Ansted, DAVID THOMAS, F.R.S., 1814-1880. English geologist, prof. King's Coll., London, 1840; author of several popular books. Anster, JOHN, LL.D., 1798-1867. Prof. Univ. Dublin; tr. Faust, 1835.

Anstey, CHRISTOPHER. 1724-1805. English poetical humorist. New Bath Guide, 1766.

Anstey, F. Pen-name of THOMAS A. GUTHRIE (q.v.).
Anstice, JOSEPH, 1808-1836. English hymnist.

Answer. Response of a witness to a question in a judicial proceeding; also pleading interposed by defendant in equity to the bill, or in admiralty or divorce to the libel, or under the reformed procedure to the complaint.

Ant. See FORMICIDE.

Antacids. Broadly speaking, alkalies, but, as most commonly employed, members of that group used to correct undue acidity of the stomach, the ones usually used being the carbonates of magnesium, sodium and potassium.

Antæ. In classic architecture, piers formed by prolongation of side-walls of a temple and flanking the columns of the portico. A portico is said to be in antes when the lateral supports of the pediment are piers and not columns.

Antæus. Giant, invincible while on the ground. Hercules discovered his secret, lifted him into the air, and killed him. Antagonistic Drugs. Those which have directly opposite effects upon the system and which counteract the effects of each other; e.g., opium and belladonna, or acids and alkalies. Antagonistic Muscles. Those which pull in opposite directions and thus maintain the equilibrium of an organ or part; e.g., the muscles of the abdomen and back, which sustain the trunk in an erect position.

Antagoras. Ab. 270 B.C. Rhodian, author of the Thebais, an epic, and epigrams, of which a few still remain. Antalcidas, PEACE OF, 387 B.C. It transferred the Greek cities in Asia to the Persian king.

Antananarivo. Capital of Madagascar. Pop. ab. 50,000. Antara, or ANTAR, ab. 550. Arabian poet, who wrote one of the Moallakat, poems suspended in the Kaaba at Mecca. He occupies a great place in the romantic literature of Arabia. His biography, containing some of his verses, comprises some 50 MS. vols., but a condensed form of it has been tr.

Antarctic Continent. Land within and near the Antarctic Circle, known as Enderby, Sabrina Adelie, and Victoria Lands, and the S. Shetland, S. Orkney, and S. Georgia islands. The coast has been little explored, and practically nothing is

known of the interior.

Antarctic, or SOUTHERN, Ocean. Water s. of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Area ab. 7,900,000 sq. m. Sir James Ross penetrated to 79° S. lat., and discovered, Jan. 1841, Mt. Erebus, a volcano 12,400 ft. high.

Antares-a SCORPII. First magnitude star. Right ascension, 16 h. 22 m. 36 s. Declination, 26° 11' 6".

Ant-eater. See VERMILINGUIA (Edentata). Antefixæ. Upright stones, or tiles with decorated faces, placed above the cornice upon the flank of a classic building, originally intended to cover the joints of the roof-tiles. Also, ornaments affixed to the frieze of an entablature.

Antelopes. See ANTILOPIDÆ.

Antennæ. Slender jointed feelers on the head of anthropods. Insects have one pair, many crustacea have two pairs,

Various Forms of Antennæ of Insects.

as in the Crabs. They are organs of touch, hearing, smell, and orientation, or the equilibrium sense. They are beset with

65

hairs of various sorts that serve to convey a variety of vibrations, or impressions, to the nerves. Special ear sacs are present in the basal joint of the antennules in Crabs. It has been observed that some insects (ants) use them in communication, hence they may be organs of language. The antennæ and anhave been shoved in front of the mouth; those of insects are tennules of Crustacea are primarily post-oral appendages that procephalic horns and never exceed one pair in number. They are therefore not homologous with those of Crustacea.

Antennary Gland. Of Crustacea. See GREEN GLAND. Antenor. Trojan elder, who advised the restoration of Helen to Menelaus, and was spared by the Greeks on the capture of Troy.

