1804.] Lit. and Phil. Intel...Great Britain...Papiri...Infant Poor. recovered, many years since, as is generally known, from the ruins of HERCULANEUM and POMPEII. His SICILIAN MAJESTY ordered these MSS. to be unrolled, transcribed, and printed. From the brittle state in which the heat had left them, the process of unrolling was extremely difficult and tedious. In forty-six years not more than eighteen rolls had been unfolded. Of those, two only have been published: one on Mus.c, by PHILODEMUS, contemporary with CICERO, a very scientific treatise; and the other, on Cookery. The business, however, proceeded, till the late invasion of the French occasioned an interruption. In the year 1800, the PRINCE OF WALES directed the Reverend JOHN HAYTER to proceed to Italy, and to exert himself, under the permission of the KING OF NAPLES, in unrolling and transcribing the MSS. The interposition of the Prince has so much revived the drooping spirits of the Italian Literati, that Ninety MSS. have been unrolled in two years. Several of these will be published in the first instance at Naples, and afterwards in this country. Six original Rolls of Papiri are arrived at Carleton House, as a present from the KING OF NAPLES to the PRINCE OF WALES, which will be given to the world with all convenient speed. The learned and ingenious will be invited to exert their skill in endeavouring, not merely to deve lope their contents, but to contrive some more speedy and efficacious means than have hitherto been practised, for unrolling and transcribing the many volumes which are at present discovered, and the still greater number which may possibly be yet recovered from the ruins. The eruption of Vesuvius, which buried the Cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, happening in the year of our Lord 79, there is good reason to expect the recovery of either the whole, or parts at least, of the best writers of antiquity hitherto deemed irrecoverable; most of them having written before that period, and each of these cities being an established seat of learning, and the resort of the most distinguished Romans. The following arrangement has been made for the Spring Course of Lectures, at the ROYAL INSTITUTION. Geology; Mr. ALLEN, Natural Philosophy; Mr. Davy, Mr. OPIE, Painting; Rev. WILLIAM CROWE, History; Rev. JOHN HEWLETT, Belles Lettres; Dr. SMITH, Botany; Rev. SYDNEY SMITH, Moral Philosophy, 2d Course; Mr. DAVY, Principles and Effects of Science. Mr. J. W. BOSWELL has invented a Tallow Lamp, which regulates its supply by a spontaneous movement. nearly the same height, and of the same It keeps at degree of intensity; and is said to yield the greatest degree of light, at the smallest cost in proportion, of any invention yet nade public, which is applicable to domestic purposes. 769 A Committee of the Inhabitants of BIRpointed, for the purpose of collecting togeMINGHAM was, some years since, apther into an Asylum, specially appropriatit had been till then customary to place ed to the purpose, the Infant Poor; which out to nurse in the surrounding villages, at the parish expence. The Committee have recently published a Copy of the Annual Statements made by them, of the Expences, and estimated Savings, with the average Number of Children maintained each year in the Establishment, from its 1804; which appears well to deserve the Commencement in July 1797 to July attention of other parishes burdened with a numerous Infant Poor, as it proves that only productive of present profit, but of the moderate labour of children is not permanent and extensive benefit to the parish and to society. The average number Asylum, for the above seven years, was of children maintained annually in the about 250. The average cost of these, at nurse, would have been rather more than Asylum it amounted but to 1s. 11d.; pro2s. 6d. each per week; whereas in the ducing a Saving, in the whole seven years, of more than £3000.: besides which savmade considerable earnings in labour suitings in maintenance, the children have ing of pins and sticking them in rows; the ed to their ages; the Boys, in the headGirls, in weaving straw for ladies' hats, knitting, mending linen, &c. The smaller from old ropes: the elder females contrichildren are employed in making oakum bute to the general comfort by their labour in the house, which reduces the establishment to a Governess, Schoolmaster Their habits of industry produce a cheerful and Mistress, and one Female Servant. subordination, and render them more acceptable when called into any service in nefited by the order in which they live: active life. Their health is also much befor many weeks in succession not one is to be seen on the sick list, and seldom more than one or two at a time: few in such a number have died, and none are opdeformity, which was not uncommon while pressed with hard labour