Antonine, WALL OF. Built 140; a rampart of earth and stone ab. 20 ft. high, parallel to a fosse ab. 20 ft. deep, reaching from the Frith of Clyde to the Frith of Forth; length ab. 36 m). There were 18 forts on the line, connected by a military road on the s., known as Graham's Dike by the natives.

Antonini Itinerarium. Record of the stations and distances along the different imperial roads of the Roman empire; originally from Julius Cæsar's survey, revised several times. Antoninus Liberalis, ab. 147. Greek grammarian, from whom we have a collection of mythological tales of metamorphoses.

Antoninus, MARCUS. See AURELIUS.

Antoninus Pius, 86-161. 15th Roman emperor 138-161; noted for virtue. Rome was so happy as to have almost no history during his reign. He adopted M. Annius Verus M.) Aurelius) as his successor. Antonius, MARCUS, 143-87 B.C. Roman orator, praised by Cicero, murdered by Marius; grandfather of Mark Antony. Antony, MARK, 83-30 B.C. Son of Julia, sister of Cæsar; dissipated and profligate in youth, enemy of Cicero, and partisan of his uncle; consul 44 with Cæsar, whom he meant to succeed, but found a rival in Octavianus; formed with him and Lepidus 2d triumvirate 43; after battle of Philippi met Cleopatra and followed her to Egypt; invaded Parthia 36, Armenia 34, was crushed by Octavianus in sea-fight off Actium 31; fled to Alexandria, and took his own life.

Antwerp. Chief commercial city of Belgium, on r. bank of R. Scheldt, 50 m. from the sea. It appears in history 517, and was a republic in 11th century. Here Alva built a memorable citadel, whence issued "the Spanish Fury," Nov. 4, 1576. A. was taken, after a famous 14 months' siege, by Farnese 1585.

Antwerp Cathedral.

Here a truce for 12 years between Spain and the United Provinces was concluded March 29, 1609. It was taken by Marshal Saxe May 9, 1746: occupied by the French 1794-1814; bombarded by the French Dec. 4, 1832, and surrendered Dec. 24. It has a large commerce and extensive manufactures, especially of silk and lace. Pop., 1891, 227,225.

Antwerp Museum AND GALLERY. Erected 1879-90; contains a fine collection of old Flemish pictures, among them some of the best extant examples of Van Dyck and Rubens.

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Anubis. Dog-headed divinity of Egypt, identified with Hermes by the Greeks; in later days worshiped at Rome. Anura (ANOURA, THERIOMORPHA, CHELONOBATRACHIA, BATRACHIA). Order of Amphibia, characterized by a stout body, without tail, with naked skin and well-developed limbs. The vertebræ are procoelous, the eyes have lids, the nostrils are placed far forward, and a tympanic cavity is present in the ear. The vomer, maxillary, and premaxillary bones bear teeth. The tongue is fixed by its anterior end, the hinder being free. Ribs are generally absent. The eggs are surrounded by albumen, which swells in water, where the eggs are spawned. The young hatch as tadpoles, with three pairs of external gills and fishes, and an operculum grows back over the gill clefts. The no limbs. The gills soon give place to internal gills, as in tine. Metamorphosis to the adult carnivorous form takes larva has a horny beak, is herbivorous, and has a long intesof limbs, loss of tail and beak and gills. Respiration becomes place by gradual shortening of the intestine, the appearance shifted to the lungs. There are two groups, Aglossa and Phaneroglossa.

Anus. Opening at the lower end of the intestines, through the external and internal sphincters. which the fæces escape; closed by two elastic muscular rings,

Anville, JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIGNON D', 1697-1782. French geographer, who did the best work then known in that field. Anwari, d. ab. 1200. Persian poet. His Divan, a collection of lyrics and elegies, is extant.

Aonia. Early name of Boeotia, which contains Mt. Helicon: hence Aonian is an epithet of the Muses.

Aorta. Large artery through which all of the blood passes out from the heart. See ARTE

RIES.

Aortic Arches. Arteries in the neck of embryos of higher vertebrates (persistent in adult lower vertebrates), which carry the blood from the heart to the dorsal vessel, which distributes it through the body. In fishes the gills are traversed by them. There are three or more pairs, the lowest vertebrates having the greatest number.

