Character of the lower class of voters

in the last century, ii. 61. Opposi-

tion to the Bill of 1774 for determin-
ing controverted elections, 162. De-
basement of the constituencies, 435.
Refusal of the high bailiff of West-
minster to make a return of the poll,
iii. 108

Elliot, Sir Gilbert, rebukes Colonel

Barré in the House, i. 417. Sup-
ports the Court against the City, ii.
80. His defence of Gibraltar, 324,
395

Ellis, Welbore, undertakes the contest
against the City of London, ii. 80.
Eloquence, parliamentary, i. 411, 412.
Decay of, 412. Rhetoric distin-

guished from, 414. Chesterfield on,
414. Parliamentary nothingness of
rant, 415. Length of modern de-
bates, 419.
Burke's character as an
orator, ii. 158. Characteristics of
Erskine's oratory, iii. 379-381
England, state of, at the close of the
reign of George II., i. 3. Military
strength of the nation at this period,
17. War with France, 18. In-
crease of the defences of the king-
dom, 22. Electoral corruption at
this time, 26. National prosperity
at the accession of George III., 45.
Attempts to conclude a treaty of
peace with France, 59. Our Spanish
policy, 64. Pitt's remedy for the
prostrate state of the nation, 67.
War between England and Spain
declared, 76. Hopelessness of peace,
77. Dislike of the public to Han-
over, 77. Treaty of peace with
France and Spain signed at Fontaine-
bleau, 88. Domestic events from
1757-62, 92. Increase of the
national debt, 92. Progress of com-
merce, 93. Domestic policy in 1761,

95.

The gross corruption and ruth-
less civil persecutions in 1762, 101.
Jealousy of France of the increasing
maritime power of England, 152.
System upon which that power was
founded, 152. Contemplated inva-
sion of England by France in 1766,

ENGLAND

228. The country without a govern-
ment, 243. Popular want of politi-
cal intelligence, and its causes, in
1768, 259. Corrupt state of the
government, 260. The popular party
aroused, 261. Disturbances and
conflicts between the Government and
the people, 266, 267. Aggravation
of public discontent, in 1769, 291,
310. Attack on the Falkland Is-
lands by France, 367. Satisfaction
demanded by England, 368. Popular
discontent at the conduct of the
ministry regarding Spanish aggression
in 1768, 370. Theory and practice
of the British constitution, 392.
Former loyalty of the people, 393.
Effects of popular clamour, 399. The
people unrepresented, 400.

Debase-

ment of political literature, 405.
Parliamentary eloquence, 414. Im-
provement in parliamentary depart-
ments, 416. Sketch of the develop-
ment of modern manners in England,
ii. 1. Former condition of the
Commons, 2. Power of the aris-
tocracy, 3. Religion and morals in
the middle ages, 4. Chivalry and
its influence, 5-9. Influence of the
Reformation on education, 10. Learn-
ing of the sixteenth century, 11.
Ecclesiastical and domestic architec-
ture of the middle ages, 13.
Baronial residences, 13. Houses of
the gentry, 14. Elizabethan man-
sions, 14. Repression of the Barons,
15. Causes of the increased power
of the Crown umder the Tudors, 16.
Assumption of authority by the
church, 17. Dissensions as to church
government, 17. Conflicts of the
Royalists and Puritans, 18. Licen-
tiousness of the drama, 19. Rise of
religious freedom, 21. State of the
clergy at the time of Wickliffe, 22.
Monasteries before the Reformation, 22.
Religious bias of the northern coun
ties, 23.
Influence of laws on the
The Papacy

popular character, 24.
opposed to freedom, 24.
gress of England, 25.

Social pro-
Royal edicts

ENGLAND

against the increase of the metropolis,
26. Beginning of civil and religious
freedom, 27. State of manners at
the Restoration, 27. Spread of in-
fidelity, 28. Condition of the church,
30. Immorality of the clergy, 31.
Queen Anne's bounty, 32. Popular
contempt for religion, 34. Power of
the Commons and destruction of ar-
bitrary power, 35. Walpole's intro-
duction of parliamentary corruption,
36. Evil results of irreligion, 37.
Immorality of the people, 38. Effe-
minacy and profligacy of men of
fashion, 39. Ministerial and royal
levees, 42, 43. Prevalence of gam-
bling, 44. Manners and education of
women in the last century, 45. Mode
of life in the country, 46. Estab-
lishment of clubs, 49. Places of
amusement, 50. Fashionable assem-
blies, 52. Relaxation of moral and
religious restraint, 52, 53. Effects
of the unsettled state of the mar-
riage law, 54. Religion and morality
of the middle classes, 57. Distinc-

tion between the urban and rural
classes, 58. Manners of the farmers,
59. Slow progress of the agricul-
tural classes, 59. Prevalence of in-
temperance, 60, 63. Luxury of the
London middle classes, 61. Educa-
tion of the tradespeople, 63.