so as to produce under the care of hireling nurses in the neighbouring villages. culture, a Paper, intitled, On the Crop of In No. 251 of YOUNG's Annals of Agri1804, is inserted by the Editor, the conknown, both for their great importance at tents of which deserve to be universally this juncture, and the spirit of piety in which the paper is written. Mr. Young respect to wheat, it is by far the worst asserts concerning the last crop, "with that I remember in a period of one-andly counties, the mildew did either not forty years farming. In the most westerprevail, or only to a degree, which was North of the Tyne it was but partial; but not destructive of the crop; and to the in nearly all the rest of the kingdom, and more especially in the productive corn counties on the East coast, it was dreadfully ruinous: some fields not worth reaping, and actually left uncut; others that did not pay for reaping and thrashing: and every reason to believe, on the examination of those with whom I have conversed, men above all intention or idea of deceit, that the produce varies from less than half to two-thirds, or at most three-fourths of an average crop. The same authorities, however, offer three very favourable circumstances:-1st. The stock in hand of old wheat has been larger than usual at the season; 2ndly. The produce of potatoes has been greater than has been known for many years; and 3rdly. All crops, of whatever kind, have been plentiful to redundancy in Scotland, so as to cut off all demand from thence. Favourable, however, as these circumstances certainly are, they cannot be estimated to approach any thing near to a compensation for the deficiency: and we must, consequently, depend on two circumstances-on Importation; but, above all, on ADOPTING SUBSTITUTES FOR WHEAT AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE." We hope our readers will be influenced by such credible and weighty testimony! "That the threatening affliction of the period comes from the hand of God alone," Mr. Young, in a very christian spirit, observes, "none can doubt who know what the season has been; who know, that, in innumerable instances, the richest soils, the most sheltered vales, the most vigorous efforts of good husband ry, have been attended with the worst crops. And if all ranks of the people were more strongly impressed with the certainty of our food depending absolutely on the providence of the Almighty, it might lead to more care in the article of offending him and it is not the slightest offence, ia considering such subjects, to throw His will without the sphere of our inquiries and our reflections, as if His was the only hand unacknowledged, and Om. nipotence the only resource forgotten." Mr. Young remarks, that the population has increased one-fourth since 1770; with out, as he conceives, being accompanied with any thing like a proportionate increase in the quantity of cultivated land. Having shewn that the average price of wheat, for twenty-four years, from 1770 to 1794, was only 5s. 8d. per bushel, he asks, "What possible inducement could there be, for any extension of the culture of wheat, to sell it at such a price, so depressed by a constant importation? It is hardly possible to suppose, that, under such circumstances, such an increase," as might keep pace with the increased popu. lation of that very period, "could take place. If it did not, who can be surprised at Three Scarcities occurring in the following period," namely, from 1794 to : 1804? "Give your farmers a steady adequate price for wheat at all times, and scarcities, as much as they depend, or can depend, on human exertions, would be at an end."- 15 It can never be too often repeated, that low prices are sure, in the end, to produce scarcities."" With such a population, and such a police of corn, we have nothing to expect but a series of great vibrations in price; scarcities producing high prices; these, a vigo rous culture; such animation, great plenty; plenty depressing the price as much too low; and inadequate returns again causing scarcity." The increased number of horses too, within the last thirty years, is stated by Mr. Young as having had no inconsiderable effect, from their consump tion of all the products of pasturage, in preventing the culture of corn increasing, as it ought to have done, with the popula tion. "Throughout the period," he observes," in which wheat stood at 5s. 8d. per bushel, meat, butter, and cheese advanced very much in price; because na tional wealth much increased the demand for them, and importation could not, as in the case of corn, supply that demand: the price being on the advance, and not being subject to ruinous variations, the supply has been as regular as the demand. And this fact well deserves a serious attention; for it shews, that plenty will be produced of whatever product is well