Apaches. Group of Indian tribes belonging to the Athabascan stock, but isolated in Arizona and New Mexico from their northern relations. They have been put on reservations in s. w. Indian Territory, but are restless, warlike, and cruel. In their native home they wore little or no clothing, were omnivorous, ate reptiles, had no religious beliefs, no burial for the dead, no medicine men, and built no houses. They are hairy only on their scalps, lank of body, but capable of great endurance. Their language is deficient grammatically. The Navajos are related, but have better traits; they have a 3,000,000 acre reservation in New Mexico, are farmers, and number ab. 10,000. The name Apache signifies enemy,and has been abundantly supported by atrocities upon the whites.

Aparejo. Back-saddle used in U. S. military service on w. frontier, to transport material by mules over roads or trails impassable for wheeled vehicles.

Diagram of the Aorta, with its principal Branches:

4,

1,

ascending part of the arch of the aorta; a, thoracic aorta: bb, abdominal aorta; c, d, right and left ventricles of heart; e, f, right and left auricles of the heart; g, h, right and left pulmonary arteries; i, k, right and left common carotid arteries; 1, m, right and left subclavian arteries; n, hepatic artery; o, gastric artery; p. splenic artery; q, r, right and left renal arteries; s, t, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries; u, v, right and left common iliac arteries; w, middle sacral artery; z, phrenic arteries; y, spermatic arteries.

superior vena cava; 2, right internal jugular vein; 3, right subclavian vein (the left is removed to show the arch of the aorta); 4, inferi r vena cava; 5, 6, right and left pulmonary veins; 7. hepatic veins; 8, 9, right and left renal veins; 10, 11, right and left iliac veins; 12, trachea.

Apatite. 3Ca,P,O,+ CaCl2, or 3Ca,P,O,+CaF. Anhydrous calcium phosphate, combined with calcium chloride or calcium fluoride, occurring as a mineral; found in greenish, bluish, or brownish hexagonal prisms, and in massive forms. When abundant, as in Spain and Canada, it is utilized in the preparation of mineral fertilizers.

Apatosaurus. Lizard-footed Dinosaur, with the vertebræ of the neck, in one species, four feet broad, and a sacrum of three united vertebræ. It is found in the Jurassic of w. N. America.

Apaturia. Annual festival held in many ancient Greek

Ape. See CATARHINA.

Apelles, ab. 350-308 B.C. Most famous of Greek painters. Born in Ionia, he lived mostly at the courts of Philip and

Alexander.

Apennines. Range of Italy, in some sense an offshoot or spur from the Maritime Alps. It traverses the peninsula from n. w. to s. e., divides above the Gulf of Taranto, and runs to the coast on either side. The mountains of Sicily may be considered an extension of the same range. Length ab. 800 m.; average ht. ab. 4,000 ft.; highest summit, Monte Corno, 9,456 ft. Limestone predominates, and the finest statuary marble is quarried at some points, but the southern portion shows rocks of volcanic origin.

Aperients. Cathartics which are mild in action. More commonly termed laxatives, as magnesium citrate.

labium; the mandibles are toothed stylets. The larvæ have a distinct head and jaws and live between boards. The human Flea (Pulex irritans) belongs here. The back of the male Flea is hollow to receive the larger female. The Chigoe or Sand Flea of S. America bores into the human foot to mature its eggs, and the escaping young produce open ulcers there.

Aphanite. Hornblende rock without distinct grains. Aphasia. Pathological condition in which the power of expressing ideas by articulate sounds is destroyed or impaired; often associated with the loss or derangement of the power of expressing ideas by written symbols (agraphia), or by gestures (amimia), as well as inability to recognize the use and import of objects (apraxia). The two main varieties are amnesic or sensory, in which the word-memories are lost or interfered with, and ataxic or motor, in which the articulation of the sounds is imperfect or wholly prevented. These two are usually found together.

In pure amnesic aphasia, the patient may be unable to understand spoken words (word-deafness), or written language (alexia or word-blindness), or to use words without confusion (paraphasia or heterophasia). In ataxic or motor aphasia the patient is in full possession of the idea he wishes to convey, but is unable to express it in words. In both forms the derangement may be partial or complete. If the aphasia be purely ataxic, the patient recognizes the fact that what he utters is incorrect or meaningless; if amnesic, he may or may not recognize its inadequacy according to the degree of the amnesia.