Anterior Abdominal Vein (EPIGASTRIC VEIN). Along the middle of the abdominal wall in Amphibians and Reptiles; present in the embryos of birds and mammals as the allantoic vein. It receives a part of the blood that comes back from the hind limbs and carries it to the portal veins in the liver. The remaining blood from the hinder part of the body passes partly into the post cava and partly into the renal-portal system to the post cardinals.

Anteros. Divinity who avenges unrequited love; sometimes a god who opposes Eros.

Anthelion. Bright spot on opposite side of the observer from the sun as seen in complete halos; due to the reflection of the sun from a large number of small parallel surfaces. Anthemion. Ornament derived from the honeysuckle, introduced in the necking of columns and piers of the Ionic order.

Anther. Sacs borne by the filament of the stamen, containing the pollen.

Antherid. Male organ of reproduction of ferns, clubmosses, horsetails, true mosses, liverworts, etc. Minute sac, containing a greater or smaller number of antherozoids. Antherozoid. Minute masses of protoplasm contained in the antherids of ferns, mosses, etc. They are the male elements of reproduction of these plants, and are endowed with a rapid spontaneous spiral motion by means of vibrating cilia. Anthesis. Period of flowering of plants. Anthobranchiata. See PYGOBRANCHIA. Anthoceroteæ. Small family of Liverworts of terrestrial habit.

Anthocyanin. Coloring matter of blue

flowers.

Anthology. Collection of lyrics and epigrams, usually Greek, Latin, or Oriental.

Antholysis. Retrograde metamorphosis of a flower, as the reversion of stamens to petals, or sepals to leaves; a not uncommon condition in certain plants.

Anthomedusæ. See TUBULARIÆ.

Anthon, CHARLES, LL. D., 1797-1867. Prof. of Classics in Columbia Coll. from 1829. He pub. various editions of Greek and Latin authors, his Horace, 1830, being the best known.

Anthony, ST., ab. 251-356. Egyptian, Father of Christian monasticism. He became an anchorite early in life, and was consistent in his asceticism and avoidance of society; but many followed him into the desert, seeking instruction, and ab. 305 he established a monastery near Fayoum. He was a friend of Athanasius and of orthodoxy, and was greatly revered.

Anthony of Padua, ST., 1195-1231. B. in Portugal; famous Franciscan preacher; patron saint of the lower animals; canonized 1232. His day is June 13.

Anthony, SUSAN BROWNELL. b. 1820. Advocate in the U.S. of anti-slavery, temperance, and woman's rights.

Anthophyta. Sub-kingdom of plants, comprising all those that produce true flowers, having stamens and pistils, and are reproduced by means of seeds; known also as Phænogamia, Phanerogamia, and Spermatophyta; commonly called the Flowering Plants.

Anthoxanthine. Coloring matter of yellow flowers.

Anthozoa, or ACTINOZOA. (Coral polyps.) Colenterates with an oesophagus which opens at the lower end into the gastrovascular cavity and is united to the body wall by radiating mesenteries. They usually secrete a solid calcareous skeleton, which has the form of a cup, with radiating, vertical septa,

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and alizarin brown.

Anthracene Oil. Semi-liquid distillate, boiling from 300° to 400° C., obtained from coal tar; called also green grease. It contains large quantities of anthracene, which is obtained from the oil by pressing, or by the use of the centrifugal machine. It contains numerous liquid hydrocarbons.

