would be fewer rebellions. He did not know where the saying "toe the mark" originated, but it might well have come down from those old backwoods school-houses. The floors were made of "puncheons," or logs split and laid together flat side up, leaving cracks between, and a frequent method of punishing refractory pupils was to make them "toe the mark," or one of these cracks, and stand up in the observation of the whole school. He exhibited a large pewter platter which was plowed up at Wyoming, a "witch ball" formed by the collection of hair in an ox's stomach, which the action of that organ had formed into spherical form, and which the superstitious invested with wonderful powers, a stone which he had himself used as a passport from tribe to tribe of Indians, an old drawing knife manufactured before the Revolution, an Indian pipe of peace and tomahawk combined, and an old sickle, the first ever used in this county, and brought here by Baldwin Jenkins from Green county, Ohio, in 1834. This last he presented to the Old Settler's Museum in this place, where it may now be found suitably inscribed. He said that when he used to reap with this primitive tool it took thirty bushels of wheat to buy one barrel of salt. Think of that, you modern grumbler at hard times. A number of these relics belong to Dr. Barnard, of Berrien county, who was present at the meeting yesterday. In closing, Mr. Jenkins spoke feelingly of his attachment to this country, and to the people. and said that he was willing, like the Jewish daughter-in-law, to declare that their country should be his country, their people his people, and their God his God.

HON. GEORGE REDFIELD

was called for, and in response came forward. He said he appeared before them in answer to their demand, and although Providence had denied him the privilege of seeing them, they could look upon him. He enjoyed better health than at any previous period for a number of years. He had lived among his people forty-one years, and had found them a pure, excellent and moral people and congratulated himself that he had ever done what was in his power to advance the interests and prosperity of all the people, especially the laborers. But now it seems a calamity has fallen upon us, and a universal inquiry is made what shall be done to meet the exigency. The Governor had alluded to the currency troubles, and indicated the true source of relief. There were many who had worked long years, expending their youthful energy, and supposed they had accumulated sufficient to keep themselves and family in comfort, but who in these adverse times find themselves destitute, and are inquiring for the cause and the remedy. The remedy is to go to work, be economical, frugal, and saving, and prosperity will follow. He was not going to make a political speech. He was not a partisan and never had been, but had always, in public and private capacity, to the best of his judg ment, favored those policies and courses of action best calculated to advance the interests of the poor people, but he must say that we have been afflicted with a large amount of dishonesty during the last fifteen years. We read in the olden story that not one honest man could be found to save the country, but he did not believe we had fallen upon such evil times as that. There are now many honest and pure men, thousands of them in Michigan now. The country, in relation to the cause of its troubles, seems to be like Ethan Allen, who, in response to a query as to his family, said he had a number of sons and one of them was a devil, but he could not tell which one it was. He severely criticised A. T. Stewart, who, he said recently died.-no, he never lived,—a man who can live

in the midst of suffering and deserving humanity and accumulate twenty millions of dollars never lived; he may have existed and borne the semblance of humanity, the form that distinguishes him from the brute, but he never lived. Fifteen years ago he told his friends there must be a terrible revulsion and a panic, beside which the wild-cat times of early Michigan would be as nothing, and we are now experiencing it, but he did not take a gloomy view of the future. On the contrary he thought brighter and better days were in store. With our large latitude of thought and freedom of expression on all topics, we had the best religion in the world, and we should guard it zealously and effectually from the encroachments of bigotry, partisanship, and sectarianism. He was glad once more to appear before them, and permit his friends to exercise the advantage which they enjoyed of looking at him, and would be glad to reciprocate their gaze, but God had denied him the privilege. With the kindest and most heartfelt wishes for the prosperity of all, the veteran, who is almost eighty years of age, twenty of which he has employed in hard work in this county, took his seat. We trust his anticipations may be realized, and his health spared until he visits many more of these annual reunions.

