Argument of an Imaginary. The base angle of the right triangle of which the sides are the reals of the normal imaginary and the hypothenuse the modulus.

Argyle, GEORGE JOHN DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, 8TH DUKE OF (1847), b. 1823. Scottish statesman and author; Presbytery, 1848; Reign of

Sec. for India 1868-74 and 1880-81.
Law, 1866; Primeval Man, 1869.
Argyropulos, JOHANNES, 1416-1473. Greek teacher in
Italy; tr. Aristotle.

Arhagea. Group of Nemertean worms, having no ciliated grooves on the head. It includes the Palæonemertea and Haplonemertea.

Arhan. Sanskrit name of the perfected Arya, those who have mastered the four spiritual truths and thereby entered the path to Nirvana. Also applied to all the disciples of Sakyamuni. The Chinese Buddhists apply it especially to the famous 18 and 500 disciples whom they call Lo-hân.

Ari, "THE WISE," 1067-1148. Icelandic historian. His Book of Kings and Icelanders exist only in fragments; the Settlements is his in part.

Aria. Musical composition for solo voice or instrument with accompaniment, consisting generally of three divisions, the third being a repetition of the first. It had its origin ab. 1650, and in the operatic form of the 18th century was thus classified: Aria cantabile, a flowing melody lightly acccompanied; Aria di portamento, in a sustained style; Aria di mezzo carattere, more fully developed and embellished; Aria parlante, Aria di nota e parola, Aria agitato, Aria di strepito, or Aria infuriata, charged with more passionate emotion; Aria di bravura, or Aria d'agilità, florid and designed to display the singer's skill.

Ariadne. Daughter of Minos, King of Crete. She fell in love with Theseus and gave him the clew by which he found his way out of the Labyrinth; accompanied him on his return to Athens, but was deserted by him in Naxos, and became the wife of Dionysus.

Arianism. Movement proceeding from ARIUS (q.v.), intended to make the mystery of the Trinity plainer. It declared the Son to have proceeded not from the Being but from the Will of God, and to be of different substance both from the Father and the World, which God created through Him. Condemned by the First General Council, at Nicæa, 325, it died very slowly in the Empire, and much more slowly among the Teutonic tribes, some of which, especially the Visigoths of Spain, held it almost to 600, and the Lombards till toward 700. Arias Montanus, BENEDICTUS, 1527-1598. Spanish Benedictine monk, editor of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible, 1568-72; famous as an Orientalist.

Aries. See ZODIAC.

Arietta. Diminutive of Aria.

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Aril. Accessory seed-covering found in certain plants, as in the white water-lily; formed by growth of a membrane at or near the base of the ovule after fertilization.

Arillode. Accessory seed-covering resembling an aril, but

developing from the apex of the ovule downward, as in Mace.

Ariobarzanes. (1) Three kings of Pontus. One of them revolted from Artaxerxes 362 B.C., reigned 363-337, and may be regarded as the founder of kingdom of Pontus. (2) Three kings of Cappadocia. One reigned 93-63 B.C. under the Romans. His grandson ruled 51-42, and aided Pompey against Cæsar.

Arion, 7th century B.C. Poet of Lesbos; inventor of dithyrambic verse. His life being threatened by sailors, he invoked the gods, threw himself into the sea, and was borne to land by a song-loving dolphin. This legend is depicted on many Greek coins.

Ariosto, LODOVICO, 1474-1533. Italian poet, made famous by his epic Orlando Furioso, 1516-32. He wrote also comedies, satires, and sonnets.

Ariovistus. Leader of German tribes who invaded Gaul ab. 72 B.C.; defeated by Cæsar 58 B.C.

Arista, MARIANO, 1802-1855. Mexican general, defeated at Palo Alto 1846; pres. of Mexico 1850-53.

Aristænetus, ab. 500. Greek letter-writer.

Aristæus. Son of Apollo, protector of vineyards, herds, and beehives.

Aristarchus, ab. 222-150 B.C. Most famous of Greek

critics and grammarians, b. at Samothrace. He studied at Alexandria, was tutor to Ptolemy Epiphanes and Ptolemy Physcon, head of a grammatical school there, and devoted his life to the criticism and interpretation of Greek authors. His text of Homer is the basis of ours. When Physcon maltreated the Alexandrian scholars, he fled to Cyprus, where he committed suicide. He opposed the school of Pergamus, led by Crates of Mallus. He is often mentioned in the Venetian scholia to Homer, though no genuine works have survived.

