do principe, as Nero was. If the prince plays the lute, the y the clown. For the cithara, cf. Fig. 42.

ராகத

FIG. 42. Various forms of the cithara.

Mimus, an actor of this sort is represented in Fig. 43.

199. Ludus―i. e., the gladiatorial games. Even here the degenerate noble (Gracchus) chooses the most disgraceful form of gladiatorial equipment, for he fights not with the arms of the murmillo, nor with the shield, nor with the scimiter, but as a retiarius, armed with a trident and a net, lightly clothed, without a helmet, and thus easily recognized. The murmillo is probably represented upon the sepulchral monument in Fig. 41; for the retiarius and secutor, cf. Fig. 17.

202. This line is rejected by several editors. 203. Galea. The form of helmet used by the gladiators is seen in Fig. 44.

205. Effudit. cast. The retiarius gathered the net in his hand and attempted to throw it so as to entangle his opponent.

207 f. Credamus tunicae, etc., we must believe his tunic when, gold-embroidered, it stretches out from

FIG. 43.-Mimus.

his neck and the gold cord flutters from his tall cap. This was the costume

of the Salii, priests of Mars. For the galerus, cf. Fig. 45.

212. Seneca, the philosopher, was Nero's tutor, and was murdered by

the order of his former pupil.

213. Supplicio, dative with parari.

214. Simia-serpens-culleus.

A parricide was punished by being put

into a sack with a dog, a snake, a cock, and an ape, and then cast into

the sea.

218. Aut. The negative idea is carried over from nec.

Spartani coniugii. Orestes married Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen.

220. Nero's worst crimes were his artistic ones. anti-climax, cf. III, 7-9.

221. Troica. Nero wrote verses on the Trojan war.

For the intentional

Quid enim, etc. For what that Nero did was more deserving of punishment at the hands of his enemies?

Verginius (Rufus) took up arms against Nero in Germany, (Julius) Vindex in Gaul, and (Servius) Galba in Spain.

223. Cruda, brutal.

224. Generosi, nobly-born.

225. Peregrina ad pulpita. Suetonius says that Nero appeared as a contestant in the games in Greece.

226. Prostitui. The Latin passive sometimes has the force of the Greek middle.

FIG. 45.-Galerus.

Apium, parsley.

227. Let him lay all these trophies of his disgraceful victories at the fect of the statues of his ancestors.

228 f. Domiti. Nero was the son of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus.

Thyestes, Antigone, and Melanippa were tragic parts played by Nero. 229. Syrma, the trailing robe worn by actors in tragedy.

231. Cf. line 237, note.

234. Ut, as if you were. Bracatorum Gallorum.

235. Tunica molesta. Cf. I, 155, note.

237. Novus Arpinas, Cicero, the novus homo, who saved the State, is contrasted with the men of old family, who sought to destroy it.

240 f. Tantum-nominis, such glory.

241. Leucade refers to the battle of Actium as Thessaliae campis to the battle of Philippi.

242. Abstulit, bore off, gained. 243. Caedibus depends on udo. Gladio is ablative of instrument. Sed-libera-i. e., Rome was free when she gave the title to Cicero.

245. Arpinas alius, C. Marius.

FIG. 46.-Dolabra.

247. Frangebat vertice vitem, he broke with his head the centurion's rod, which seems to have been freely used to punish the common soldiers-i. e., he served as a soldier, and had the rod broken over his head if he was slow at his work.

248. The dolabra is shown in Fig. 46.

252. Qui. Its antecedent is corvi, the subject of volabant.

253. Nobilis collega, Catulus.

254. Deciorum. P. Decius Mus gave his life for his country in the battle against the Latins, 340 B. c.; cf. Livy VIII, 9; his son, of the same name, followed his example in the battle of Sentinum. Cf. Livy X, 28.

258. Pluris, of more value-i. e., to the gods; so their sacrifice of their lives saved the State.

259. Ancilla natus-i. e., Servius Tullius. Cf. VII, 199, note.

Trabeam, the royal robe, a toga ornamented with horizontal purple stripes.

Diadema. Fig. 47 shows the form of the diadema. 261. Prodita claustra-i. e., the bolts that they had betrayed.

Laxabant, imperfect of "attempted action."

