Scotland and Ireland to England-Members of Parliament, and the manner of passing Bills-Legal improvements of the Eighteenth Century, and those of a later date-Conclusion-Authorities PAGE 57 BOOK III. VIEW OF THE LEARNING AND LITERATURE, CHAPTER I. Learning, &c. in the British, Saxon, and Danish Loss of early illustrations of History-1. British and Roman Period. Knowledge confined to the Druids -Their notions of the Universe, Astronomy, Arithmetic, Geometry, Mechanics, Physic and Surgerythe Anguinum Ovum or Serpent's Egg-Druidical Oratory Use of Greek letters-Education, and its improvement by the Romans British Sculpture, Painting, Poetry and Music-Useful arts known to the Britons-Hunting, Pasturage, Agricul ture and Gardening, Architecture-Art of War, Soldiers, War-chariots, and manner of fightingDecline of Arts, &c. on the Romans leaving Britain British Letters and Language. 2. Saxon Pe riods:-Barbarity of the time, and first introduction of Learning-Bede-Libraries and booksDecay of letters, and their revival under ÆlfredAntiquity of Oxford and Cambridge-Saxon Language and Writing-Saxon Poetry, Music, Painting and Sculpture-Architecture-Study of Natural Philosophy-Astronomy-Anglo-Saxon Calendar Geography-Arithmetic-Medicine-Art of Fishing-Agriculture-Tradesmen and Mechanics, Smiths, Workers in Gold and Jewels, Glass making, Weaving, Dying and Embroidery-El. fred's invention of Lanterns-Art of War, Arms and Armour, Standards. 3. Danish Period :- Learning, &c. from the Arrival of the Normans to the 1. Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries.—Establishment of Learning at Oxford, Cambridge, &c.-Value of Books-University of Paris-Jewish Schools- English Language and Writing-Poetry, Music, Painting and Sculpture-Architecture-Medicine -Agriculture and Gardening-Art of War, Cas- tles, Missile Engines, Weapons, Armour-Use of Armorial Ensigns-Army of England-Standards. 2. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries.-Semi- naries and Colleges-Learning in the Metropolis -Inns of Court-Decline of the Learned Lan- guages, &c.-Studies and Discoveries of Roger Bacon-Alchemy-English Language and Writ- ing-Poetry, and oldest English Song-Music, discovery of Ancient Painting in Oil, Sculpture, working in Gold and Enamelling-Architecture, Ecclesiastical, Domestic, and Castellated-Medi- cine-Agriculture and Gardening-Art of War: Invention of Gunpowder and Artillery-Greek Fire-Soldiers in the English Army, Armour and Weapons, Standards, Royal Arms of England. 3. Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.-Colleges and Schools established-Latin and Greek Languages -Invention of Printing-Paper of Cotton and Linen, Characters, Type, &c. of Ancient Books- Education-The Greek Language and Classics→→ Ancient Maps-Progress of Printing-Poetry— English Language and Writing-Music-Paint- ing-Sculpture-Sepulchral Monuments and Ef- figies-Engravings-Architecture: Ecclesiastical, PAGE Reign of Elizabeth-Medicine and Surgery, Encouragement of Alchemists, Protection and Incorporation of Physicians and Surgeons-Decline of Agriculture-Gardening--Improvement of Husbandry, Introduction of Fruits, &c.-Raising and Payment of Soldiers-Characteristic Features of Arms and Armour, from Henry IV. to Elizabeth, Plate-armour, Habits of inferior Soldiers, Weapons, Artillery and Cannon, Portable Fire-arms and Accoutrements Banners and Armorial Ensigns. 107 CHAPTER III. Literature and Arts of England in the Seventeenth Corruption of the English Language under James I.-- 192 BOOK IV. VIEW OF THE NAVIGATION, COMMERCE, MANU- CHAPTER I. British, Saxon, and Danish Periods. 1. British Period.-Early Commerce of the Britons→→ Regard paid to the Shield, Weapons-Authorities From the Norman Invasion to the end of the Fif- PAGE 227 1. Anglo-Norman Period.-Increasing Commerce of England, Dealing in Slaves, Exports, Imports, and Manufactures Norman Vessels-Alteration in Coin, Specimens of Ancient Prices, &c.—Costume, Reduction of Long Hair-Marriage-Ceremonies, Feudal power over Wards and Widows-Baptism -Funerals and Sepulchral Monuments-Norman Chivalry-Tournaments - Sports and Pastimes, Hunting, Gaming, Religious Plays, Mysteries and Miracles, Inferior Sports-Food and Liquors Character of the Times-Oppression of the Jews, Treacherous Conduct towards them when they quit England.-2. Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.-Improved State of Commerce, Importa- tion of Wines, Protection of Dutch Fishery, Un- just treatment of Foreign Merchants, Laws of Eng- land concerning them, Establishment of Woollen Manufacture, Restraints on Trade, Imports and Exports, Foreign and British Merchants-English Shipping-Principal Ports traded with-English Manufacture of Woollen Cloth, &c.- Various Standards of Coin-Sports and Pastimes, The Tournament, Games of inferior Persons, Religious Plays and Pageants, Mummers and other per- formers, Character of ordinary Sports in the Fif- teenth Century, Wakes, Strange Exhibitions- Feastings and Cookery, Wines, Spices, Subtleties, Ancient State-Dishes, Ceremonies and Order of Meals, Cooks, &c. in Monasteries-Absurdities of |