Aristarchus, OF SAMOS. Astronomer at Alexandria 280264 B.C. Author of a work on the magnitudes and distances of the sun and moon; said to have been the first to maintain the doctrine, afterward established by Copernicus, that the earth moves round the sun, though Pythagoras is believed to have taught something of this kind secretly.

Aristeas. Mythical person said to have been sent ab. 273 B.C. by Ptolemy Philadelphus to Jerusalem to obtain a copy of the Hebrew Scriptures and procure men to translate it into Greek. In the legend he brought 70 elders, who in 72 days made the version called the Septuagint.

Aristeides, d. 467 B.C. Athenian, called "the Just." He fought at Marathon 490 B.C.; archon 489; ostracized through influence of his rival Themistocles 482; aided the Greeks at Salamis 480; was recalled, and commanded the Athenians at

Platæa 479.

Aristeides. Alleged inventor of Greek romance; date and place unknown.

Aristeides, P. AELIUS, ab. 117-185. Of Smyrna; best orator of his time; 55 orations and 2 minor treatises remain. Aristeides, QUINTILIANUS. Greek writer of unknown date, whose work on music is extant.

Aristippus, ab. 435-ab.326 B.C. Greek philosopher, founder of the Cyrenaic school; pupil, but scarcely disciple, of Socrates. He taught that pleasure is the end of life, but must be attained by prudence.

Aristo. Stoic teacher at Athens 3d century B.C.

Aristobulus. Name of several eminent Jews. 1. Alexandrian teacher and writer ab. 160 B.C. II. High-priest, son of John Hyrcanus; king 107-105 B.C. III. Son of Alexander Jannæus; king ab. 70-63 B.C., then a Roman captive and officer, d. ab. 48 B.C. IV. Son and victim of Herod the Great. V. Son of the last, residing privately at Rome. VI. King of Armenia and Chalcis, 55-62.-Also, a Greek historian of Alexander's conquests.

Aristocracy. Class of people holding prescriptive rights; literally, the rule of the best; second stage in the Aristotelian analysis of government of the One, of the Few, and of the Many. Social evolution indicates the steady decrease of the

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on Greek music, is to be found in Meibom's Antiquæ Musica Scriptores, 1652.

Arithmetic. Science of numbers. Its beginning is found everywhere with the beginnings of civilization. Egyptian monuments show figures evidently using their hands for counting. The Roman numerals were used in Europe until the 15th century. Our present notation is of Hindoo origin, derived through the Arabs. Traces of it are found in Aryabhatta, an early Hindoo writer. With the nine digits and zero to denote position, an indefinite range is obtained. The basic notions of reckoning are addition and subtraction: then multiplication and division: still further involution and evolution. Fractions with their decimal notation, the processes of percentage, the progressions and analysis complete the subdivisions of the subject. Much has been written on the " Theory of Numbers" and their relations when combined.

Arithmetical Complement of a Logarithm. Remainder found by subtracting the logarithm from 10; used in computations by common logarithms to compact addition and subtraction of logarithms into one operation, 10 being subtracted from the sum for each complement used to obtain the required result.

Birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis.)

the Birthwort family.

Aristomenes. Half legendary hero of Messenia. He successfully resisted Sparta 685-668 B.C.; withdrew to Arcadia, whence he continued to harass the Spartans, and d. in Rhodes. Aristophanes, ab.444-ab.380 B.C. Greatest of Athenian writers of comedy; classed with the Old Comedy, although his style suggested the Middle and New schools. He employed the play to satirize and combat tendencies in politics, religion, and education which he considered to be dangerous to Athens, and caricatured the champions of obnoxious changes, especially the Sophists. Eleven of his 40 plays remain: the Acharnians. Knights, Clouds, Wasps, Birds, Peace, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusa, First Plutus, Frogs, and Ecclesiazusa.

Aristophanes, OF BYZANTIUM, ab. 264-ab. 185 B.C. Grammarian at Alexandria, librarian at the Museum; teacher of Aristarchus, maker of the canon or list of classic authors, and great literary and textual critic. He introduced the use of accents in Greek, and wrote many works which have perished. Aristotle, 384-322 B.C. Son of Nicomachus, a physician of Greek descent; b. at Stageira on the Macedonian frontier. He went to Athens at 17, and for twenty years was the pupil and associate of Plato. In 347 he went to the court of Hermeas at Atarneus in Asia Minor, whose niece he married. Later he removed to Mitylene, whence he was called by Philip of Macedon to be the tutor of Alexander the Great. In 335 he returned to Athens, where he established the Peripatetic school of philosophy and wrote the works now extant. On the death of Alexander, with whose cause he was identified, he fled from Athens, and died shortly afterward in Chalcis.