262. Iuvenes-i. e., the sons of Brutus, who aided in the recall of the Tarquins.

264. Quod. Its antecedent is aliquid.

Cum Coclite Mucius. Horatius Cocles defended the bridge against PorMucius Scaevola burned off his hand when arrested

senna, cf. Livy II, 10.

for an attempt to kill the same king.

Quae-natavit. Cloelia escaped from Porsenna and swam the Tiber to

Rome.

265. Fines, in apposition with Tiberinum (flumen).

266 ff. I. e., Vindicius, the slave that discovered the plot of the sons of Brutus to the senators, deserved to be mourned as Brutus was, while these degenerate sons of Brutus deserved the punishment that they received.

268. Adficiunt. Its subjects are verbera and securis.

Legum prima securis. Their execution was the first after the establishment of laws-i. c., of the republic.

269. Thersites was a cowardly boaster in the Greek army before Troy. Cf. II. II, 212 ff. He was killed by Achilles.

270. Aeacidae, Achilles, grandson of Aeacus.

272. Ut, although.

273. Asylo. Romulus was said to have obtained his citizens by opening an asylum for criminals. Cf. Livy I, 8.

SATIRE X.

ON THE VANITY OF HUMAN WISHES.

INTRODUCTION.-How few know what real good is; how many strive for that which serves only to injure them! Eloquence, strength, wealth, all have their victims. What wonder that Democritus laughed and Heraclitus wept at the folly of men? But the folly of those times is far exceeded in our

own.

Power brings envy and ill-will; Sejanus was second to the Emperor alone; in his fall he was hated and despised. Would you not rather be a humble magistrate in some country town than have Sejanus's power and fate? Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, all illustrate the same thing.

Eloquence is fatal too. Cicero's Philippics brought upon him Antony's vengeance. Demosthenes at the forge was safe; danger and death came when he had learned to sway the people at his will.

Hannibal died in

Military glory is both delusive and destructive. poverty and exile; Alexander found room for all his greatness in a coffin; Xerxes suffered ignominious defeat.

Men pray for length of days, forgetful of the infirmities and sorrows that attend it. Nestor's long life brought grief, and Peleus lived to mourn Achilles. Had Priam died before old age, he might have been spared

humiliation and disgrace. Hecuba lived longer still, and met a still worse fate. Look, too, at Mithridates, Croesus, Marius, Pompey.

Since, then, human wishes are vain, leave your happiness in the hands of the gods, whose care it is. If you must offer prayers, pray for a sound mind in a sound body; for the spirit of peace that only virtue can give.

1. Gadibus. Cadiz was the western boundary of the world to the ancients. 2. Auroram et Gangen. Usque without ad is not usual except with names

of towns.

3. Illis, dative.

Remota erroris nebula-i. e., to remove the mist of error and—

4. Ratione, ablative of manner.

7. Domos, families.

8. Toga-militia, in peace and war.

10. Ille. I think Macleane is right in referring this to the soldier, and not, as most commentators do, to Milo of Croton, who tried to rend a treetrunk, but was held fast and devoured by wolves.

11. Periit. The i in the final syllable is long.

13. Cuncta patrimonia, object of exuperans.

14. Quanto-i. e., tanto quanto.

16. Longinum. Gaius Cassius Longinus was a famous jurist, consul, and praetor, who was banished by Nero. Longinum

Cererem for aedem Cereris.

Praedivitis Senecae. Cf. V, 109, note; VIII, 212.

domum Longini, so

17. Lateranorum; Plautius Lateranus was accused of participation in the conspiracy of Piso.

18. Cenacula, garrets.

19. Licet, although.

Puri, simple.

21. Ad lunam, in the moonlight.

22. Vacuus, empty-handed.

24. Maxima, etc. The bankers (argentarii) had their offices in the Forum. The positions of the most important buildings are shown in Fig. 48. The heavy black lines mark existing ruins.

26. Fictilibus. Cf. III, 168, fictilibus cenare pudet.

Pocula gemmata. Cf. V, 43, gemmas ad pocula transfert.

28. Iamne igitur laudas quod cum ita sit, certe iam laudabis.

Alter, Democritus.

=

30. Auctor; Heraclitus, of Ephesus, about 500 B. c., who was called both the weeping and the obscure philosopher.

34. Democritus, of Abdera, 460–367 B. C.

Quamquam with the subjunctive is usual in the silver age.

Urbibus illis, etc.-i. e., in the cities of his time and country there was