Anthracite. Called in England culm, or stone coal. The term applied to the harder, firmer, heavier kinds of mineral coal, those which contain the most carbon, and in which the percentages of hydrogen and oxygen are relatively low. See COAL, for relation between anthracite and bituminous coals. It is found in s. Wales and England, in R. I., Va., Col. (Gunnison Co.), and N. M., though in none of these in any great abundance. The great anthracite producing region of the world is comprised within an area of 470 sq. m. in 8 counties of e. Pa. The thickness of the coal measures, the number and character of the beds, vary from place to place; in the Panther Creek basin, e.g., 21 beds with a total thickness of 126 ft. are contained in 2,300 ft. of measures; near Pottsville the measures are 3,300 ft. thick and contain 28 beds, aggregating 154 ft. in thickness. At one point the Mammoth vein is 114 ft. thick. In 1893 the mines yielded 53,810,214 tons of 2,000 lbs., valued on the spot at $93.091,670; Col. and N. M. produced 93,000 tons: and from 1820 to 1892 the total shipments were ab. 885,000,000 long tons of 2.240 lbs. The Pa. Coal Waste Commission estimates the amount still remaining, and obtainable by present methods of mining, as 6,880,000,000 long tons, a supply which, with only a moderate increase of output over the present, would be exhausted in less than 100 years. In 1880

Anthramine. C,,H,,N. Amido compound derived from the hydrocarbon anthracene.

none.

Anthranilic Acid. See AMIDOBENZOIC ACIDS. Anthrapurpurin. CH,O, (OH),. TrioxyanthraquiPrepared by the action of potassium chlorate and sodium hydrate upon the anthraquinonesulphonic acids. It is one of the main constituents of the red shades of alizarine found in trade.

Anthraquinone. CHO,. Mpt. 277° C. White solid produced by the oxidation of anthracene. Chromic acid is used technically as the oxidizing agent. Used for the manufacture of artificial alizarine.

Anthraquinone-sulphonic Acid. CH,O,.SO,.OH. Monobasic acid formed by the action of sulphuric acid upon anthraquinone. The disulphonic acids, CH,O,: (SO,.OH),, are similarly formed. Used in the manufacture of artificial alizarine.

Anthrax. (1) Contagious and very fatal disease of the domesticated animals, one form or another of which is probably the murrain mentioned in Exodus. In certain parts of the world it prevails to such an extent that the bodies of the animals dead of it constitute a serious menace to public health. Its most prominent symptoms are a high fever and the formation of carbuncular swellings which in a short time, often not more than two hours, cause mortification of the tissues in their vicinity, and speedy death if enough of them exist. In some cases death occurs before the carbuncles have time to develop. It is an inoculable disease, communicable to man, and caused by the bacillus anthracis. Inoculations of cultures of this bacillus are an absolute protection against the disease, and since its discovery by Pasteur its ravages have been greatly lessened. (2) The same disease in man, contracted by contact with diseased animals, or by handling the wool, hides, tallow, etc., from them. What is known as carbuncle is sometimes

termed anthrax.

Anthropidæ. Sub-order of Primates, including the old order Bimana. It includes one family, Hominidæ, and one genus, Homo (Man), which possibly comprises only one species. The zoological characters of man distinguishing him from the other primates are erect posture, bipedal progression, the hinder limbs being used for the sole purpose of supporting the body. The foot has a broad sole, distinct heel and nonopposable hallux, which is the largest of the pedal digits. The hands are used for prehension, and the thumb is not only opposable, but is capable of abduction or adduction. The spine has a double curve, and the skull is supported at near its center below. There is no sagittal crest, and the superciliary ridges are small. There is a well-marked chin. The canines are small, and no diastema is present. The capacity of the cranium is never less than 40, and may be 100 cubic inches; the brain weighs from 45 to 60 ounces, and it is more abundantly convoluted than in any other mammal. The body is nearly or quite naked, and requires special artificial protection in colder regions. Man is psychologically very different from other animals in having religious systems, developing sciences and arts, and in using a language of sounds and symbols to express rational thought. For the Races, see MAN.

Anthropogeny. Science of the evolution of man. Hæckel's works.

