Brant, Joseph, at battle of Oriskany,

171.

Brazil, falls to Portugal by decree of
Alexander III., 13; recent changes
of government in, 13.
Breckenridge, John, Attorney General,
257.

Breckenridge, John C., nominated for
President, 344; Vice President, 426.
Breed's Hill, 147.

Breton fishermen visit America, 26, 27.
Brewster, Benjamin H., Attorney Gen-
eral, 430.

Bristow, Benjamin H., Secretary of
Treasury, 428.

British army, evacuates Boston, 151;
expedition to Charleston, 153; cam-
paign in South (1778), 177; takes
Charleston, 179; defeats Gates, 180;
Green harasses, 181; retreats to Vir-
ginia, 182; trapped at Yorktown,
182; surrenders, 183; evacuates
New York, 184.

British fleet, at Newport, 177.
Brock, General Isaac, captures De-
troit, 243; mortally wounded, 244.
Brook, Lord, holds patent to land on
Connecticut River, 56.

Brooklyn Heights commanded by Put-
nam, 106.

Brown, Aaron V., Postmaster General,
426.

Brown, John, of Ossawatomie, invades
Missouri, 341; raids Harper's Ferry,
343; hanged, 343.

Browning, Orville H., Secretary of the
Interior, 427.

Brunswick, N.J., Howe cooped up at,
169.

Bryan, William J., candidate for Pres-
ident, 414, 416.

Bryant, William Cullen, 332; portrait,
271.

Buchanan, James, Secretary of State,
322; administration of, 341-344;
sketch, 341; portrait, 342; reinforces
Fort Sumter, 349; divisions in his
cabinet, 350.

Buell, General, joins Grant at Shiloh,

Burlington, N.J., 72.

Burnside, General, given command of
Union forces, 372; defeated at
Fredericksburg, 372; succeeded by
Hooker, 376.

Burr, Aaron, kills Hamilton in duel,
234; schemes of, 234; tried for trea-
son, not convicted, 234; Vice Presi-
dent, 256.

Bushy Run, battle of, 106.
Butler, Benjamin F., of New York,
Attorney General, 321.

Butler, General Benjamin F., of Mas-
sachusetts, declares slaves "contra-
band of war," 360; placed over New
Orleans, 365.

Byles, Rev. Mather, loyalist daughters
of, 158.

Cabal, definition of, 164; against Gen-
eral Washington, 175.

Cabinet, the first, 202; no mention of,
in Constitution, 203; importance of,
203; increased by Secretary of In-
terior, 324.

Cabins, frontier, 218.
Cabot, John, touches North America,
40.

Calhoun, John C., 242; and State sov-
ereignty, 285-287; portrait, sketch,
286; claims that a State can refuse
to obey Federal laws, 294; Secre-
tary of War, Vice President, 319,
320; Secretary of State, 321.
California, visited by Drake, 41; sup-
posed plan for Russia to take, 266;
independence of, declared, 305; part
of Mexican cession, 306; gold dis-
covered in, 312; routes to, 312; rapid
growth, 312; applies for admission
to Union, 314; admitted, 315.
Calvert, Cecil, Lord Baltimore, sends
colonists to Maryland, 77.

Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore, not
welcome in Virginia, 76; is granted
charter to Maryland, 77.

Calverts, the, wise rule of, in Mary-
land, 77, 78.

Camden, S.C., Gates defeated at, 180.
Cameron, James D., Secretary of War,

429.

Cameron, Simon, Secretary of War,
427.

Campbell, George W., Secretary of
Treasury, 257.

Campbell, James, Postmaster General,
426.

Canada, early visited by Breton fish-
ermen, 27; Cartier takes possession
of, 28; voyages of Champlain to, 29,

Jesuit missionaries in, 30; given up
by France, 99; French inhabitants
remain in, 99; refuses to join Con-
federation, 160; fighting on border
in War of 1812, 243, 244; campaign of
1814 against, 247; British compelled
to return to, 249; maintains small
naval force on Great Lakes, 263.
Canal tolls, abolished in New York,
273.

Canary Islands, 441; plan of Colum-
bus to sail due west from, 1; first
destination of Columbus, 7.

Cañon, definition, xvi.

in, 19; becomes a republic, 266;
Walker's expedition to, 341.
Cerro Gordo, Mexico, battle of, 305.
Chachagou-ession, probable origin of
the name Chicago, 31.
Chadd's Ford, 172.

Chaleur Bay, discovered by Cartier, 28.
Chambersburg, Pa., burnt by Early,
379.

Champlain, first visits Canada, 29;
founds Quebec, 29; gains victory
over Iroquois Indians, 31; reaches
Lake Huron, dies, 31.
Chancellorsville, battle of, 376.

Cabot touches near, 41.

Cape Charles, 45.

Cape Cod, named by Gosnold, 44.

