Dr. Morton gives the result of the measurement of twenty-three adult skulls of the pure Inca race. "The mean of the internal capacity is 73 cubic inches, which is probably lower than that of any other people now existing, not excepting the Hindoos." The mean of the anterior chamber is 32, of the posterior, 42, of the coronal region, 12 cubic inches. The highest measure of the coronal region is 20.5, and the smallest, 9.25 cubic inches. The mean facial angle is 75 degrees. The heads of nine Peruvian children appear to be nearly, if not quite as large, as those of children - of other nations of the same age.—p. 133.

The small size of the brains of this race, compared with that of the Europeans who invaded them, is in accordance with the ease with which the former were overcome and retained in subjection. The deficiency in the posterior region of the brain, in which the organs of the domestic affections are situated, corresponds with their feeble conjugal attachment and indifference to the lives of their children. The diameter from Constructiveness to Constructiveness, is stated by Mr. Phillips to be 4.5 inches, and from Ideality to Ideality, 5.1. These organs give a talent for art, and are considerable. The same measurements in the Naumkeagh, the race which occupied New England, and whose skulls are still dug up near Boston and Salem, and which never made any attainments in the arts, are 4.1 and 4 inches, respectively. Dr. Robertson, in his history of America, mentions that the modern Peruvian race was distinguished for its extraordinary powers of concealment and secrecy. Mr. Phillips

states the breadth from Secretiveness to Secretiveness to be 5.6 inches, which is large; the longitudinal diameter is only 6.1. The region of Combativeness also appears to be deficient in these skulls.

The IROQUOIS Confederacy consisted originally of five nations, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. They were intellectually superior to the surrounding nations, passionately devoted to war, and victorious over the other tribes. They forced their women to work in the field and carry burdens; they paid little respect to old age, were not much affected by love, were regardless of connubial obligations, and addicted to suicide. "They were proud, audacious, and vindictive, untiring in the pursuit of an enemy, and remorseless in the gratification of their revenge. Their religious ideas were vague, and their cautiousness and cunning proverbial. They were finally subdued and nearly exterminated by the AngloAmericans in 1779. Some miserable remnants of them, ruined by intoxicating liquors, still exist in the state of New York." The following is the skull of a Huron, one of these nations.

The following are average measurements of the five skulls of these nations, given by Dr. Morton: internal capacity, 88; coronal region, 15; anterior chamber, 31.5; posterior chamber, 50 cubic inches.

The ARAUCANIANS are the most celebrated and powerful of the Chilian tribes. They inhabit the region between the rivers Biobio and Valdivia, and between the Andes and the sea, and derive their name from the province of Arauco. "They are a robust and muscular people, of a lighter complexion than the surrounding tribes. Endowed with an extraordinary degree of bodily activity, they reach old age with few infirmities, and, generally, retain their sight, teeth, and memory, unimpaired. They are brave, discreet, and cunning to a proverb, patient in fatigue, enthusiastic in all their enterprises, and fond of war as the only source of distinction." "Their vigilance soon detected the value of the military discipline of the Spaniards, and especially the great importance of cavalry in an army; and they lost no time in adopting both these resources, to the dismay and discomfiture of their enemies. Thus, in seventeen years after their first encounter with Europeans, they possessed several strong squadrons of horse, conducted their operations in military order, and, unlike the Americans generally, met their enemies in the open field." "They are highly susceptible of mental culture, but they despise the restraints of civilisation, and those of them who have been educated in the Spanish colonies, have embraced the first opportunity to

resume the haunts and habits of their nation." p. 241. The following is one of three Araucanian skulls delineated in the work.

The average measurements of the three skulls are as follows: internal capacity, 79; coronal region, 15.4; anterior chamber, 32.2; posterior chamber, 48.50.