See

Anthropoid Apes. See ANTHROPOMORPHA. Anthropology. Natural history of Man. This science includes the following great departments: (1) Human Biology, or Anatomy and Physiology. (2) Ethnology, the science of the relationship and origin of the races of man. (3) Archæology, which treats of the development of arts and civilization, as based on studies of prehistoric remains as well as of literary monuments. (4) Comparative Philology, as especially useful in its aid to Ethnology. (5) Sociology, which treats of institutions, customs, beliefs, cults, and Political Economy in its broader historic relations. Other terms refer to special departments, viz., Anthropogeny, the science of the origin or evolution of man; Craniometry, or more inclusively, Anthropometry, which compares measurements of the head and different parts of the body of different races; Criminology, which treats of the characteristics and causes of abnormal human beings (Psychological Teratology); Penology, the science of Prison Discipline; Neurology; Psychiatry, etc. No other science so combines all sciences as that which treats of this, our microcosm; and nowhere is a classification of sciences more powerfully suggested, or more difficult in application. Its founders may be said to be Blumenbach and Prichard; the latter pub. his ethnological and philological works 1813-43. The complexity of this science compels a systematic treatment

rather than a chronologic one. On the question of Man's place in the zoological series we have the anatomical researches of Owen, Huxley, and Mivart. The consensus of zoological opinion seems to uphold Linnæus's classification, that Man is a primate included with Apes in one group; but he, with Mivart, Wallace, the Duke of Argyll, etc., considers that the real man is a rational spirit, united to the animal nature, which alone is treated by Biology. Darwin's position on the question of the origin of Man (in which he agrees in conclusion with Lamarck, while differing in modus operandi of the evolution) is that he has been developed from anthropoid apes. On this subject Agassiz held the view that Man had several independent origins, and was developed from numerous germs, each of which was specially created in the various regions of the earth that are the natural homes of the races. Other polygenists are Pouchet and R. S. Poole. Quatrefages and modern evolutionists are essentially monogenists, thus superficially agreeing with Prichard and the theologians. On the classification of the races of Man, Blumenbach is responsible for the division into five races commonly known; but this is so faulty that Prichard found it needful to distinguish eleven races. Huxley's classification is the best, for it recognizes the Australians as distinct, and distinguishes the blond from the brunette type of whites. The discovery (1830-50) of rough flints in caves and alluvial deposits, underlying strata containing polished flints, these again succeeded by bronze and iron implements, while the latest strata contained coins and historically datable remains, suggested a higher antiquity for Man than was commonly believed; and it is now certain that Man was contemporaneous with the retreat of the ice fields, of the Glacial Period in Europe, 20,000 to 80,000 years ago. These facts have been investigated by Prestwich, Tylor, Lubbock, Lyell, etc., while Lepsius, Brugsch, Bunsen, etc., have determined the approximate dates of ancient Egyptian dynasties to be 4000 B.C.; but these were preceded by mythic, prehistoric eras, during which the civilization was evolved. The origin of Man is thus lost in the haze of geological antiquity, for it seems highly unlikely that glacial man is the primitive man. His appearance in extended numbers in the Quaternary Period suggests his evolution in the Tertiary. In w. N. America are found Tertiary remains of man. There are facts in the distribution of some of the Polynesians that suggest the existence of a vast continent to the south of the Indian Ocean, upon which lived primitive savages of a low type of development. But questions of this sort are of secondary interest to physiological, sociological, psychological, and pedagogical investigations, which to-day are engaging the efforts of anthropologists. To the names above cited must be added Carl Vogt, Broca, Retzius, Waitz, Quetelet, Fritsch, Forschhammer, Steenstrup, Sir John Davis, Rawlinson, Mantegazza, representing all departments of Anthropology. For the relationship of the races and tribes, see articles INDIANS, ALGONQUINS, APPALACHIANS, AZTECS, AUSTRA

LIANS, etc.

