believed by the editor, on comparative and other evidence, to have been the work of Paine. It resembles his plea for emancipation published in the first volume, and is said to be the earliest Act of Emancipation passed in America. The religion of this volume is the single sentence in "The Rights of Man" that "every religion is good that teaches man to be good."

The third volume covers the period 1791-1803, and contains, among the rest, the letters from Paine to Monroe, written from the Luxembourg prison, where, as Conway again affirms, he was placed through the hos tility of Governeur Morris. Here, too, is the letter to Washington, which has taxed Paine's reputation as severely as anything he ever wrote OLD SOUTH LEAFLETS. Edited by Mr. Edwin Mead. Nos, 48-57. Boston: Directors of the Old South Work, Old South Meeting-House, Boston. (615x334.) 5 cents each; $4.00 per hundred.

No. 48. -Bradford's Memoir of Elder Brewster (8 pp.); No. 49.Governor Bradford's First Dialogue (24 pp.); No. 50.--Winthrop's "Couclusions for the Plantation in New England" (12 pp.); No. 51.—“New England's First Fruits," 1643 (16 pp.); No. 52.—John Eliot's "Indian Grammar Begun" (16 pp.); No. 53.-John Cotton's "God's Promise to his Plantation" (16 pp.); No. 54.—Letters of Roger Williams to Winthrop (20 pp.); No. 55.-Thomas Hooker's "Way of the Churches of New Eng land" (16 pp.); No. 56.-The Monroe Doctrine (20 pp.); No. 57.-The English Bible, Extracts from the Important English Versions of the Bible from Wiclif's to the King James Version (20 pp.).

SCCIOLOGY.

AT the call of the executive committee appointed by the convention held in Oberlin on the 14th of November, 1894,1 the Oberlin Summer School of Sociology assembled upon the 20th of June, and remained in session ten days, having three addresses each day, followed by discussions. The suggestion of ex-President Harrison, that there be brought together on the occasion both the leaders of labor and employers, was followed, and the representation of all classes engaged in economic discussions was fuller than any other convention within our knowledge except the World's Fair Conference. To represent the interest of wageearners, there were Hon. Clarence S. Darrow, attorney for the American Railway Union, who conducted the defense of Mr. Debs; Mr. Robert Bandlow, editor of the Cleveland Citizen; Mr. Thomas J. Morgan, leader of the socialists of Chicago; Mr. Samuel Gompers, ex-President of the American Federation of Labor; and Mr. James R. Sovereign, Grand Master Workman of the Order of the Knights of Labor. Representing various theoretical and practical interests there were Rev. Washington Gladden, D. D., LL.D., of Columbus; Mr. Z. Swift Holbrook, of Chicage; Mr. N. O. Nelson, of St. Louis; Professor John B. Clark, of Columbia College; Rev. Levi Gilbert, D. D., of Cleveland; Professor S. F. Weston, of Western Reserve University; Professor T. N. Carver, of Oberlin; Colonel Carroll D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, Washington, D. C.; Miss Jane Addams of the Hull House, Chicago; Rev. James Brand, D.D., and Rev. Henry M. Tenney, D. D., of Oberlin. Each of these read a paper, and several of them two or three.

Mr. Darrow maintained that the use of the injunction by the courts, as in the case of Mr. Debs, was a dangerous infringement of the rights of the individual, and a violation of the Constitution, in that it permitted the punishment of a man before he had been tried by a jury of his peers to determine whether or not he was guilty; and that, even if he were guilty, it violates the Constitution in permitting him to be put in jeopardy of his liberty twice for the same offense. The trial of Mr. Debs before a jury is pending, yet he is punished by order of the court for inciting insurrection in contempt of its injunction. If the jury shall declare Debs innocent, then the court has punished a presumably innocent man. This is a dangerous power to lodge in the hands of judges, as has been proved by long experience in English history. It is better to suffer almost any amount of inconvenience than to undermine the foundations of liberty that have been laid at so great expense.