R. T. TWOMBLY, ESQ.,

of Niles, came forward in response to repeated calls, and said he didn't know why he should be called on to inflict a speech on this audience, unless it was because some people delighted in human misery. He met his fellow pioneers on this occasion with sad and subdued feelings, for he felt that many he would take by the hand today he should meet for the last time, before they cross the river to pioneer in another country. He had noticed at these meetings (meetings which he approved and enjoyed) that the eulogies, the words of praise and commendation, were almost universally for the pioneer man. What little he should say, would be devoted to the patient, long-enduring, never-complaining wives and mothers of the pioneer days, who, when distress, discouragements, and disappointments came, were the sheet anchors to windward, holding us off from the lee rocks of despair. No one suffered more hardships or endured more privations in those early days than the pioneer wives, mothers, and daughters, and now in the reflected glories of those times she is hardly even alluded to; man receives the whole credit and praise, when he is entitled to only an equal share. It shall not be so in this caseif I can help it. She labored early and late, with an endurance and application never excelled. Where the man labored eight hours she labored sixteen, baking, cooking, sewing, washing, mending after the ordinary hours of labor had ended, and, in many cases, assisting in the field. For these services she received eight yards of calico a year, for it must be remembered that dresses then were not made to sweep the filth from the sidewalks, or possibly if prosperous a delaine dress would be procured, or if wealthy, a silk dress. But if the latter, you could read a psalm tune every time it was put on, sure, and there would not be enough to wad a gun, for they did not flourish pull backs then,-the only pull backs they had were the little early pioneers, who hung onto and pulled back behind on the eight yards of dress. Now, I want to say that every old settler should make his will and leave the dear companion of his struggles, trials, and triumphs, what she deserves, the property that she has aided to earn and save. Leave her independent; don't leave her to extend her palsied hand, and ask for what belongs to her, be it ever

so freely given. Our laws on this subject are all wrong. If the wife dies the property all reverts to the man who has made his share of it. If the husband dies, how different the situation, the woman has the income of one-third of the estate which she has equally aided in getting and saving, and in many instances just now, when property is unproductive, you might as well give her a check on the blue sky, it would produce as much. I don't believe in these good old wives and mothers being compelled to accept a dower from an estate which belongs to them. Your laws on this subject are rotten, and Cass county, when she sends a man to make laws, should send one that will help correct them. Some of you may conclude that I am in favor of woman's rights. Now, I don't believe in their singing bass or whistling Yankee Doodle on the corner of the streets, but I do believe in giving them equal rights and protection.

Just try an experiment, give them $1 a day, or even 50 cents,-something they can call their own,-and see if the result isn't satisfactory and beneficial. To all pioneers, fathers and mothers, he would say, don't give up all the property you have; retain enough to be independent and you will retain the respect of your children. He would not advise a parent with the best children that ever lived, to give up all their property. Do not so place yourselves that you must ask for what belongs to you. He might talk about Indians, howling beasts, and the unbroken wilderness, that was in the regular line of eloquent orators, and he would not follow. He would say that he was glad to see an African in front of him, and know that he could come up free and untrammeled. He said this although he was classed as a copperhead. Yes, he was a copperhead, one of those kind, and he could raise an army of them in Cass and Berrien counties, who were ready to split their property in two and give one-half of it to carry on the war that saved the Union and freed the African. He knew of husbands who would be as much astonished if you should ask them if they were going to take their wives to any public gathering, even this picine, as if you should ask them if they were going to take their cook stoves. These women have been the saving and making influence of most of us. It is the amount saved that counts. No man can love a good woman more than I do, unless he is bigger than I am, and I am proud to speak for them and for their proper recognition.

After the conclusion of Mr. Twombly's remarks, the women in the audience rose to their feet and gave three cheers for the speaker, and at the conclusion of the exercises, dozens of ladies wished us to express their thanks for them through the paper.

Hon. C. W. Clisbee, historian of the Society, made some appropriate remarks, and said that since the publication of Rogers' History of the county, which covered the whole ground fully, he had concluded to leave the manuscript he had prepared in his office.

Rev. J. W. Robinson pronounced a benediction, and the meeting adjourned.

CHARLEVOIX COUNTY.

Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the State of Michigan:

SEC. 14. The name of the county of Reshkanko, as now organized by law, is hereby changed to that of Charlevoix.

Approved March 8, 1843.

SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the county of Charlevoix, consisting of the following described territory, to wit: Townships 32 north, of ranges 4, 5, 6, and 7 west; townships 33 north, of ranges 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 west; the south half of township 34 north, of ranges 4, 5, and 6 west, and all of the townships thirty-four north, of ranges 7 and 8 west, be and the same is hereby organized into a separate county by the name of Charlevoix; and the inhabitants thereof shall be entitled to all the privileges, powers, and immunities to which, by law, the inhabitants of other organized counties in this State are entitled.

SEC. 2. There shall be an election held in the several townships in said county, on the first Monday in May next, for the purpose of electing county officers, to which, by law, the said county may be entitled, whose term of office shall expire on the first day of January, A. D. 1871, and when their successors shall have been elected and qualified.

SEC. 3. The county canvassers, under the provisions of this act, shall meet on the second Tuesday succeeding the day of said election, as herein appointed, in the township of Charlevoix, in said county, at the house of John S. Dixon, or such other place as may be agreed upon and provided by said board, and organize by appointing one of their number chairman and another secretary, and shall thereupon proceed to discharge all the duties of a board of county canvassers, as in the other cases of the election of county officers, as prescribed by the general law.

SEC. 4. The said county of Charlevoix, when so organized, shall be attached to the representative district composed of the counties of Mason, Lake, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Leelanaw, Manitou, Antrim, Otsego, Crawford, Kalkaska, Missaukee, Wexford, and Benzie, and of the thirtyfirst senatorial and fourth congressional districts.

SEC. 5. The said county of Charlvoix, when so organized, shall be attached to the thirteenth judicial circuit.

SEC. 6. The Secretary of State is hereby directed to furnish the township clerk of the township of Charlevoix with a certified copy of this act; and it shall be the duty of said clerk to give the same notice of the elections to be held under the provisions of this act that is required by law to be given by the sheriff of organized counties.

SEC. 7. The register of deeds of said county shall make, or cause to be made, a transcript of all records, made in other counties, which are necessary, to be and appear upon the records of said county of Charleviox; and the board of supervisors of said county shall, within one year after the first meeting of the board, make provisions for defraying the expense of the same.

SEC. 8. The county-seat of the county of Charlevoix shall be located by the board of supervisors of said county.

SEC. 9. All property, files, and records belonging to the county of Emmet, which may remain in the county of Charlevoix at the time of its organization, shall be delivered over to the proper authorities of the county of Emmet.

SEC. 10. All acts or parts of acts contravening the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

SEC. 11. This act shall take immediate effect.
Approved April 2, 1869.

Reshkanko changed to Charlevoix. Named from F. X. de Charlevoix, a French traveler, who went to Canada as a Jesuit missionary. Born 1682; died 1761.

Charlevoix, the county-seat, is situated on the shore of Lake Michigan, about midway between Traverse City and Mackinac.

CHEBOYGAN COUNTY.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan:

SEC. 29. That portion of the State lying north of the line between towns 36 and 37 north, and east of the line between ranges four and five west, shall be laid off as a separate county, to be known and designated as the county of Cheboygan.

Approved April 1, 1840.

SECTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That the counties of Cheboygan and Wyandot shall be organized in one county, by the name of Cheboygan, and the inhabitants thereof entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities to which, by law, the inhabitants of other organized counties are entitled.

SEC. 2. There shall be elected in the county of Cheboygan, on the first Tuesday of May next, all the several county officers to which, by law, the said county is entitled, and said election and the canvass shall, in all respects, be conducted and held in the manner prescribed by law for holding elections and canvasses for county and State officers: Provided, That the canvass shall be held in the village of Duncan, in said county, on the Monday next following said election; and said county officers shall be immediately qualified, and enter upon the duties of their respective offices, and their several terms of office shall expire at the same time they would have expired had they been elected at the last general election: And provided further, That until such county officers are elected and qualified, the proper officers of the county of Mackinac shall perform all the duties appertaining to the officers of said county of Cheboygan, in the same manner as though this act had not passed.

SEC. 3. The board of canvassers of said county, under this act, shall consist of the presiding inspector of each township therein, who shall organize by appointing one of their number chairman, and another secretary of the board, and shall thereupon proceed to dischage all the duties of a board of county canvassers, as in ordinary cases of elections for county and State officers.

SEC. 4. The county of Cheboygan shall have concurrent jurisdiction