Anthropometry. Measurements of the different dimensions of the body and of its parts, and their comparison with similar ones in others, throw considerable light upon the history and development of man, and are also of practical importance, it having been learned that the ratio between them is never the same in two persons, thus furnishing a method of identification especially applicable to criminals. Also by their means standards of proper physical development are made which show at a glance the particular shortcomings of any person subjected to them and the particular form of exercise necessary to raise him to the average may be determined. Anthropomorpha. Group of Catarhite monkeys including the most man-like of the apes, characterized by absence of tail and cheek pouches and generally also of ischial callosities. The forelimbs are longer than the hind limbs, and a semi-erect posture is as

67

Simia, or Pithecus (Orang-outang), and Troglodytes (Chimpanzee and Gorilla). Anthropomorphism. Idea of Deity which conceives of his powers, or form, or both, as analogous to the human. All Greek gods, e.g., are anthropomorphic.

Antias, Q. VALERIUS, 1st century B.C. Roman historian, much quoted by Livy, who considered him unreliable. Antichlor. Used to neutralize chlorine; usually sodium hyposulphite.

Antichrist. Expected from apostolic ages, as embodying and heading the last great effort on earth to supersede the Gospel, destined to be crushed by the Coming of the Lord. The term occurs but four times in Scripture, and only in St. John's Epistles.

Anticlinal Axis. Line from which the strata dip at two different angles.

a, Anticline; 8, Syncline.

Anticlinal Vertebræ. Eleventh dorsal of rodents and allied mammals. The spines of the other vertebræ, both anterior and posterior, point toward it.

Anticosti. Island in Gulf of St. Lawrence. Area ab. 2,600 sq. m. Its colonization, 1873, was a failure.

Anticyclone. (Term introduced into meteorology by Francis Galton 1863.) A general horizontal movement of the atmosphere in which the wind blows spirally around and away from a central region of high pressure and clear weather. Observations show that in the n. hemisphere the rotation is clockwise; in the s. hemisphere it is counter-clockwise. Also applied to motions of the same type in any fluid. Anticyclones are usually, but not necessarily, composed of cold or heavy clear dry air relative to the air in cyclones. The best illustration of these movements is afforded by the outflow of air from the continents in the winter season.

Antidote. Anything administered to counteract the effect of a deleterious or poisonous substance introduced into human beings or animals; as ferric hydroxide for arsenious oxide, or atropine for morphine.

Antietam, Md., BATTLE OF. Sept. 16-17, 1862, ending in Lee's withdrawal. Union loss 12,500; Confederate loss over 10,000.

Antifebrine. See ACETANILIDE.

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Antifunction. Base from which the function arises,

=

Antigonus, ab. 381-301 B.C. One of Alexander's officers and successors, King of Asia 306.-His grandson, A. GONATAS ab. 320-243 B.C. was King of Macedon 277, as was his nephew A. DOSON, 229-221 B.C. Another A., ab. 80-36 B.C., was King of the Jews and executed by Mark Antony.

Antilles. W. India islands, the Bahamas excepted. There are 3 groups: the Greater A., comprising Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica,

and Porto Rico, and the small islands near them, with an area of 83,635 sq. m., and a pop. of 4,342,000; the Virgin Islands, area 268 sq. m., pop. 39,000; and the Lesser A., aggregating 4,359 sq. m., pop. ab. 1,000,000.

Antilogarithm. Number corresponding to any given logarithm. Its symbol is generally "1", placed as an exponent above the abbreviation "log." If x-log.y; y-log.-'x is read y is the quantity whose logarithm is x, or simply y equals antilog. x.

Antilogous Pole. That part of a pyroelectric body which shows negative electricity when the temperature is rising and positive electricity when it is falling. See ANALOGOUS POLE.

Antilopidæ. Family of Antelopes of the Cavicorn Ruminants. Most are African, are numerous in genera and species, and take the place of the true deer in that country, resembling deer in the general build of body; e.g., the Springbok, goat-like in form and movement; the Gnu, with a body resembling that of a horse, but with forward-directed, hook-shaped horns; the Eland, or Cape Elk, with nearly straight backward-directed spiral horns; and the Gazelle, of n. Africa, with nearly upright horns and noted for the luster of its eyes. In Europe the family is represented by the Chamois. In India is the curious Chickara, the females of which are hornless, while the males have four horns. In N. America is the Prong-buck, the females of which have small horns, while the male has large

Antimonates. Salts of antimonic acid, H,SbO,.