The most common of the allied disturbances is agraphia. Here the power of writing words may be completely lost, or there may be a confusion in the words produced (paragraphia), or simply a hesitancy or alteration in the handwriting. The two other states, amimia and apraxia, are less common; the former is always associated with aphasia and usually found only in severe or advanced cases. It may exist as an absolute inability to convey ideas by gesture or in a confusion of the commonly accepted gesture signs. Apraxia is also always

the use of objects to complete helplessness.

The pathological condition underlying aphasia is a cerebral lesion, lying usually in the frontal lobe of the brain on the left situated as a rule in the posterior part of the third left frontal side, the most constant lesion being that for motor aphasia, convolution, or its immediate vicinity. The localization of the lesions of the other forms is less constant and more indefinite. Aphelion. Point of a planet's orbit most remote from the Phytophthires of the order Rhyn

sun.

Aphida (PLANT-LICE). chota. They have four transparent wings, often absent in the female. They feed on vegetable juices, definite species living on definite plants; and some produce galls. Many have two honeytubes on the antepenultimate segment, secreting a fluid relished by ants, which sometimes

Aphis padi (after Kessler).

keep them in their nests. Other forms live over winter on the roots of plants. In autumn many of the females, which then are usually winged, produce "winter-eggs,' sexually fertilized. The The eggs develop in spring into females, usually winged, which produce etically and viviparously. During summer several generations offspring parthenogenof these forms, which are usually apterous, viviparous and parthenogenetic, succeed one another, until finally the cycle is completed by the appearance of true males and oviparous females. The Phylloxera of the vine is an example.

figure represents equally well, 1, the autumn forms-the sexual male and the wingless female, the parents of the spring brood; 2, winged and wingless viviparous parthen genetic forms occurring in spring; and 3, an autumn winged female appearing after a succession of wingless

forms.

Aphodal Rhagon. Type of sponge in which the ampullæ are connected to the paragastric cavity by means of excurrent canals and aphodi.

Aphodus. Canal leading water from a sponge ampulla to a general excurrent canal. The ampulla gradually widens into

such canal. See PROSODUS.

Aphonia. Loss of voice, due to disease or injury of the vocal organs or interference with their nerve supply; to be distinguished from APHASIA (q. v.).

Aphrodite. Greek goddess of love and beauty, daughter of Zeus and Dione; or, as later poets have it, sprung from the sea-foam: faithless wife of Hephaestus (Vulcan). She received the prize of beauty from Paris. Her magic girdle rendered whoever wore it an object of desire. Sacred to her are the myrtle, rose, apple, the dove, sparrow, swan, etc. Eros is her son, Cyprus and Cythera the chief seats of her worship. She is identified with Venus of the Romans and Astarte of the Syrians. Aphroditidæ. See ERRANTIA.

Aphrothoraca. Heliozoa in which there is no spicular nor gelatinous envelope. These animals have a temporary membranous cyst; e. g., Actinophrys and Actinosphærium.

Aphthonius, ab. 315. Rhetorician of Antioch. His book, Progymnasmata, contained the ancient ideas upon the training of the orator, and was long used as a text-book in the Greek schools, and, after the revival of learning in Europe, during 16th and 17th centuries. He also wrote fables.

Apia. Capital of Samoan Is., w. Pacific. Pop. ab. 3,800. Apian, PETER (BIENEWITZ), 1495-1552. German mathematician and astronomer, prof. at Ingolstadt ab. 1527. Cosmography, 1524.-His son and successor, PHILIP, 1531-1589, wrote on the Utility of the Cylinder.

Apical Canals. From the stomach of Ctenophores to the aboral pole, where each opens by a pore.

Apical Cell. Wedge-shaped or pyramidal cell which forms the growing point of ferns and other Pteridophyta. Apical Disc. Series of anal, genital, and ocular plates at the aboral pole (surrounding the anus) in Echinoids. Apical Pole. Aboral pole of Radiates. Apical Pores. See APICAL CANALS.