Cape Fear, Verrazano touches near, 27.
Cape Fear River, settled from New
England, 82.
Cape Henry, 45.
Cape Nun, 442.

Cape of Good Hope, 441; rounded by
Vasco da Gama, 2; rounded by com-
panions of Magellan sailing west-
ward, 15.

Cape Verde Islands, discovered, 441.
Capital, national, first in New York,

202; Hamilton's promise regarding,
206. See also Washington, D.C.
Capitol, at Washington, extended, 324.
Caravels, vessels in which Columbus
sailed, 7.

Carlisle, John G., Secretary of Treas-
ury, 431.

Carlyle, Thomas, his saying on Web-
ster, 292.

Carolina, 82; divided into two prov-
inces, 84.

Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, cut,

66

142.

Carpet Baggers," 391.

Carroll, Charles, his signature, 157.
Carrying trade, secured largely by
Americans, 238; falls off, 270.
Cartier, Jacques, discovers river and
gulf of St. Lawrence, 28.
Casco Bay, Gosnold touches near, 44.
Cask, water, invented by Norsemen,
438.

Cass, Lewis, Secretary of War, 320,
321; Secretary of State, 426.
Caucus, 152.

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 372.
Census, 418; first, 209; of 1890, table
by States and Territories, 485.
Centennial of 1876, 398.

Central America, conquered by Spain,
15; remains of ancient civilization

Navy, 430.

Chandler, Zachariah, Secretary of
Interior, 429.

Chapultepec, rock of, taken, 306.
Charles I. of England, dissolves Par-
liament, 52; wars with Parliament,
61; executed, 61; gives George Cal-
vert charter to Maryland, 77.
Charles II. of England, comes to
throne, 62; takes charter from
Massachusetts, 64; yearly tribute
from Penn, 74; loyalty to, in Vir-
ginia, 80; makes grants in the Caro-
linas, 82.

Charleston, S.C., 120; settled, 83; ear-
ly importance, 83; social life in,
84; British attack on, 153; captured
(1780), 179; evacuated, 184; conven-
tion of 1860 in, 344; forts in harbor,
349; evacuated, 382.
Charlestown, Mass., 147; settled, 53.
Charter Oak, cut of, 65.

Charters of New England colonies,
void, 64; restored, 66.

Chase, Salmon P., and the national
currency, 375; Secretary of Treas-
ury, 427.

Chattanooga, siege of, 377.

"Cheese box," the Monitor called, 367.
Chesapeake affair, 239.

Chesapeake Bay, entered by Captain
Newport, 45; George Calvert sails
up, 76.

Chester, Penn holds first Assembly at,
75.

Chicago, 283; present site of, visited
by Marquette, 31; probable origin of
name, 31; Chicago fire, 395: World's
Columbian Exposition at, 413.
Chickahominy River, 368.
Chickamauga, battle of, 377.
Chickasaw Indians, 23.
Chinese immigration, 405.
Chippewa. battle of, 247.
Choctaw Indians, 23.

Christian Indians, 63.
Christina of Sweden, interest of, in
New Sweden, 37.
Christopher, definition, xvi.
Church of England, Separatists leave,
48, 49; Puritans members of, 52.
Churches, social rank in, 112, 113; un-
taxed, 213; separate from State,
213, 214.

Churubusco, Mexico, battle of, 306.
Cincinnati, Ohio, settled, 231; Cincin-
nati, order of, 386.

Cipango, a name for Japan, 7.
Circumnavigation of globe by Magel-
lan's companions, 15; made by
Drake, 41.

Cities, rapid growth of, 329, 330.
Citizens, privileges of, 478.
Civil Rights Bill, 390.

Civil Service Reform, beginnings of,
396.

Clark, George Rogers, frontiersman,
178.

Clarke River, discovered, 234.
Clay, Henry, 242; effects Missouri
Compromise, 283; leader of Whig
party, 289; sketch, 289; portrait,
290; proposes Compromise Tariff,
294; nominated against Polk, 302;
deserted by anti-slavery men, 302;
proposes Compromise of 1850, 314;
seeks to preserve Union by compro-
mise, 315; Secretary of State, 320.
Clayton, John M., Secretary of State,
425.

Cleveland, Grover, first administra-

tion, 408, 410; portrait, sketch, 409;
second administration, 413, 414.
Cleveland, Ohio, staked out, 230.
Cliff-dwellers, found by Coronado, 16;

a remnant of Pueblo Indians, 19.
Clifford, Nathan, Attorney General,
322.

Clinton, De Witt, and the Erie Canal,
272.

Clinton, George, governor of New
York, 184; recommends common
school education for New York, 213;
Vice President, 256, 257.
Clinton, General Sir Henry, sent to
relieve Burgoyne, 173; ordered to
concentrate forces at New York,
176: feint against, at New York, 182;
too late to help Cornwallis, 183.
Clubs, political, favor French Revolu-
tion, 222.