and regularly paid for. Why is Barley at this moment £3. a quarter? Because last February, March, and April, it was at 22s., and the farmers so affected by that inadequate price that they would not sow it. This is, in one word, the History of our Corn; and so it will continue till a new policy is embraced; and sufficient means are taken to prevent prices becoming too high, by never permitting them to become too low." We have thus given the substance of this Paper, because we think it a matter of public concern, that such views should be formed on this subject as may lead to seasonable and immediate economy. Mr. Bryant has bequeathed his valuable library to King's College, Cambridge, of which Society he was formerly a member. FRANCE. The Prefect of Police has published a List, containing the names of all persons of the Faculty, registered at the Police, and qualified to administer to the health of the Parisians. These are classed as follows: 217 old Physicians; 255 old Surgeons; 111 Doctors of Medicine; 10 Doctor in Surgery; 252 Officers of Health; and 233 Midwives. In conformity to a Decree of the Minister of the Interior, the Art of Swimming is, in future, to be taught in the Lyceums and Secondary Schools. Mr. ARTHUR O'CONNOR has lately pub 1801.] Lit. & Phil. Intel...Germany... Denmark...Prussia...Russia, &c. lished, at Paris, a Review of the Present State of Great Britain. In this work he pretends to prove that the Bank of EngLand is actually in a state of bankruptcy, and that the Government must inevitably and speedily be overthrown. This, independent of every other consideration, he says, the progress of information and in dustry among the neighbouring nations is capable of effecting. France alone, by the flourishing condition she enjoys in consequence of the destruction of all privileges, is capable of producing this revolution. The motive which induced the Government to engage in the present war, he supposes to be, that they might more conveniently bring about a general bankruptcy. GERMANY. About a century since, SOPHIA ELEONORA, of Stolberg, began a Collection of Funeral Orations; which has been preserved and increased, till it is now become so considerable, that the Catalogue of it, about to be published, forms of itself a large folio volume. The Court of Munich is particularly engaged in a System of Education, in the territory which the Elector has acquired in Suabia. There will be three principal Seminaries established, viz. at Ulm, Dillengen, and Kempten. The Professors will be chosen of all communions, and the Doctrines of the principal Christian Churches will be taught there. Each of these Seminaries will have two Directors of Instruction, of whom the one will be Roman Catholic, and the other Protestant. The superintendance will be in 771 trusted to the Director-General of Instruction at Munich. DENMARK. Professor NYERUP, of Copenhagen, proNorway, from the Ninth to the Nineteenth poses to publish a Historical, Statistical, Century. The Danish Chancery has grantand Literary Description of Denmark and ed him permission to search the Ar chives. PRUSSIA. Counsellor D'OEFIELD has formed a 20,000 florins. Collection of 68,000 Geographical Maps, which the King has lately purchased for RUSSIA. Dr. LINDE, Director of the Museum at a Dictionary of the Slavonic Tongue. Warsaw, has been ten years employed on establish a Printing Office with Indian M. LEBEDEF has obtained permission to characters. He purposes to procure Translations of the best productions of French, German, and Russian Literature, and to diffuse them through Indostan. AMERICA. Palmyra, discovered a New Island, on the Captain SowLE, in the American Ship 10th Nov. 1802, in the South Sea, situated in North latitude 5 deg. 49 min., and in West longitude 162 deg. 23 min. from London; which he named Palmyra Island, after his vessel. in extent; uninhabited; abounds in cocoanuts; and is surrounded by large shoals of It is about three leagues various kinds of fish. LIST OF NEW PUBLICATIONS. THEOLOGY. A SERMON preached at the New Meeting- Strictures on Methodism. 2s. 6d. A Sermon preached at St. Mary's, Stafford, at the Visitation by the Archdeacon, August 1804. By the Rev. Edward Whitby. 1s. Religion the Nurse of Loyalty. A Sermon, preached August, 1804, at the Assizes at Lancaster. By T. Wilson, B. D. 1s. 6d. The Importance of the Christian Ministry. A Sermon, preached at Hebden Bridge, May 24, 1804, on Occasion of the Establishment of the Northern Education Society. By Thomas Langdon. 