Apical System OF ECHINODERMS. Series of plates that lie around the center of the abactinal surface. In the center is a dorso-central plate, around which are five interradial (basalia), and five radial (radialia). In Starfishes, Ophiuroids, and Crinoids are five underbasal plates, placed radially within the circle of basalia (dicyclic arrangement). In Starfishes, Ophiuroids and

Pelmatozoa, there are also five primary interradials (interbrachials), external to the circle of radials. Apiculture. The care, management, aud breeding of bees and the production of honey. Bees have been kept for the honey they produce since very early times; but it was not till Langstroth by the invention of the movable frame hive in 1852, made it possible to examine the condition of the colony at any time, that beekeeping was reduced to anything like system. The further invention of a process for removing the honey from the comb by centrifugal force, without destroying the comb, and the use of artificial comb foundations, have led to still further advances in the art of beekeeping. The use of the movable frame hive also renders it possible to remove the young queens before they emerge from the cells and so to largely control swarming, Two kinds of bees are commonly kept, black, or German, and yellow banded, or Italian. The latter are usually considered more docile, better honey gatherers, and less liable to disease. Hybrids of the two races are not uncommon.

Apicius. Three patrician gluttons at Rome; the most famous of them, a contemporary of Tiberius. having squandered most of his estate, took poison. There is a Treatise on the Culinary Art under his name.

Apidæ (BEES). Family of Aculeata, having hairy body, broad and hairy tibia and tarsus, especially of the hind legs, for collecting pollen (bee-bread). The anterior wings cannot be folded together. The labium and maxillæ are long, and the latter form a sheath for the tongue. They build nests of wax in hollow trees or in hives. Some lay eggs in cells made by other bees. The Bumble-bee piles up irregular masses of pollen, containing eggs, in holes in the ground. Such nests are started by solitary females that have survived the winter, and the workers, later, assist in rearing the brood, which is never large (50 to 200). For the honey-bee, see APIS MELLIFICA. Apiocrinite. Crinoids with pear-shaped body; peculiar to

the Oölite and Chalk.

Pear Encrinite (Apiocrinites rotundus); Miller. Fossil at Bradford, Wilts. a. Stem of Apiocrinites, and one of the articulations.

b. Section at Bradford of great oolite and overlying clay, containing the fossil encrinites.

c. Three perfect individuals of Apiocrinites, represented as they grew on the surface of the Great Oolite. d. Body of the Apiocrinites rotundus.

Apion. Greek grammarian of 1st century at Alexandria; commentator on Homer. He hated the Jews, and Josephus directed a defense of them against him. Fragments of his works remain.

Apis. The sacred bull of the ancient Egyptian pantheon,

regarded as the living image of the creative power, Ptah. His temple was at Memphis. He was worshiped alive, and at his death was embalmed and became Osiris.

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honey), and also receive the eggs that become workers. The larger cells are for the drones and honey; ab. 1 per cent of the eggs become drones. A few large and irregular cells, outside, are for female larvæ. Each hive has but 1 queen, who copulates but once in her life of 5 years. Her fertilized eggs become workers in 20 days, unless specially cared for and the young specially nourished, when they become queens, in 16 days. The unfertilized eggs become males (drones) in 24 days, (when workers lay eggs they develop into drones). Before the young queens hatch. the old one departs with a portion of the The new queen then takes her nuptial flight, is fertil

swarm.

Honey Bees (Apidae). 1, German; 2, Italian; 3, Egyptian. ized by a drone and returns to kill her baby sisters (if the swarm is large, the workers prevent this and force her to leave with a part of the colony). The drones are at last killed. Workers have separated eyes and a pollen-brush on the tarsus; drones have eyes in contact, a broad abdomen and no brush; queens have long abdomen and no brush. See APICULTURE.

Aplacentalia (IMPLACENTALIA, NON-PLACENTALIA, LYENCEPHALA). One of the two great groups of mammals; characterized by the absence of a placenta in the foetal development. It includes the sub-classes Prototheria and Metatheria.

Aplanatic. Combination of two or more lenses of different curvatures, so arranged that their respective spherical aberrations neutralize one another. Object glasses of telescopes and microscopes should be aplanatic.

Aplysia. See TECTIBRANCHIATA and CTENOBRANCHIA.
Apocalypse. See REVELATION.

