Slave laws, growing opposition to, |
280, 281.

Slave trade, generally forbidden in
South, 278.

Slavery, Indians not actually sold into,
by Spaniards, 16; first brought to
Virginia, 79; introduced into South
Carolina from Barbadoes, 83; Indi-
ans sold into, in Carolinas, 84; colo-
nial, in Virginia and South Carolina,
120; effect of, 121; excluded from
Northwest Territory, 189; becomes
a national question, 276; growth of
system, 278, 279; economical aspect,
280; relations of South and North re-
garding, 281; question of, in territo-
ries, 282, 283; Missouri Compromise,
282, 283; State sovereignty, a safe-
guard for, 285; becomes a moral
question, 299; abolitionists attack,
300; attempt to draw attention
from, 303; question of, in territo-
ries, 315; portrayed by Mrs. Stowe,
336; reëstablishment of, in Central
America sought, 341; W. H. Seward
willing to perpetuate, 350; Fre-
mont's proclamation against, 360;
abolished, 482.

Slaves, number in colonies, 110; fugi-
tive, helped by Indians into Florida,
264; not persons according to Su-
preme Court, 342: declared "contra-
band of war," 360.

Smith, Caleb B., Secretary of Interior,
427.

Smith, Hoke, Secretary of Interior,
432.

Smith, Captain John, saved by Poca-
hontas, 46; searches for gold, 46;
portrait, 47; Pilgrims decline his
offer to settle with them, 50.
Smith, Joseph, publishes Book of Mor-
mon, killed, 313.

Smith, Robert, Secretary of Navy,
Attorney General, 256; Secretary
of State, 257.

Smithsonian Institution, 325.
Smuggling, prevalence of in colonies,
128; writs of assistance aimed at,
128.

Social equality of frontier, 219.
Social rank, early, 112, 113.
Soldiers, negro, in war for the Union,
375, 376; of the Union, grand re-
view of, 384, 385; quartering of,

South, the, colonial life in, 120; effect
of slavery in, 121; British campaign
in (1778), 177; campaign of 1780 in,
179; campaign of 1781, 181, 182;
labor in, 278; growth of slavery in,
279; becomes relatively poorer, 280;
slave laws in, 281; favors State sov-
ereignty, 285, 287; at first favors
protective tariff, 292; wants lower
tariff, 292; nullification doctrine in,
294; anxious in regard to rapid
growth of North, 298; wants ex-
pansion of slave territory, 341;
threatens to leave Union, 346; un-
changed character of, 347; ordi-
nances of secession pass, 347; or-
ganizes Confederate States, 347;
not entirely committed to destruc-
tion of Union, 348; attempt to
pacify, 350; reconstruction not sat-
isfactory to, 389; corrupt political
influence in, 391; Federal troops
withdrawn from, 402. See also
Confederate States.

South America, Columbus set foot on,
12; visited by Vespucci, 12; Magel-
lan follows coast of, 14; western
coast of, conquered by Pizarro, 15;
republics set up in, 266.

South Bend, Ind., settled, 231.
South Carolina, settled, 83; becomes
separate province, 84; Huguenots
and others settle in, 84; colonial
slavery in, 120; first to adopt a
constitution, 154; claims right to
nullify tariff acts, 294; threatens to
withdraw from Union, 294; tariff
modified to please, 294; passes Or-
dinance of Secession, 347; demands
surrender of Fort Sumter, 349.
South Dakota, added to Union, 412.
South River, see Delaware River.
South Sea, Pacific Ocean called, 46.
Southampton, Earl of, sends out Gos-
nold to Virginia, 44.

Southampton, Separatists sail from,

49.

Sonthard, Samuel L., Secretary of
Navy, 319, 320.

Southwest, operations in, during War
of 1812, 216, 247.
Southwestern Territory, 216, 217.
Spain, conquers Moors at Granada, 5;
agreement of crown of, with Colum-
bus, 6: Vespucci sails in interest of,
12; Line of Demarcation" between
possessions of Portugal and of, 13;
conquests of, in America, 15; wars
with England, 62; gives up Florida,
99; Louisiana made over to, 99;

Supreme Court, organization, 203;
members removable by impeach-
ment, 204; interprets Constitution,
204; Dred Scott case in, 342.
Surveys, government, 326.
Sutter, Colonel, California gold first
discovered at mills of, 312.
Sweden, loses colony of New Sweden,
37.

Sylvania, name first proposed for
Pennsylvania, 73.

Symmes, John Cleves, obtains large
grant in Ohio, 231.

Taft, Alphonso, Secretary of War,
Attorney General, 429.

Taney, Roger B., Attorney General,
320, 321; decides that negro is not a
citizen, 342.

Tariff, definition of, 269.
Tariff, protective, 412; effects of tariff
of 1816, 270, 271; reasons for enact-
ing tariff of 1816, 270; favored by
Whigs, 290; enriches North at ex-
pense of South, 292; South Carolina
claims right to nullify, 294; Clay
proposes compromise on, 294: for-
bidden by Confederate constitution,
348; tariff bill of 1861, 350.
Tarleton, Banastre, 181.
Tax, direct, 123.