The measurements of the anterior and posterior chambers, as we have already mentioned, (p. 549,) are not in accordance with any phrenological rule. The anterior embraces the whole intellect, a portion of the moral sentiments, and a portion of the animal propensities; while the posterior chamber includes the remainder of the animal propensities, and the remainder of the moral organs. The measurement of the internal capacity is free from all objection; and that of the coronal region approaches to correctness; but the first gives merely the aggregate size of all the organs-animal, moral, and intellectual; and the second, that of the moral organs, with a portion of the intellectual organs, and also a portion of the organs common to man with the lower animals. The phrenological measurements given by Mr. Phillips may probably afford more correct means of comparing one portion of the brain with another, in the different nations, but our limits prevent us from analysing them. Unfortunately, also, the letter-press titles to his columns are printed upside down, which renders it exceedingly laborious to consult them. We therefore only remark, that the application of lines delineated by Mr. Combe on the skull Figure 1, to those specimens, brings out the

relation between the mental character and cranial developement forcibly to the eye. Estimating from A to B and D, the ancient Peruvian is seen not to be so defective in the intellectual region as a cursory glance would indicate; while the modern Peruvian is obviously larger in that region. The space above D C, devoted to the moral organs, is large in the modern Peruvian in proportion to the portion below C D, and behind the ear. This race was intelligent and comparatively mild, but superstitious and feeble. It has been subdued by the Europeans, and lives under their dominion. The Hurons, always averse to civilisation, have been nearly exterminated. The preponderance of the region below C D, (that of the animal propensities,) in them is conspicuous, combined with relative deficiency in the moral and intellectual regions. The Araucanians have maintained their independence in the open field, but resisted civilisation. The large developement of the space A B C, devoted to intellect, and also that below C D, and behind the ear, devoted to the propensities, is obvious, while the space below C D, or the region of the moral organs, is proportionally deficient. This indicates great animal and intellectual power, with imperfectly evolved moral feelings. To the latter defect, probably, is to be ascribed their aversion to civilised habits. The inferiority of all these skulls to that of the Swiss, is conspicuous. The internal capacity of it is 95.5, and that of the coronal region, 21.25. Dr. Morton does not give the capacity of the anterior and posterior chambers of this skull, but the larger dimensions of the intellectual organs have already been stated.

We have no space to enter into any description of the skulls found in the ancient tombs, or of those of the Flat-headed Indians and Charibs; suffice it to say, that Dr. Morton's materials are full and satisfactory on these topics, and his facts and conclusions highly interesting. We subjoin a few of the general results at which he arrives from a survey of his entire field.

"The intellectual faculties," says he, "of the great AMERICAN FAMILY, appear to be of a decidedly inferior cast, when compared with those of the Caucasian or Mongolian races. They are not only averse to the restraints of education, but for the most part incapable of a continued process of reasoning on abstract subjects. Their minds seize with avidity on simple truths, while they at once reject whatever requires investigation and analysis. Their proximity, for more than two centuries, to European institutions, has made scarcely any appreciable change in their mode of thinking, or their manner of life; and as to their own social condition, they are probably in most respects what they were at the primitive epoch of

their existence. They have made few or no improvements in building their houses or their boats; their inventive and imitative faculties appear to be of a very humble grade, nor have they the smallest predilection for the arts or sciences. The long annals of missionary labour and private benefaction bestowed upon them, offer but very few exceptions to the preceding statement, which, on the contrary, is sustained by the combined testimony of almost all practical observers. Even in cases where they have received an ample education, and have remained for many years in civilised society, they lose none of their innate love of their own national usages, which they have almost invariably resumed when chance has left them to choose for themselves." "However much the benevolent mind may regret the inaptitude of the Indians for civilisation, the affirmative of this question seems to be established beyond a doubt. His moral and physical nature are alike adapted to his position among the races of men, and it is as reasonable to expect the one to be changed as the other. The structure of his mind appears to be different from that of the white man; nor can the two harmonise in their social relations, except on the most limited scale. Every one knows, however, that the mind expands by culture; nor can we yet tell how near the Indian would approach the Caucasian after education had been bestowed on a single family through several successive generations." p. 82.*

The following are parts of Dr. Morton's table of " mean results," given from his whole measurements.

Remarks." The barbarous nations possess a larger brain by 51⁄2 cubic inches than the Toltecans; while, on the other hand, the Tol

* Dr. Morton adds that the Indians are extremely defective in comprehending every thing relating to numbers, and we may remark that Mr. Combe, in his lec. tures in New Haven, showed the great deficiency of the organ of number in their skulls.