Coat-of-arms, definition, xvi.
Coal regions, 274, 275.

Cobb, Howell, Secretary of Treasury,
426.

Cockburn, Admiral, burns Washing-
ton, 247.

Codfish, in Massachusetts House of
Representatives, 111.

Coffey, T. J., Attorney General (ad
interim), 427.

Coinage, of money in Massachusetts,
64 decimal, invented by Jefferson,
155; free, 416.

Coleman, Norman J., Secretary of
Agriculture, 431.

Colfax, Schuyler, Vice President, 428.
Collamer, Jacob, Postmaster General,
425.

Colonies, English, see English Colonies.
Colonization Society, 331.
Colorado, part of the Mexican cession,
306; added to Union, 398.
Colorado River, Grand Cañon of, dis-
covered by Coronado, 16.

Columbia River, reached by Lewis and
Clarke, 234; discovered by Captain
Gray, 309.

Columbia, S.C., Sherman captures,

382.

Columbus, Bartholomew, represents
his brother's interests in England,
3; makes map showing continent of
America, 12.

Columbus, Christopher, birth of, early
interest in maps and charts, 1; his
purpose to sail west to Asia, 1; goes
to Lisbon, 2; inspired by travels of
Marco Polo, 2; tries to induce King
of Portugal to aid him, 3; is de-
ceived, 3; seeks Ferdinand and
Isabella, 3; finds friends at La
Rábida, 5: Isabella convinced, 5;
agreement of Ferdinand and Isabella
with, 6; fleet of, 6; sails from Palos,
7; touches and leaves Canary Islands,
7; incidents and terrors of voyage,
7, 8; plots against, 9; falsifies reck-
onings, 9; signs of land, 9; end of
voyage and landing, 9; portrait and
personal appearance, 10; sails back
to Spain, 11; honor paid to, 11;
coat-of-arms of, 11; other voyages,
12; sets foot on South America, 12;
dies in poverty, 12; descendant of,
visits United States in 1893, 12.
Columbus, Diego, son of Christopher,
page to Isabella, 5.

Commissioner of Patents, first ap-
pointed, 270.

Committee of Secret Correspondence,

160.

Committees of Correspondence, 138,

141.

Commonwealth, English, 61, 62.

Compromise tariff, Clay's, 294.
Concord, Mass., military stores at, 142;
fight of April 19, 143; result of bat-
tle, 144.

Concord Bridge, Emerson's lines on,
144.

Confederate States of America, formed,
347; Davis chosen President, 348; be-
gin to seize Federal property, 348;
open attack on United States, 353;
wavering States join, 354; Richmond
becomes capital of, 355; look to Eu-
rope for help, 360, 361; England does
not recognize independence of, 361;
sympathy for, in England, 361; come
to an end, 384; plan for recognizing
their existence in the Union, 387, 388.
Confederation of the States, recom-
mended, 159; Articles of, 159; first
step to real union, 160; lack of
money, 174; States relinquish title
of Western lands to, 188; a nation
forming from, 189; failure of, 191;
greater authority needed, 191.
Congo River, 441.

Congregational church, early predomi-
nance of, 113.

Congress of the United States, first,
meets in New York, 202; attempts
to forbid right of petition, 301; de-
clares war with Mexico, 304; contest
in, over Kansas, 341; seeks concilia-
tion between North and South, 350;
financial legislation during Civil
War, 374, 375; passes bills over
Johnson's vetoes, 389, 390; all seced-
ing States again represented in, 392;
important acts of, 396; divisions of,
419; functions of, 468-472; powers
of, 472, 473. See also Continental
Congress.

Congress, frigate, surrenders to Mer-
rimac, 366.
Congress of the Confederation, holds
sessions in New York, 202.
Connecticut, meaning of name, 39;
settlement of, 56; General Court
formed, 56; three colonies within,
56; Dutch crowded out of, 62, 63;
charter disappears, 64, 65; cut up
into little towns, 115; slow in re-
nouncing royal charter, 154; re-
serves Western Reserve, 230.

Connecticut River, trading posts on,
36; patent to lands on, 56.
Conrad, Charles M., Secretary of War,
425.

Constantinople, captured by Turks, 2;
scholarship driven from, 439.
Constitution of the United States,
adoption, 192; discussion over, 193;
ratification, 194; strengthens the
Union, 194; to be interpreted by Su-
preme Court, 204; amendments in-
frequent, 204; Bills of Rights added
as amendments, 205; apportionment
of representatives in, 280, 281; pro-
tects rights of slaveholders, 315;
amendments to, 389, 390; supremacy
of, 479; ratification of, 479; text,
468-484.