1s. The Divine Being a God that bideth and Improved. A Sermon occasioned by The House of Mourning and the House Separating from the Church of England, in A Plain and Practical Discourse, Explanatory of the Communion Service of the Church of England. By Charles Plumptre, A. M. 8vo. Christian Beneficence. The Anniversary Sermon at the Meeting of the Society for the Benefit of the Widows and Orphans of deceased Clergymen, within the Diocese of Durham. Preached September, 1804. By Charles Plumptre, M. A. 4to. MISCELLANEOUS. Nouveau Dictionnaire Historique; ou, Histoire Abrégé de tous les Hommes qui se sont fait un Nom par des Talens, des Vertus, des Forfaits, des Erreurs, &c. depuis le Commencement du Monde jusqu' à nos jours; avec des Tables Chronologiques, pour reduire en Corps d'Histoire les Articles repandus dans le Dictionnaire. Par Chandon & Delandine. 8vo. nouvelle Edit. revue, corrigée, et considérablement augmentée. 13 vols. £6.6s. A short View of the actual State of the Volunteers, with Hints to the Officers commanding Volunteer Brigades, with Sugges tions for the more perfect Organization of the Volunteer System. By an Officer of the Regulars. Is. List of the Officers of the Militia of the United Kingdom. and Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer la fantry. A Letter to Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Robert Wilson, on his "Enquiry into the present State of the British Empire," &c. 2s. Remarks on Sir Robert Wilson's "Enquiry;" more particularly the Battle of Zama, and the Volunteer System. Also, Elucidations of the Obstructions to the Recruiting Service. Is. 6d. Observations on the Climate, Natural Productions, and the Manufactures of Ireland. By William Paterson, M. D. 8vo. 9s. Observations on the Change of Public Opinion in Religion, Politics, and Medicine; on the Conduct of the War; on the prevailing Diseases in Great Britain; and on Medical Arrangements in the Army and Navy. 2 vols. 4to. £3. 13s. 6d. A Letter addressed to Lord Hobart, Principal Secretary of State for the Colonial Department. By Colonel Thomas Picton, late Governor of Trinidad, &c. An Oration, commemorative of the late Major General Hamilton, pronounced before the New York State Society of the With Cincinnati. By J. Mason, D. D. the Particulars of the Duel, &c. 1s. The East India Directory and Register 5s. 6d. List of the Officers of the Gentlemen for 1805. RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE. ABSTRACT OF THE ACCOUNT OF THE PROTEST AΝΤ MISSIONS IN THE EAST INDIES FOR THE YEAR 1803, PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE IN THEIR LAST ANNUAL REPORT. THE Rev. Messrs. Kohlhoff and Holzberg, in a Letter, dated at Tanjore, 29 Dec. 1802, state that they had attended to the Congregations and Schools in that place, and that they and their native assistants had also made several journies to publish the word of God in various towns and villages of the Tanjore, province, and that, by the blessing of God, several new Congregations had been lately formed. At Kanandagudi, a village 18 miles from Tanjore, about 40 families bad come to the resolution of renouncing the worship of their dumb idols, and turning unto God; and having been carefully instructed they were admitted into the Congregation by Baptism. At Adanjour a village 17 miles from Tanjore, 9 families had received Baptism; and, there being several Christian families near it, they had erected a temporary building for divine worship, and had stationed there a Catechist Assistant, who had been found faithful in the discharge of his duty. At Leraloor, five miles from Tanjore, families had been brought to the knowledge of the Gospel; and there being some Christian families in the neighbouring villages, a neat brick and tiled Chapel had been erected by a member of their Congregation, named Sandoshee Pulley, who held an employment in the Company's service. The Chapel was finished during Mr. Gericke's progress through the country, and it was opened by him on the 5th of November, 1802, by prayer, and a sermon from Rom. xii. 1, 2. After the sermon, 24 persons received the Holy Sacrament, nine of whom were members of this new Congregation; and 19 Catechumens, who had been ten weeks under instruction, were baptized. It is with much satisfaction the Missionaries report, that the far greater number of these converts were not ashamed to confess the name of Christ, but endeavoured to honour the holy religion they had embraced, by a conformity to those sacred truths and duties, in which they had been instructed. They also inform the Society, that, by God's gracious Providence, they had finished the School-House at Tanjore, which would accommodate above 1000 children. There being a large Congrega tion at Pudapatts, situated westward of Tanjore, a Chapel had been erected there, and opened last July. An able Catechist, educated by the late Mr. Swartz, was stationed at that place, and had hitherto given satisfaction to the Missionaries, by attention to his duty. At Kanandagudi, a small spot of ground had been purchased, and a temporary building for divine worship was intended to be erected as soon as possible. The increase of the