Inso-

lence and ferocity of the people, 64.
Condition of London, 64 et seq.
Rigour of the criminal law, 68. Im-
provements during the last forty
years, 69. Popular dislike of par-
liamentary privilege, 87. Prevalence
of slander and libel in the middle
of the last century, 167. Cominence-
ment of the American war, 171.
Severity of the penal code in the last
century, 238. News of Burgoyne's
disaster in America, 264, 265.
Growing desire for peace, 265. Posi-
tion of England as to the American
question after the declaration of July,
1776,269. Rupture with France, 273.
Consequences of the death of Chat-
ham, 279.
Warlike preparations of

ENGLAND

385

England, 306. The Channel fleet
under Keppel, 306. Rejoicings on
the acquittal of Admiral Keppel,
309. Naval and military affairs in
1778, 315. Rupture with Spain,
316. Alarm of the country, 317.
Peril of the kingdom from the com-
bined navies of France and Spain,
322. Vigorous effort to organise a
patriotic party in the country, 333.
County meetings, 333 et seq. Mari-
time ascendancy of England threat-
ened, 379. The right of search,
380. Formation of the Armed Neu-
trality, 382.
War declared against
Holland, 382. Weakness of the
ministry, 383. Threatened by the.
combined fleets of France and Spain,
396.

State of public opinion at the
close of the American war, 408.
Operations at sea, 410. Precarious
condition of affairs at this time, 419.
Rise of the cotton trade, 419. Exul-
tation, on Rodney's victory, iii. 5.
Results of the victory, 6. Public
astonishment at Rodney's recall, 9.
Conclusion of peace with France,
Spain, and America, 38. State of
public offices in England in 1784,
105, 136, 137. General thanks-
giving on the King's recovery, 221.
Feelings with which the French
Revolution was regarded in England,
235. Rupture with Spain, 241
The Revolution Society, 265. Riots
at Birmingham, 268. A surplus
revenue, 270. Formation of the
Corresponding Society, 282. Mea-
sures taken against sedition, 284.
Embodiment of the militia, 284, 290.
War declared against England by
the French Republic, 300, 304.
State of opinion as to the French Revo-
lution, 332. Indiscriminate prose-
cutions of the press, 339. Employ-
ment of spies and informers, 340.
Severity of provincial courts, 341.
Commercial distress in 1793, 357.
Issue of Exchequer Bills, 358. Im-
portation of foreign mercenaries, 361.
Enrolment of volunteers, 361. Eu.

listment of French refugees, 364.
Renewed proceedings against sedi-
tious writings, 364. Debating clubs,
365. Suspension of habeas corpus,
367. Impolitic measures, 368. Coun-
try prosecutions, 368. Prosecution of
Walker and others, 369. And of
Horne Tooke and others, 371. Bene-
ficial results of these trials, 392.
Public opinion of the trials, 394.
Progress of the war with France,
396. Pressure of taxation in England
in 1794, 407. General desire for
peace, 408. Determination to continne
the war, 409. Vacillation of the
ministry in the affairs of the French
royalists, iv. 13. Domestic condition
of the country in 1795, 14. Political
meetings and riots, 15. Coercive
measures, 17. Political pamphlets,
21. Censure on the Government as
to the erection of new barracks, 23.
War declared by Spain against
England, 32. An open loan raised
in 1796, 34. Drain of specie, 36.
Suspension of cash payments at the
Bank of England, 37. The Bank
Restriction Act, 38. Dangers of an
invasion in 1796, 39. Landing of
the French in Wales, 40. The mutiny
in the fleet at Spithead, 45. At St.
Helen's, 50. And at the Nore, 53. In-
crease of the national debt, 61. Claims
of the subscribers to the indemnity
loan, 63. French invectives against
the British, 70. Projects for invading
England, 71. Increase of assessed
taxes, 76. Prospect of invasion, 79.
Defence of the country,. 79. State
prosecutions, 81. Indifference of
the people at this period, 83. Causes
of the changes in public opinion, 84.
Battle of the Nile, 192. Public en-
thusiasm, 197. Expedition to Hol-
land, 219. Act to prevent the sale
of fine bread, 253. Isolation of Eng-
land, 266. Misunderstanding with
Denmark, 268, 269. And with the
Northern League, 271. Apprehen-
sions of famine, 272. State of the
population, 273. Corn riots. 277.

