an injury received a few days previous, he was on every part of the field, exposing himself to the thickest of the fire and encouraging both officers and men. General Sherman and other division commanders seconded him. General Nelson brought his men into action about one o'clock and soon afterward General Buell reached the field. It appeared to him that the day was lost, and he asked Grant: "What preparations have you made for retreating, General?" The idea of retreating, however, had not apparently presented itself to that officer, and he quietly replied: "I haven't despaired of whipping them yet." "No, of course," said Buell, "but if you should be whipped, how will you get your men across the river? These transports will not take more than ten thousand troops." "If I have to retreat," replied Grant, "ten thousand will be as many as I shall need transports for." For such a man defeat was impossible. Said General Sherman to him: "This faith in success gave you victory at Shiloh, and I can liken it to nothing else than the faith a Christian has in the Saviour. I tell you it was this that made us act with confidence. I knew wherever I was that you thought of me, and if I got in a tight place you would help me out, if alive."

While the battle was raging, General Johnston, the Confederate leader, was wounded by a minie-ball, which cut an artery in his leg, and in a few moments he was dead, leaving General Beauregard in command; but the Confederate troops were demoralized, and the assault rested.

All that night General Grant was posting the reinforcements which had arrived under Generals Buell and Wallace, and reorganizing the shattered regiments that had fought so hard on Sunday. The rain fell in torrents, but he was all night in the saddle, riding from

division to division, encouraging the drenched troops. At daybreak a determined advance was made by the fresh troops, and the little log meeting-house at Shiloh was again the scene of a desperate struggle. Those who had retreated the day before now attacked, and the Confederates, victorious on Sunday, precipitately retreated on Monday. The ground which had been lost was regained after a desperate conflict between Northern determination and Southern impetuosity. General Grant lost in the two days' battles one thousand seven hundred killed, and over ten thousand wounded and missing. Beauregard telegraphed to Richmond: "We retreated to our intrenchments at Corinth, which we can hold." General Halleck issued an order thanking Generals Grant and Buell, "and the officers and men of their respective commands for the bravery and endurance with which they sustained the general attack of the enemy on the 6th, and for the heroic manner in which, on the 7th, they defeated the entire rebel army."

General Halleck, while listening to those who reflected on General Grant for having permitted the surprise at Shiloh, took the field in person and assumed command, intimating that he would show how war should be conducted. General Grant was his second in command, but he was practically ignored and made to feel that he was in disgrace. Orders to his subordinates were not sent through him; his advice was not asked when movements were projected; when he offered it, it was spurned. Undoubtedly mortified at the injustice with which he was treated, he endured the humiliations to which he was subjected in silence, and could not be provoked into resigning his commission.

The "Grand Army of the Tennessee," when it moved forward under General Halleck, was one hundred and

twenty thousand strong. The Confederates made no show of opposition, but General Halleck advanced with great caution, throwing up intrenchments as he went along, and he was nearly two months in advancing eighteen miles. At last, on the 30th of May, the advanceguard of the Union army marched into Corinth as the rear-guard of the Confederate army marched out. While General Halleck had been throwing up intrenchments, General Beauregard had been amusing him with a show of strength and had finally left, taking with him his army and a large quantity of stores and setting fire. to what he could not carry with him.

In July, 1862, Secretary Stanton ordered General Halleck to Washington, and by general orders from the War Department assigned him to the command of "the whole land forces of the United States, as General-inChief." to repeat on a grander scale the blunders which he had made out West. One of his first steps was to offer Colonel Allen, of the Quartermaster Department, the command of the Army of the Tennessee, and when he declined Grant was deprived of large portions of his forces, which were sent, without consulting him, in various directions, until he had left but about thirty thousand men. The Confederates, learning of this, gave him great trouble. He did not fancy defensive operations, but by strategy he concentrated troops who were successful at luka and at Corinth, displaying superior generalship. This double check administered to the enemy relieved General Grant from any further necessity of acting on the defensive, but through the summer he kept cavalry detachments reconnoitering to guard against surprises.

Throughout the summer and fall General Grant carefully reorganized his small force and devoted himself to

the restoration of order. Guerillas were notified that they would not be entitled to the treatment of prisonersof-war when caught, and those sympathizing with them were to pay for their depredations on Government property. Fugitive slaves were to be employed in the Government service, but officers and soldiers were positively prohibited from enticing slaves to leave their masters.

On the 16th of October, 1862, General Grant was formally assigned to the command of the Department of the Tennessee, and on the 5th of December General Halleck ordered him to concentrate twenty-five thousand troops at Memphis for an expedition by land and by water against Vicksburg.

The expedition started under the command of General Sherman, and a few days afterward General Grant received orders to transfer the command to General McClernand. It was, however, too late, the communications between head-quarters and the expedition having been broken by the enemy; so General Sherman proceeded, having under his command forty-two thousand men, escorted by a fleet of gunboats commanded by Commodore Porter. Entering the Yazoo, the fleet met with great obstacles, as the bayous were choked with timber, stumps had to be cut off below the depth of water required by the boats, and matted branches swept away smoke-stacks and pilot-houses. Disembarking, General Sherman endeavored to carry the fortifications on Chickasaw Bluffs, but after a desperate conflict he was forced to retreat, having lost eighteen hundred men in killed, wounded, or missing. While he was thus engaged, the Confederates had made a diversion in his rear and destroyed a large accumulation of military stores at Holly Springs. General Grant next determined to attack Vicksburg from the opposite bank of the