Taxation, self-imposed by colonists,
126; Patrick Henry on, 132; of tea,
opposed, 138, 140; Hamilton's plan
for, 206. See also Duties; Tariff.
"Taxation without representation is
tyranny," said by Otis, 129.
Taylor, General Zachary, wins at Palo
Alto, 304; wins at Monterey and
Buena Vista, 305; portrait, 306;
elected President, death, 307: wishes
to bring California into Union,
314.
Tea, taxation of, 138, 139; opposition
to landing tea in Boston, 139, 140.
Tecumseh, defeated by Harrison, 241;
attempts against same, 246; killed,
246.

Telegraph, electric, invented by Morse,

325.

Telephone, first exhibited, 398, 400.
Teller, Henry M., Secretary of Interior,
430.

Tennessee, organization of, 217; sends
Andrew Jackson against Creeks,
247; Union sentiment in, 354; effort
to protect, 362.

Tennessee, Confederate iron-clad, 380.
Tenure of Office Act, 390; a cause of
Johnson's impeachment, 392.

Territories, 478; question of slavery
in, 282-285, 315; contest over slavery
in, 338; Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 339;
center of contest in Kansas, 340,
341.

Texas, originally part of Mexico, 298;
Mexico refuses to sell, 298; declares
independence, 299; opposition to
annexation, 299; annexation of, 303;
last slave State added, 308; Clay
proposes large money grant to, 314;
receives grant, 315.

Thames, battle of the, 246.
Thirteen colonies, see English Colo-

Trade, restriction imposed by England
on colonial, 127.
Treason, 477.

Treasury notes, 375.
Treaty Elm, 75.

Treaty of peace between England and
United States, signed, 184.
Treaty of Washington, 394, 395.
Trees, cutting of, restricted, 127.
Trent affair, 361.

Trenton, N.J., Washington's victory
at, 169.

Tripoli, war with, 237.

Troops, quartering of, in colonies,
136.

Turks, cut off commerce with Asia, 2;
drive learning westward, 439.
Tuskegee, Ala., 391.

Twiggs, General, surrenders Federal
forces to Confederacy, 348.
Tyler, John, portrait, 301; becomes
President, 302; sketch, 302; Vice
President and President, 321; pre-
sides over Peace Conference, 350.
Tyner, James N., Postmaster General,
429.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, effect of, 336.
Underground Railroad, 345.
Union, plans for, among colonies, 124;
reasons for and against, 125; change
from Confederation to, 194.
"Unite or Die," device in Pennsylva-
nia Gazette, 124, 125.

United Colonies of New England,
form league, 61.

United States, Ponce de Leon first
Spaniard to touch, 15; declare in-
dependence, 155; name given to
Confederation, 159; powers of, 159;
opens diplomatic relations abroad,
160; intention of France to limit
western boundary at Alleghanies,
177; independence of, recognized by
England, 184; powers delegated to,
by Constitution, 194; forms first new
State, Vermont, 207; first census of,
209; early industries, 209, 210; man-
ufactures, 212; education and
ligion, 212, 213; frontier, 214, 215;
pioneer life in, 218; social life, 219;
dependence at first upon Europe,
221; enthusiasm for French Revolu-
tion, 223: keeps free from European
affairs, 222, 223; objects to right of
search, 223; Jay's treaty, 223, 224;
Sovereign rights of, first recognized
by England, 224; warned from for-
eign politics by Washington, 226;
purchases Louisiana, 232, 233; war

re-

with Tripoli, 237; declares war
against England, 1812, 242; inde-
pendence of, established by treaty of
Ghent, 252; becomes less dependent
on Europe, 261; dealings with In-
dians, 263; controls entire seaboard,
266; takes alarm at Holy Alliance,
266; asserts the Monroe Doctrine,
267; inventive spirit in, 269; rise
of manufactures in, 270; railroads
in, 274; pays Mexico for addi-
tional territory, 306; sends relief to
Irish famine, 328; Lincoln finds dis-
organized condition of government,
353; attitude towards, in England,
362; concludes treaty of Washing-
ton with Great Britain, 394, 395;
represented at Berlin Conference,
405; present conditions of, 417-420;
boundaries of, mostly natural, 447,
448; its favorable geographical posi-
tion, 448; physical divisions, 448;
coast line, 448, 449; mountains, 449,
450; rivers, 451, 452; forests, 452;
lakes, 453; plains, 453; changes
which are making, 455; powers de-
nied to, 473, 474.

United States, frigate, captures Mace-
donian, 245.

United States Bank, opposed, 206; new
charter given to, 272; favored by
Whigs, 291; Jackson hostile to, 294;
fails to renew charter, 295.

United States Christian Commission,
358.

United States courts, 476; jurisdiction
of, 477.

United States Sanitary Commission,
358.

United States Weather Bureau, 418.
Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State,
321; Secretary of Navy, 322.
Usher, John P., Secretary of Interior,
427.

Utah, part of Mexican cession, 306;
Mormons settle in, 313; irrigation
in, 313; question of slavery in, 315;
made a territory, 315; growth of,
393; polygamy abolished in, 405.

Valley Forge, sufferings at, 175, 176.
Van Buren, Martin, portrait, 295;
elected President, 296; carries out
Jackson's policy, 296; opposes an-
nexation of Texas, 302; Secretary
of State, Vice President, 320.
Vasco da Gama, rounds Cape of Good
Hope, 2.
Venezuela,
regarding

arbitration
boundaries of, 414.