Constitution, frigate, fights with Guer-
rière and Java, 245; called "Old
Ironsides," 245; Dr. Holmes com-
memorates, 245; wins battle of the
Thames, 246.

Constitutional convention, 191; adopts
Constitution, 192.

Constitutional-Union party, nominates
Bell, 344.

Continental, significance of the word,

146.

Continental army, see American army.
Continental congress, first, 141; sec-
ond, not committed to separation
from England, 145; assumes con-
trol of American army, 146; advises
formation of States, 153; advises
State constitutions, 154; adopts
Declaration of Independence, 155;
draws up Articles of Confederation,
159; sends commissioners abroad,
160; leaves Philadelphia, 172; im-
paired credit of, 174; rebukes Con-
way Cabal, 175; financial stress of,
177; issues letters of marque, 178;
methods of raising money, 187; falls
into disrepute, 191.

Continental currency, low in value,
187; cut of specimen, 188; made re-
deemable by government, 205.
Contraband of war, negroes declared,
360.

Contreras, Mexico, battle of, 306.
Conway Cabal against Washington,

175.

Cooper, James Fenimore, 332.
Cooper, Peter, 274.
Cooper Union, 274.
Corbett, Sergeant Boston, shoots Lin-
coln's assassin, 384.
Corinth, Miss., Confederates driven
back to, 363, 364.

Cornwallis, Lord, outwitted at Prince-
ton, 169; defeats Gates, 180; trapped
at Yorktown, 182; surrenders, 183.
Coronado's expedition, 16.
Cortez, Hernando, conquers Mexico,
15; portrait, 17.

Corwin, Thomas, Secretary of Treas-
ury, 425.

Cotton, Rev. John, 53.

Cotton, 210; cotton gin, invented, 211;
manufacture of, 211, 212.

Cotton bales, used for barricades,
251.

Cotton spinners, English, sympathize
with the Union, 362.
Court-martial, definition, 164.
Cowpens, battle of, 181.

Cox, Jacob Dolson, Secretary of In-
terior, 428.

Craigie House, Cambridge, 114.
Crawford, George W., Secretary of
War, 425.

Crawford, William H., Secretary of
War, 257; Secretary of Treasury,
319.

Crazy Horse, 401.

Creek Indians, 23; arm against Ameri-
cans, 247; part with much territory,
go West, 264.

Creswell, John A. J., Postmaster Gen-
eral, 428, 429.
Crime, trial for, 480.

Crittenden, John J., Attorney General,
322, 425.

Cromwell, Oliver, becomes Lord Pro-
tector, 61; Commonwealth ends at
his death, 62.

Crown Point, taken by Amherst, 96;
capture of, by Ethan Allen, 149;
map, 170.

Crowninshield, Benjamin W., Secre-
tary of Navy, 257, 319.
Crowninshield, Jacob, Secretary of
Navy, 256.

Cruisers, Confederate, carrying Brit-
ish flag, 361.

Crusades, 438, 439; one to be fitted
out by Columbus, 6.
Cuba, Columbus coasts by, 11: effort
for purchase of Cuba by the United
States, 341.
Cumberland, the, destroyed by Merri-
mac, 366.

Currency, tobacco used for, 80: con-
tinental, depreciation of, 177; during
war for the Union, 374.
Cushing, Caleb, Attorney General,

426.

Cushing, Lieutenant, blows up the
Albemarle, 380.

Custer, General, sketch, 400; portrait,
401: massacred, 401.
Cutler, Manasseh, 231.

Dallas, Alexander J., Secretary of
Treasury, 257.

Dallas, George Mifflin, Vice President,
322.

Dare, Virginia, first American-born
English child, 43.

Davis, Jefferson, chosen President of
Confederate States, 348; portrait,
sketch, 348; training of, 353; flies
from Richmond, 383; captured, 384;
later years, 384; Secretary of War,

426.

Dawes, Henry L., introduces bill to
allot lands to Indians, 408.

Dearborn, General Henry, 243; Secre-
tary of War, 256.

Debt, national, 402, 403, 479: at close
of Revolution, 187; Hamilton's
scheme for, 205; paid off, 295; be-
tween States, hard to collect, 190;
of States, to be assumed by govern-
ment, 205, 206.

Decatur, Stephen, exploit of, 237; cap-
tures Macedonian, 245; establishes
freedom of American commerce,
252.

Decimal coinage, invented by Jeffer-
son, 155.
Declaration of Independence, written
mainly by Jefferson, 155; leading
points, 155; agreed to on July 4,
1776, 156; proclaimed, 157; celebra-
tion since, 157; popular in France,
161; as now read, 163; text of, 457-
461.

Deerfield, Mass., attack on, 91.
Delano, Columbus, Secretary of In-
terior, 428, 429.

Delaware, Lord, made governor of
Virginia, 481.

Delaware, set off from Pennsylvania,
76, 78; first to ratify Constitution,
193.