Apocalyptic Number. 666, Rev. xiii. 18.

Apocrenic Acid (HUMIC ACID, ULMIC ACID). When wood or plants decompose in the soil by natural processes, this is one of the resulting products. Its composition is unknown.

Apocrypha. Books admitted by the Greek and Roman churches as canonical, and appended to O. T., but not by Jews or Protestants. Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, First and Second Maccabees, etc.

Apocryphal Gospels. Early but unhistorical writings, in character markedly different from the canonical Gospels, and always disowned by the Church.

Apocynaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiospermæ, sub-class Dicotyledones, and series Gamopetala, comprising 124 genera and ab. 1.035 species, growing generally in the tropics and adjacent warm regions; commonly called the Dogbane family.

Apoda (APODES). Physostome fishes without pelvic fins. The Eels (Muraenidae) are included, as the Conger Eel and Electric Eel (Gymnonotus). In the former the shape is serpentine, the skin without scales, and with closely set teeth in the wide mouth. The latter is S. American, often 6 ft. in length, and can kill a large animal by a single shock from the electric organ which is situated in its tail.-Also, a group of Barnacles in which the body is maggot-shaped Apocynum cannabinum. and consists of eleven rings. The mouth is adapted for sucking; the digestive tract is rudimentary, and there are no feet. They are parasitic and hermaphrodite. See also GYMNOPHIONA.-Also, Holothurians without ambulacral feet or respiratory trees. The tentacles are usually branched. They include the Synaptide. These are hermaphrodite and have anchor spicules in the skin, and no respiratory tree; hence they form the section Apneumona.

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Here belong also the Pneumonophora, including the Dipneumona and Tetrapneumona. But there are also two- and fourlunged forms among the Pedata.

Apodictic. See DEMONSTRATION.

Apogamy. Method of propagation known in certain ferns, in which the fern-plant (sporophyte) is developed from a bud on the prothallium without the intervention of the sexual

organs.

Apogee. Point of the moon's orbit most remote from the earth.

Apokatastasis. Perfect fulfillment of God's creative and redemptive purpose in a finally purified and glorified universe. Apollinarianism. Doctrine of Apollinarius or Apollinaris the Younger, Bp. of the Syrian Laodicea 362-390, allowing to Christ a sensitive or animal soul, but denying a rational human spirit, the Logos being held to take the place of this. He formed a sect 375, and was condemned by Second General Council at Constantinople 381. He and his father produced a poetical version of the Scriptures.

Apollinaris, SIDONIUS, 428-ab.484. Bp. of Clermont in Gaul 473; author of Latin poems and letters. Apollinaris, SULPICIUS, 2d century. Grammarian from Carthage, teacher of Pertinax and Gellius. The arguments to Terence's and Plautus' Comedies are ascribed to him.

Apollinaris Water. Carbonated table water, containing carbonate of soda, from a spring on the Rhine; exported in large quantities since 1874.

Apollo. Son of Jupiter and Leto, twin brother of Diana; b. in Delos. His chief oracle was at Delphi, from the old name of which, Pytho, he is called the Pythian. He is the god of prophecy, of song and music, of the Sun, and, as the father of Esculapius, of the healing art. Apollo Belvedere.

Apollo Belvedere.

Statue in the Vatican, first exhibited in the Belvedere garden of that palace; found 1503 near Antium.

Apollodorus, b. ab. 440 B. C. Athenian painter, distinguished as the first to introduce contrasts of light and shadow, the earlier Greek painting having been outline in flat. See POLYQUOTUS.

Apollodorus, OF CARYSTUS, ab. 300-260 B. C. Athenian poet of the New Comedy, Only fragments are left, but Terence took his Hecyra and

Phormio from him.

Apollodorus, PROBABLY OF SMYRNA. Greek epigrammatic poet under Augustus and Tiberius. Thirty of his poems, in the Greek anthology, are praised for beauty and simplicity. Apollonius, OF ALEXANDRIA. Greek grammarian in the time of Augustus. His Homeric lexicon still exists.

Apollonius, SURNAMED DYSCOLUS, 2d century. Greek grammarian of Alexandria, father of Elius Herodian. Four of his works are extant. His principal service was in reducing grammar to a system.

