The constant tendency of the praetor to enlarge the sphere of his extraordinaria cognitio, after the establishment of the empire, at the expense of the regular procedure by formula, paved the way to the total abolition of the latter. An even stronger influence, which was perpetually working against the ordo iudiciorum privatorum, was the new appellate jurisdiction; for, as has been observed, formulae were employed only in courts of lowest instance1. Eventually the formulary procedure was abolished by Diocletian, A. D. 294, magistrates being compelled to hear and decide suits themselves through all their stages; and even when, from stress of business, they were obliged to refer an occasional action to a iudex, their relation to the latter was no longer that of the older system; the proceedings were no longer divided between ius and iudicium, but the whole of them were delegated; magistratus and iudex, so far as the administration of justice is concerned, are interchangeable terms. As is observed by Mr. Poste 2, the libellary procedure in use in the time of Justinian was essentially the same as cognitio extraordinaria 3.
1 A sure index of the increasing activity of the extraordinaria cognitio is the frequent use of the expression iudex pedaneus' (xaμaidikaσrýs, Theophilus) by the classical jurists. This originated in the practice of calling the magistrate himself 'iudex,' which was only natural when he took to personally hearing and deciding many actions; iudex pedaneus' is the iudex instructed by formula.
Cf. Bk. iv. 15. 8 supr. Several topics which are of importance in the formulary procedure have been omitted in this excursus because they demand discussion under the later system as well, and consequently are touched upon in the notes to the text of Bk. iv: e. g. Processual Agency, Title 10; Satisdatio, Title 11; Prescription and Pendency, Title 12; Interdicts, Title 15; Restraints upon reckless Litigation, Title 16.
(The references are to the respective Books, Titles, and Sections.)
acceptilatio, iii. 29. 1. accessio, title to young of domestic animals, ii. 1. 19; to island rising in river, ib. 22 by river changing its course, ib. 23: of purple woven into a garment, ib. 26: by inaedificatio, ib. 29: of plants to soil, ib. 31, and of crops, ib. 32: of writing to parch- ment, ib. 33: but by an anomaly 'tabula picturae cedit,' ib. 34. acquisition through slaves, i. 8. 1: ii. 9. 3 iii. 17. I: through usufruc- tuary slaves, ii. 9. 4: ii. 14. pr.: through alienus servus bona fide possessed or free man bona fide ser- viens, ii. 9. 4 through children in power; the old law modified by Jus- tinian, ii. 9. 1: cf. iii. 17. 1: through extraneae personae, ii. 9. 5: acqui- sition of contractual rights through slaves and children in power, iii. 28. pr.: through free men and alieni servi bona fide possessed, ib. 1: through usufructuary slave, ib. 2: through slave jointly owned, ib. 3. acta, i. 11. 12: i. 12. 8: ii. 7. 2: iv. 11. 3.
actio, defined, iv. 6. pr.: divided into in rem and in personam, ib. 1: actions in rem are for recovery of property, ib., or of iura in re aliena, ib. 2: ac- tions relating to the latter either affir- mative or negative, ib.: real actions introduced by the praetor, ib. 3: ex- emplified by actio Publiciana, ib. 4: the converse action, ib. 5: actio Ser- viana and quasi-Serviana, ib. 7: prae- torian actions in personam exemplified by actiones recepticia, de pecunia con- stituta, de peculio, etc., ib. 8: praeto- rian penal actions, ib. 12: praeiudi- cial actions, ib. 13: ownership can- not be claimed by actio in personam, ib. 14: actions divided into rei per- secutoriae, poenae persecutoriae, and mixtae, ib. 16: actions rei persecuto- riae exemplified, ib. 17: so with those poenae persecutoriae, ib. 18, and mix- tae, ib. 19: actions called mixtae be- cause partly in rem, partly in perso- nam, e. g. actio familiae erciscundae,
ib. 20: actiones in simplum concep- tae, ib. 22: in duplum, ib. 23: in triplum, ib. 24: in quadruplum, ib. 25: actiones bonae fidei and stricti iuris; the former enumerated, ib. 28, and characterised, ib. 30: actiones ar- bitrariae, ib. 31: actions in which the whole debt is sometimes not recover- ed, e. g. de peculio, ib. 36: de dote, ib. 37: actions by child against pa- rent, freedman against patron, part- ner against partner, etc., ib. 38: con- currence of actions de eadem re, iv. 9. 1: actions perpetual and temporal, iv. 12. pr.: penal actions, how far they can be brought against the of fender's heir, ib. 1: may be brought by heir of injured person, except actio iniuriarum, ib.: cases in which actions ex contractu cannot be brought a- gainst the heir, ib.: defendant entitled to absolutio if he satisfies the plaintiff ante rem iudicatam, ib. 2. actio ad exhibendum, iv. 6. 31.
bonorum vi raptorum, iv. 2: who can bring it, ib. 2.
calumniae, iv. 16. 1. communi dividundo, iii. 27. 3: iv. 6. 20: iv. 17. 5.
de eo quod certo loco promissum est, iv. 6. 31: ib. 33.