Tamulian Congregation had been considerable. In the year 1801, they baptized 365, among whom were 50 Iufants born of Christian parents; they had received 21 from the popish communion; they had administered the Sacrament to 399 persons; they had married 12 couples, and buried 29 bodies. In the year 1802, they had baptized 323, among whom were 63 born of Christian parents; they had received from Popery 54; they had administered the Sacrament to 585 persons; they had married 21 couples, and buried 36 bodies. There were 8 Scholars in the English School, and in the Provincial Schools of Tanjire aud Cumbagonam, about 40. In the Tamulian Shool, consisting only of Children born in the Congregation, 33 Seminarists were in training to serve as Catechists, besides whom, there were 85 Charity Boys, 28 Day Scholars, and 36 Girls. The Missionaries at Tranquebar, and Mr. Gericke at Madras, had kindly furnished them with Tamulian books, to the utmost of their power, but not adequately to their wants; and they had been supplied with Bibles from Tranquebar, for the Tanjore and Polamcatta Missions. In the month of September, they had been visited by Mr. Pohle, of whose state of health they give a very indifferent account. The Rev. Mr. Gerické, in a Letter dated at Vepery, 14 Feb. 1803, informs the Society that he had recently been through the Mysore country, and thence to Palamcotto, visiting all their Congregations, and that it had pleased God to awaken a sense of Religion in the inhabitants of whole villages, insomuch that of their own accord they had sought instruction from the neighbouring Christians, and their Catechists, and from Sattianaden, and had wished anxiously for his coming, to be farther instructed and baptized. The first of these villages, to which he had been called, was newly built by Catechumens, who had before lived in neighbouring places, and their Church was finished when he arrived to preach and baptize in it. In four other villages, the inhabitants being unanimous in their resolution of embracing the Christian Faith, put away their CHRIST. OBSERV. No. 36. idols, and converted their temples into Christian Churches, and were instructed and baptized in them. For another new village, and Church for Catechumens, that lived dispersed, he bad bought a piece of ground, and instructed and baptized in it, under a temporary shade. On his depar ture from the Tinnavelly country, where this had happened, messages were received from many villages, requesting him to stay a few months longer, and to do in their villages what had been done in others, Not conceiving himself at liberty to do so, he had recommended them to Sattianaden, to the old Catechists, and to the new Assistants. By these means, there had been instructed, and baptized, about twice the number that he had baptized, which were above 1300. But, extraordinary as these conversions of several thousands were, no less extraordinary was the persecution suffered from their heathen neighbours, and particularly from some men in office under the Collector. The very night on which he returned to Vepery, he received a letter on the melancholy subject; and nothing prevented his return to that part of the country, but serious indisposition. Mr. Kolhoff, however, had resolved to visit the new Congregations, and with the assistof Mr. Gericke's letters, he trusted relief would be afforded; and the presence of so good a pastor as Mr. K. would tend, by God's grace, to comfort them all, and to confirm and strengthen the weak among them. Sattianaden seemed to be quite depressed at the cruelties exercised upon the Christians, and the reports daily brought to him from all quarters. One of the Congregations had lately written to Mr. Gericke, that were it not for the feat of Hell, and the hope of Heaven, such were their sufferings, that they should allthrow themselves into the sea. In the different congregations under Mr. G. near Madrus, about 200 persons had been baptized, of whom 42 were adults. Mr. Gericke, in another Letter, dated at pery, 7th May, 1803, states that he had inade such arrangements with respect to the stationing of the Missionaries, that he hoped Mr. Kolhoff might be able to go through his various and arduous duties, until it should please God to send them help from Europe. It seems,' Mr. G. observes, that if we had faithful and discreet labourers, for the vineyard of the Protestant Mission on this coast, to send, wherever a door is opened unto us, rapid would be the progress of the Gospel. Our native teachers, though some of them may not be inferior to us in the knowledge of the great truths of the Gospel, and in the manner of communicating them, still their discourses carry not that weight with them, that is felt when we speak to the natives. They never gain that confidence that is placed in an European, when they are once con 5 H |