Apollonius Molo, OF ALABANDA, 1st century B.C. Greek rhetorician who lived at Rhodes and went to Rome as an ambassador 81 B.C.. Cicero studied under him there and later at Rhodes.

Appollonius, OF PERGA, 3d century B.C. Mathematician and astronomer. His book on Conic Sections is extant.

Appollonius, OF RHODES, 280-203 B.C. Greek epic poet; chief librarian at Alexandria after Callimachus. His Argo nautica was tr. by T. Varro. Virgil and other Latin writers were indebted to him.

Gower made use of it in his Confessio Amantis, and Shakespeare in Pericles.

Appollophanes. Athenian author of the Old Comedy. Some fragments have come down.

Apollos. Jewish Christian from Alexandria, active in the churches gathered by St. Paul, and by some put above that Apostle; possibly author of the Epistle to the Hebrews.

Apollyon. In Rev. ix. 2, the Angel of the Abyss, the Genius of Destruction. The name is a Greek participle, signifying a destroyer. In Hebrew, Abaddon. Apologetics. Department of theology devoted to the evidences of the truth of Christianity.

Apomorphine. C,,H,,NO,. Alkaloid derived from morphine; a powerful emetic, said to be used to excite disgust for liquors, being given simultaneously with them in the beginning of the treatment for drunkenness.

Apophyge. Outward curve of the base of a shaft, connecting the vertical lines of the shaft with the horizontal moldings of the base; commonly separated from the base by a narrow fillet.

Apophyllite. Hydrous calcium and potassium silicate with some fluorine, frequently occurring in beautiful aggregations of crystals as a secondary mineral in cavities in igneous rocks.

Apoplexy. Form of paralysis which occurs suddenly, the patient losing consciousness, which he may or may not regain. Properly restricted to forms due to the actual rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, but popularly including all cases in which there is loss of consciousness with subsequent paralysis of one side of the body. Persons with red face and thick neck are reputed to be particularly prone to this disease, but the theory is not borne out by statistics. A third attack is also held to be necessarily fatal, but it is no more so than that of any other severe disease. Numbness or tingling in various parts of the body aud slight muscular weaknesses are sometimes regarded as premonitions, but in the vast majority of cases are due to entirely different, and as a rule simple, causes. See PARALYSIS.

Aporosa. See MADREPORARIA.

Apostasy. Entire and final defection from Christianity; sometimes misused for defection from a particular form of it. A Posteriori. Empirical or derived from experience. See A PRIORI.

Apostles. Envoys; the twelve disciples whom our Lord especially commissioned to attest His Resurrection, and to preach His Gospel; extended afterward to St. Paul, as being called immediately in a special way; in a wider sense, used of many others. The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles shows the order to have continued, in diminishing importance, till the 2d century.

Apostles' Creed. Shortest and simplest of the great Ecumenical Creeds. It is of universal acceptance, though not traced back of the 4th century.

Apostles' Islands. (1) Group in Lake Superior, belonging to Wisconsin. Missions were established here by the Jesuits; the French settled Madeline Is. 1680. (2) 12 islands in the Straits of Magellan, near the Pacific.

the Gentiles need not become Jews in order to be acknowledged Apostolic Council. Mentioned Acts xv. It decided that

as Christians.

Apostolic Fathers. Authors of the Epistles of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Ignatius and Polycarp, of the Shepherd of Hermas, and of the fragments of Papias, and the Epistle to Diognetus. All these have, with more or less evidence, been regarded as immediate disciples of Apostles, either St. Paul or St. John.

Apostolic Succession. Doctrine held by Roman Catholies, Greeks, and many Anglicans, that (1) the divine right of teaching and governing the Church resides in a succession of bishops, descending unbroken from the Apostles; or (2) that this succession has existed by natural and human continuity, and to ordain priests and deacons, and that hence this system bishops alone having the power to consecrate other bishops is historically necessary to the well-being, if not to the being, of the Church.

Apostolical Canons. Collection, at first of 50, later of 85, ecclesiastical Canons, falsely assuming apostolical authorship; written between 400 and 500.

Apostolical Constitutions. Eight books of ecclesiastical precepts and ritual, falsely pretending to apostolic authorship, but in great part older than the Nicene Council.