de eo quod metus causa, iv. 6. 25: ib. 27: ib. 31.
deiecti aut effusi, iv. 5. I.
de peculio, iv. 6. 8: ib. 10. de peculio et in rem verso, iv. 7. 4: ib. 5.
de pecunia constituta, iv. 6. 8 and 9.
exercitoria, iv. 7. 2.
ex stipulatu, iii. 15. pr.
familiae erciscundae, iii. 27. 4:
iv. 6. 20: iv. 17. 4.
finium regundorum, iv. 6. 20: iv.
furti, ii. 1. 34: iv. 1: iv. 12. pr.: who can bring it, iv. 1. 13-17: is purely penal, ib. 19.
in factum, iv. 3. 16: iv. 5. 3. institoria, iv. 7. 2.
noxalis, iv. 8. pr.: caput sequitur, ib. 5 in cases of pauperies, iv. 9. pr.: form of condemnation in, iv. 17. I.
quasi Serviana, iv. 6. 7: ib. 31. quod iussu, iv. 7. I: ib. 5. recepticia, iv. 6. 8 and 9.
rei uxoriae, formerly bonae fidei: merged by Justinian in actio ex sti- pulatu (de dote exigenda), to which he gives a bonae fidei character, iv. 6. 29. servi corrupti, iv. 1. 8: iv. 6. 23. Serviana, iv. 6.7: ib. 31. suspecti tutoris, i. 26. 3: ib. 8. tributoria, iv. 7. 3: ib. 5.
utilis, ii. 1. 34: ii. 23. 4: legis Aquiliae, iv. 3. 16.
actor tutoris, i. 23. 6.
addictio bonorum libertatis causa, in- troduced by M. Aurelius, iii. 11. pr. and I advantages of, ib. 2: allowed where slaves are manumitted by codi- cils only, ib. 3: limitations on its application, ib. 4: effect upon, of in integrum restitutio of non-accepting heir, ib. 5 extension of it by inter- pretation, ib. 6: Justinian's consti- tution on the subject, ib. 7. ademptio of legacies, ii. 21. pr. adgnatio, iuris nomen, i. 15. 3, cf. iii. 1. II: effect of capitis deminutio on, I. 15. 3 degrees of, how reckoned, iii. 6. 8.
aditio of inheritance, ii. 19. 5: how made, ib. 7.
adiudicatio, iv. 17. 4-7. adoptio, its two forms, i. 11. 1: Jus- tinian's changes in the law of, ib. 2, and their effect on the law of intestate succession, iii. 1. 14: imitates nature, i. II. 4: its extent and limits, ib. 4-7: effects of, ib. 8: who cannot adopt, ib. 9 and 10: adoption of slave, ib. 12: adoptio plena extinguishes patria potestas, i. 12. 8: confers agnatic rights, iii. 2. 2.
adoptivi liberi, are in potestas, i. II. pr.: contrasted with naturales liberi in respect of intestate succession, iii.
adquisitio per adrogationem, intro-
duced by custom, iii. 10. pr.: see adrogatio.
adquisitio rerum singularum iure na- turali occupatio, ii. 1. 12: accessio, ib. 19: alluvio, ib. 20: specificatio, ib. 25 confusio, ib. 27: commixtio, ib. 28: traditio, ib. 40.
adquisitio rerum singularum iure ci- vili usucapio, ii. 6. pr.: donatio, ii. 7. pr.: per ius adcrescendi, ii. 7. 4- adquisitio per universitatem, the four kinds of, ii. 9. 6.
adrogatio, i. 11. 1: of impubes, ib. 3: i. 22. 1: effect of, upon children of adrogatus, i. II. II: rights of adro- gatus on intestacy of natural father, iii. 1. 10: effect of, on property of adrogatus, iii. 10. I: change in the law by Justinian, ib. 2: effect of, on debts owed by adrogatus, ib. 3. adsignatio libertorum, iii. 8: introduced by a senatusconsult, ib. pr. and 3: who may be assigned, and to whom, ib. 1: case in which 'adsignatio evan- escit,' ib. 2: modes of such assign- ment, ib. 3.
Aediles curules, their edicts, i. 2. 7: iv. 9. I.
aequitas, ii. i. 40: iii. 1. 9.
agency, in acquisition of ownership and possession: see acquisition.
contractual: see mandatum, and
in procedure: formerly permitted only in four cases: introduction of procurators as processual agents, iv. 10. pr.: mode of appointment,
ib. I. agnates, who are, i. 15. I: iii. 2. 1 and 2: agnatorum curatio, i. 23.3: females as agnates, iii. 2. 3: their rights a- bridged by the media iurisprudentia, but the law of the XII Tables re- stored by Justinian, ib., who also gives agnatic rights to uterine bro- thers and sisters and their children, ib. 4: all agnates in the same degree succeed equally, ib. 5: no limits to the distance at which they may claim the relationship, iii. 5. 5. alienation, by non-owners, e. g. of pledge by pledgee, ii. 8. 1: in some cases forbidden even to owners, e. g. with dotale praedium, ib. pr.: by pupil without guardian's auctoritas, ib. 2: in fraud of creditors, iv. 6. 6. alluvio, defined, ii. 1. 20: doubtful case of, ib. 21.
animals ferae naturae, ii. 1. 12: bees, ib. 14: pigeons, ib. 15: domestic fowls and geese, ib. 16.
animus domini, in connection with renunciation of ownership, ii. 1. 48. animus revertendi, a test of domes- ticity in animals, ii. 1. 15. arra, iii. 23. pr.