1 See Bibliotheca Sacra for January, 1895, pp. 186-188.

To this, Mr. Holbrook, who had been one of the Grand Jury to indict Mr. Debs, replied, that Mr. Debs would not be punished twice for the same offense, since the act of inciting to insurrection is distinct from the act of contempt. In a republican form of government, where the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary can be so easily changed, it is especially important to bow to existing laws and decisions, and patiently await the dissolution of an injunction by an appeal to the courts and, failing in that, to remedy existing laws by an appeal to the general public for a change of the laws and the administration. With our form of government there is no excuse for open resistance to the order of court. The use of the injunction is ordinarily of greatest advantage to the wageearner, since it allows him peremptorily to arrest an infringement upon his rights and secure an immediate decision of the case before an irreparable injury has been done. In resisting these forms of law provided for emergencies, wage-earners are in imminent danger of destroying the ship upon which their own safety, as well as that of everyone else, depends.

Dr. Gladden's first address was entitled "Is Society an Organism?" In this he exposed the fallacies of thoroughgoing individualism, showing that no unit in society stands alone, but each is dependent for his wellbeing upon union with the whole, to which he contributes his quota of good. But, on the other hand, society is not an organism in which the individual is completely absorbed. Each individual has freedom of will and is able partially to rise above and resist the conditions of life, and by virtue of his spiritual endowments to attain a noble ideal, even amidst the wreck of all earthly plans. Still, practically, the reflex influence of society upon the individual is of the highest importance, and every possible effort should be directed towards securing the conditions of life most favorable to the development of noble character. This principle is recognized by everyone in the efforts of each family to control the conditions under which the life of the children develop. The larger study of sociology legitimately aims to secure, in some degree for all, the advan tages provided for a few in the most cultivated families. There is no nobler subject offered to the human mind for study and philanthropic effort, and none beset with more puzzling problems or with greater difficulties.

Professor Clark in his two addresses defended the proposition, that the law of competition, when limited by due regard to that justice which can be rightfully claimed for the individual, is our surest dependence for securing the highest attainable social prosperity; but it is necessary that the field be free, and that there should be legal protection against combinations and trusts whose object is to diminish rather than to increase and cheapen production. Here is the great field for legislation, and one which is beset with extremest difficulty. A single suggestion would indicate what might possibly be done to meet one class of evils,

though he would not have it taken for anything more than a suggestion. The evil contemplated is that where a great corporation, disposing of its products over a large territory, kills off the competition of local dealers, in the locality where competition is arising, by selling the product at less than cost, meanwhile making its own profits in the other centers of trade. It was suggested that possibly the evil might be remedied by a law making the price uniform throughout the country, and making it illegal to collect a larger price for the product in any one place than the same firm asked for it in another, making due allowance for the differences in the cost of distribution. But all such laws must be thought out with great care and their enforcement will be beset with great difficulties.

Dr. Gilbert laid less stress upon drink as a cause of poverty than is usually done. From the facts collected in Cleveland by Mr. Mellen, it appears that, great as is the influence of drinking habits in producing poverty, it does not have that overshadowing position among the causes which many assign to it. Sexual immorality, shiftlessness, and downright laziness are among the causes which need to be emphasized more fully, Much as the pauper class which one encounters in the cities thirst for drink, they do not have any corresponding hunger for work, but will do almost anything to avoid it.

Professor S. F. Weston read a paper on "Ethics, Economics, and Business," which will be published in a future number of the BIBLIOTHECA SACRA.

Mr. Bandlow confined himself to a presentation of some of the facts concerning the relief work of labor organizations. One of the most interesting methods of relief practiced by wage-earners, and a method less appreciated than any other by the general public, is that afforded by the wage-earners who have a job, surrendering it for a certain number of days in a month to those who are out of work, thus keeping them along during dull times until business revives. The extent to which wage-earners assist each other in such unobtrusive ways is one of the most encouraging facts, since it brings into play personal sympathy coupled with the best opportunities for knowledge of the facts upon which the sympathy is based. Indeed, the extent to which wage-earners afford each other assistance during periods of trouble goes far to relieve distress which would otherwise be unendurable.

Professor Carver presented with much fullness the evidence going to show that the law of competition is on the whole beneficent, maintaining that in a free and enlightened community the prevailing motives of self-interest coincided with the general good, since the main opportunities to barter one's services arose from the fact that they minister to the wants of others. The main hope of social progress, therefore, lies in the enlightenment of individuals concerning their highest wants, and the maintenance of the freest possible competition, which will permit others to minister to those wants in the most effective manner.