FITZGERALD

Proclamation as to the use of grain,
281. Extent of private benevolence,
282. Discontent of the people, 282.
Expedition sent to Spain, 335.
Battle of Alexandria, 340. Battle
of Copenhagen, 353. Rumoured in-
vasion of England by France, 360.
Terms of peace, 362. Popular dis
like of the war, 363.
Definitive
treaty of peace signed, 367, 368
Erskine, failure of his speech on the
India Bill of Fox, iii. 71. Defends
Paine, 283. His skilful defence of
Hardy, 376. His speech, 378. De-

fends Hadfield, 251
Esmonde, Dr., his execution, iv. 116
Eustatia, St., captured by Rodney, ii.
396. Burke's speech on, 397. Mal-
practices at, 397-399. Bad results
of the capture, 399
Exchequer Bills, issue of, in 1793, iii.

358

Executions, public, in the last century,
ii. 67

FALKLAND ISLANDS, attacked

and occupied by Spain, i. 367,
368. Ceded to Great Britain, 369
Family Compact, conclusion of the, i.
63. Its stipulations, 63. Its en-
deavours to strengthen its position,
78. Designs for provoking a new
war, i. 367

Farmers, manners of, ii. 59. Slow pro-

gress of the agricultural classes, 59
Fashion, men of, in the reign of Anne
and George I., ii. 39

Ferdinand of Brunswick, Prince, placed

in command of the reconstructed army
of Hanover, i. 31. Which he re-
covers, 31.
Keeps the French in
check, 44. His successes against
the French in Germany, 86
Ferrol, failure of the attack on, iv. 336.
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, his part in the

Irish rebellion, iv. 107. Taken into
custody, 112. His conduct, 113.
His character, 114
Fitzgerald, Thomas Judkin, made high
sheriff of Tipperary, iv. 155. His

FITZHERBERT

INDEX.

cruelties, 155.
against him, 157. His petition to
Parliament, 159. Act of indemnity
to screen him, 161. His hardy im-
pudence, 162. Created a baronet, 163
Fitzherbert, Mrs., iii. 156, 157. Her
marriage with the Prince of Wales,
157, 160. Her dislike of Fox, 166
Fitzwilliam, Lord, becomes Viceroy of
Ireland, iv. 91, 92. His overtures
to Grattan, 92. His acts, 98. Ani-
mosity against him, 98. Recalled, 100
Flanders occupied by the French, iii.
310. The Duke of York in, 313
Flood, Henry, his speech on the India
Bill, iii. 67

His trial, and verdict

Floyd, the Papist, case of, ii. 83
Foote, opens the Haymarket Theatre
without a license, ii. 62
Forbes, captures Dunesque, i. 32
Formio, Campo, treaty of, iv. 69
Fox, Harry (afterwards Lord Holland),

his character, i. 5. Terms offered to
him by the Duke of Newcastle, 11.
Accepts the seals of Secretary of State,
11. Which he resigns the next day,
12. Turns the leader of the House of
Commons into ridicule, 12. Gained
over by the Government, 13. Becomes
Secretary of State, 16. Resigns, 21.
Excluded from the Duke of Devon-
shire's administration, 22. Applied
to by the Court party, 96. Disliked
at Court, 97. His wholesale bribery
of members of parliament, 99, 100,

101.

His excuses to the Duke of
Devonshire, 101. His management
of Parliament, 103. His mercenary
zeal for persecution, 104. His final
retirement from public life, 110.
Raised to the peerage as Lord Holland,
110. His character, 111. Compared
with Pitt, 112

Fox, Charles James, his motion against
Aldermen Oliver and Wilkes, ii. 82.
His contest with Barré, 82. His
contempt for the people, 82. His slow
rise in debate, 83. His desire to en-
gage in a conflict with Wilkes, 93.
His dismissal, and desertion from the
Tories, 149. Takes the lead in par-

FOX

387

liamentary license in debate, 168.
His language on the American revo-
lution, 228. His opposition to mi-
nisters, 229. Moves for a vote of
censure on the Admiralty, 314. His
declamation against a coalition with the
ministry, 318. His duel with Mr.
Adams, 340. Called to order by Lord
Nugent, 387. Becomes Secretary of
State, 421. His speech on Mr. Eden's
motion, 427. Brings down a message
from the Crown on the state of Ireland,
427. Resigns, 440, 441. His wayward
conduct, 442. Rupture with Pitt,
443. Commencement of his conflict