Atilicinus, ii. 14. pr.
auctoritas tutoris, where and where not necessary, i. 21. pr.: ii. 8. 2:
required for aditio hereditatis and such kinds of acts, ib. 1: mode in which it should be given, ib. 3. Augustus, i. 11. 11: ii. 12. pr. ii. 23. 1, ib. 12: ii. 25. pr.
bankruptcy, avoided by institution of a necessarius heres, ii. 19. 1: by addictio bonorum libertatis causa, iii. 11. I form of, under Justinian, iii. 12. pr. see bonorum emptio, bo- norum possessio, cessio bonorum. beneficium competentiae, iv. 6. 7: ib. 30.
divisionis, iii. 20. 4. separationis, iii. 19. 1.
bona fide possession, ii. 1. 33, 34, 35: ii. 6. pr.: iv. 17. 2. bona vacantia, ii. 6. 9.
bona vi rapta, iv. 2. pr.: the action on the delict praetorian, ib: amount of the penalty, ib., cf. iv. 6. 19: always implies dolus malus, ib. 1: constitu- tions of earlier emperors as to the violent taking of property on the plea that it is one's own, ib.: iv. 15. 6: the thing raptum need not be in bonis of the plaintiff, iv. 2. 2.
bonorum emptio, obsolete under Jus- tinian, iii. 12. pr.
bonorum possessio, as a preliminary to bankruptcy proceedings, i. 26. 9: iii. 10. 3: iii. 12. pr.
a form of inheritance introduced by the praetor to amend the ius ci- vile, iii. 9. pr. or in some cases to confirm or supplement it, ib. 1: three kinds of, ib. 3: time fixed by the praetor within which it must be demanded, ib. 8: dies utiles only reckoned, ib. 9: imperial constitu- tions made any expression of inten- tion to accept sufficient, ib. 10: bo- norum possessio intestati, its degrees, iii. 9. 3: unde liberi, iii. 1. 9: unde cognati, iii. 1. 13: iii. 2. 3: iii. 3. pr.: can be claimed only by relations within the sixth degree, with one exception, iii. 5. 5: certain of the degrees or classes made unnecessary by Justinian, viz. unde decem per- sonae, iii. 9. 4, tum quam ex familia and unde liberi patroni, etc., ib. 5, unde cognati manumissoris, ib. 6: bonorum possessio contra tabulas, ii. 13. 3 iii. 1. 12: iii. 9. 3: bonorum possessio secundum tabulas, ii. 17.6: iii. 9. 3 bonorum possessio ex lege, iii. 9. 7.
causa adrogationis, i. 11. 3: manumis- sionis, see iusta causa: traditionis, ii. 1. 40 possessionis, ii. 6. pr.: falsa, in usucapio, ii. 6. 11: in lega- cies, ii. 20. 31: lucrativa, ii. 20. 6: omnis causa (fruits, accessions, etc.), iv. 17. 3.
cautio, as evidence of stipulation, iii. 19. 12, ib. 17: of loan, iii. 21.
by usufructuary owner of res quae usu consumuntur, ii. 4. 2: in cases of bonorum addictio libertatis causa, iii. II. 1 and 2: de dolo, de persequendo servo, etc., iii. 18. 1: iuratoria, iv. II. 2 see satisdatio. Celsus, ii. 20. 12.
cessio bonorum, iii. 25. 8: iv. 6. 40: iv. 14. 4.
church, the, legislation in favour of, iii. 27. 7: iv. 6. 19, ib. 23, ib. 26: iv.
16. I. Claudius, iii. 3. 1.
codex of Theodosius, iii. 1. 16. codicilli, origin of, in Augustus' reign, ii. 25. pr. no necessity for preceding will, ib. I need not be expressly confirmed in a will subsequently made, ib. hereditas cannot be given, nor exheredatio be made in, though both and other things may be done by codicillary fideicommissum, ib. 2: any number may be made, and no solemn form required, ib. 3. cognati, distinguished from agnati, i. 15. I: iii. 5. 1-3.
cognatio, effects of capitis deminutio on, i. 15. 3: i. 16. 6: the degrees of, reckoned in the ascending, descending, and collateral lines, iii. 6. pr.: enu- merated, ib. 1-6: each generation removes the relationship by one de- gree, ib. 7 genealogical table of, ib. 9: cognatio among slaves, ib. 10. colonus, ii. 1. 36: iv. 6. 7: iv. 15. 3. commixtio, ii. 1. 28. commodatum, iii. 14. 2: distinguished from mutuum, ib.: is gratuitous, ib.:
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