His writings were long lost: those now attributed to him were pub. about 50 B.C. They exercised a great influence on the Arabic and Scholastic philosophy, and are regarded as the most important contributions ever made to philosophy and science. They cover nearly the whole field of knowledge, and make advances in every department. The Organum develops formal logic much as it is now taught, and contains important discussion of scientific method and of dialectic. The Rhetoric and the fragment On Poetry contain many acute observations on human nature and conduct, which are elaborated with greater thoroughness and insight in the Ethics. In the Poletics both the ideal state and the actual political condition of Greece are discussed. In his writings on metaphysics, psychology, and science, he treats both the most abstruse problems of philosophy and an immense range of special facts. Physical and natural science may be regarded almost as his creation.

Aristotle's Lantern. System of teeth guarding the mouth of Sea-urchins. There are five teeth set in as many ossicles (the alveoli), which in turn unite at their bases each with two pairs of ossicles, and a central process.

Aristoxenus, fl. ab. 350 B.C. Greek philosopher, pupil of Aristotle. His treatise on Rhythm exists only as a fragment, but his valuable Elements of Harmony, the oldest known book

Ση

=

n

ical Progression.

Arius, 256-336. Heresiarch; Alexandrian presbyter of much ability and learning. His views have been condemned by modern Unitarians, as making Christ to be no more man than God; but they long convulsed Christendom, and his sudden death was regarded by the orthodox as a special providence. See ARIANISM.

m.

Arizona. S. w. territory of U. S. Its area is 113,020 sq.

of canons.

The n. e. part, including nearly half its area, consists of an arid plateau, having a mean elevation of from 6,000 to 7,000 ft., in which the Colorado River has cut its stupendous series near sea level up to 2,000 ft.. the limits of the high plateau being sharply outlined in most places by an abrupt descent. This lower region is composed of desert plains and valleys, intersected by narrow, sharp mountain ranges. The climate is extremely hot and arid, and agriculture is impossible anywhere without the aid of irrigation. The industries consist mainly of gold and silver mining, with a little agriculture and sheepraising. The capital is Prescott. A. was organized as a Territory 1863. from lands ceded by Mexico 1848, or purchased 1853. Pop., 1890, 59,620, besides 16,933 Indians.

The s. w. part is comparatively low, ranging from

Ark. Vessel in which Noah and his family escaped the Flood; 300 cubits long, 50 wide, and 80 high. It rested on Mt. Ararat: Gen. vi.-viii.-The ark to which the infant Moses was committed was of papyrus reeds: Ex. ii. 3.

Ark. Large box or caisson, formerly used to convey coal destination. Coal was thus floated down the Lehigh and Delaor ore down a river; the lumber was sold on arriving at its ware from Mauch Chunk to Phila. prior to 1830.

Ark of the Covenant. Chest of acacia-wood, overlaid with gold, 2 cubits long, 1 broad and deep, containing the two Tables of the Law, given to Moses at Sinai, and especially symbolizing the Divine presence. It was lost at the sack of Jerusalem and never recovered.

The n. w. part, including nearly half its area, is broken and Arkansas. One of the s. w. States. Its area is 53,850 sq.m. hilly, in some places rising to mountains of 2,500 to 2,800 ft., consisting of ridges with e. and w. trend, forming part of the Ozark hill region. The e. part is low and mainly alluvial, and large areas are subject to overflow in time of flood. The principal streams are the Mississippi, Arkansas, White and Washita. The Ozark hill region is composed of carboniferous beds, the hills and mountains being of sandstone. The s. portion is mainly composed of Eocene beds, except the alluvial tracts, which are Quaternary. The dominating industry is agriculture, and chiefly the raising of cotton. In 1890 the value of farm products was ab. $88,000,000. The cotton crop of 1891 was 830,000 bales. The State is covered with magnificent forests, and the cutting and manufacture of lumber is an industry of large and growing importance. Its railroads in 1891 had a total length of 2,287 m. The capital is Little Rock, on