His opposi-

with Pitt, 443. His virulent opposi-
tion to Government, iii. 31. His India
Bill, 59, 65. His speech on the
Bill, 68. The Bill carried, 71. His
denunciation of Jenkinson, 74.
Dismissed by the King, 75. His
sincerity, 82 His proceedings in
the House, 88. His third India
Bill, 90. His inflammatory lan-
guage, 95. His difficulty in regain.
ing his seat, 107, 108. His views
on Irish reform, 125.
tion to any further concessions to
Ireland, 130. His part in the im-
peachment of Hastings, 146. His
defence of the Prince, 159. His
embarrassing position, 164. Slan-
dered to Mrs. Fitzherbert, 166, 167.
His speech on the regency question,
183. His imprudence, 185. His
attempt at explanation, 187. His
blunder, 188. His speech on the
French Revolution, 237. His re-
tractation, 239. His Bill to enable
juries to decide libels, 249. Opposes
the Canada Bill, 255. His breach
with Burke, 256. His speech
against Burke, 258. His complaint
against Burke, 261. Inclined to
retract, 261. His denunciation of
the royal speech in 1792, 291.
Answered by Windham, 292. Fox's
irritation, 293. His speech on
war with France, 301, 307. His
amendment negatived, 308. His
resolutions, 308. Burke's reply

to him, 309. His language on the
French Revolution, 335. His speech
as to continuing the war with France,
411. Supports the Government on the
question of the establishment of the
Prince of Wales, 422. His violent
speech on the Act to repress public
discussion, iv. 18. Proposal to pro-
secute him, 82. His reply to Pitt's

speech on a war policy, 246. His
answer to Pitt, 323
France, preparations of England for
war with, i. 13. Attack of an expedi-
tion on a French fleet, 14. Military
strength of France at this period, 17.
Her colonists, 17. Commencement of
the war with England in 1757, 18.
Minorca taken by France, 18. France
concludes an offensive alliance with
Austria, 19. French successes on
the Continent, 26. Failure of the
English expedition against Rochefort,
28. Hanover recovered from France,
31.

Her losses in North America,
31, 32. Blockade of the French coast,
32. Expeditions sent from England
to attack the possessions of France
in the West Indies and in Canada,
33.

Canada conquered by the Eng.
lish, 40. Negotiations of peace
between England and France, 59.
Difference between the two Courts,
61. Interference of France in Span-
ish affairs, 62. Formation of the
Family Compact, 63. Results of the
war with France, 70. Loss of all
the possessions of France in the West
Indies, 85. End of the Seven Years'
War, 86. Peace of Fontainebleau,
88. Humiliating terms of the
treaty, 88. Jealousy and apprehen-
sion with which France had viewed
the increasing maritime power of
England, 152. Contemplated inva-
sion of England by France without a
declaration of war, 228. Designs of
France on Corsica, 367. Debasement
of the French court at this period,
369. Condition of France since the
Revolution of the last century, ii. 21.
Conduct of France in relation to the

FRANCE

partition of Poland, 130. Intrigues
of Franklin at Paris, 273. Rupture
between England and France, 273,
274. The French disliked by the
Americans, 305, 325. Alliance
between France and Spain, 316, 394.
Rodney's defeat of the French fleet
under De Grasse, iii. 4. Negotiations
between England and France for
End of the war, 16.

peace, 10.
Negotiations, 16. Question of com-
pensation, 17. Articles of the pro-
visional treaty, 18, 19. The French,
how treated by the Americans, 20.
Concessions of England to France,
23. Signature of the preliminaries
of peace, 25. Conclusion of peace,
38. Abandonment of the Methuen

Treaty, 150. Conclusion of peace
with France, 151. French policy in
1789, 232. Commencement of the
Revolution, 235. The National As-
sembly, 235. Condition of France
in 1792, 278. Invasion of France
by Austria and Prussia determined
on, 279. The Reign of Terror, 280,
329. The Jacobins, 280. The
National Convention, 281. First
success of the Allies, 281. Cessation
of diplomatic intercourse with France,
294, 298. War declared against
England, 300, 304. French breach
of treaty with Holland, 306. French
invasion of Flanders, 510. Alliance
against France, 310. Increased
energy of the French Government,
313. Proclamation of the Allies,
French propagandism, 315.
Their losses in the East and West
Indies, 323. End of the first cam-
paign, 324. View of French de-
mocracy, 325. Murder of the Queen,
327. The Goddess of Reason, 328.
Organic change necessary in France,
331. The English and French
Revolutions compared, 333. The
States-General, 334. Exasperation

313.

of the French against England, 338.
Progress of the war, 396. Pichegru
in command, 397. Savage decree of
the Convention, 400. Expulsion of