Antimonic Acid. H,SbO,. Formed by treating antimony pentachloride with water; very unstable. At an incipient red heat it decomposes, losing water and leaving antimony pentoxide as a residue.

is passed over antimony, or antimony trichloride, the pentaAntimonic Chloride. SbCl,. When chlorine in excess chloride is formed. It is a yellow liquid, decomposing at 140°.

Antimonic Sulphide, or ANTIMONY PENTASULPHIDE. SbS. Formed by passing hydrogen sulphide into a solution of antimonic acid. When dry, it is a golden-yellow powder known as "sulphurauratum."

Antimonious Chloride, or ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE. SbCl,. Made by treating antimony with chlorine, or by dissolving antimony in hydrochloric acid with addition of nitric acid. It is a colorless soft substance, and is sometimes called "butter of antimony." It is used for browning gun barrels.

Antimonious Oxide, or ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE. Sb,O,. White powder, made by burning antimony in the air, or oxidizing it with nitric acid.

Sb,S,. Made by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into a solution of antimony trichloride; thus precipitated, it is orange red. It occurs in nature as STIBNITE (q.v.).

Antimonious Sulphide, or ANTIMONY TRISULPHIDE.

Antimoniuretted Hydrogen, or STIBINE. SbH,. Colorless, inodorous gas, made by treating tartar emetic with zinc and dilute sulphuric acid. It burns with a greenish-white flame, is unstable, and on breaking down leaves a deposit resembling that of arsine.

Antimony. Sb. At. wt. 120. Sp. gr. 6.7. Sp. ht. 0.05. Mpt. 430°C. Volatile at bright red heat. Occurs in metallic state and in combination with sulphur as stibnite and the metals, as ruby silver ore, gray copper ore, etc. Metal first extracted from its sulphide by Basil Valentine in 15th century. When heated to a dull redness, it ignites, forming the trioxide. It is soluble in aqua regia, hot concentrated sulphuric acid, and hydrochloric acid. It is oxidized by nitric acid to antimony trioxide or antimonic acid. It has acid and basic properties.

METALLURGY. The principal mineral is antimony glance or stibnite, the sesqui-sulphide, found in many localities, but no

Antelope cervicapra.

Antimony Roasting Furnace.

horns with a prong in front above the extremity of the core. The sheath is also shed annually, an exceptional thing in Cavicornia. Accessory hoofs are wanting. Antelopes differ from true Deer in having horns like those of cattle. Antimachus, OF COLOPHON. Greek Epic and Elegiac poet of 5th century B.C.

Anti-masons. Party active in N.Y. and other States after the murder of Wm. Morgan, who was about to divulge masonic secrets 1826. It supported a national ticket 1832, and elected a governor of Pa. 1835.

Pure stibnite is a gray, lustrous, cleavable mineral, very easily fusible, and containing 72 per cent of antimony. When melted in the air the sulphur is easily oxidized, leaving the oxide, which is easily reducible by carbon. Or, if melted without access of air, but in contact with a reagent having a great

affinity for sulphur, the metal is liberated. These two properties of stibnite are the bases of the two following methods of reduction. By the iron reduction process the ore is first heated in clay cylinders having perforated bottoms, in which the pure stibnite is melted away from the rest of the ore and drained into crucibles below. This concentrated ore is then melted in crucibles with scrap-iron, preferably sheet-tin clippings. The iron takes the sulphur, forming iron sulphide, which floats as a slag upon the impure metal below. This is poured out, and the crude metal refined by remelting with sulphate of soda and other fluxes. By the roasting and reduction process the ore is first concentrated, either as just described, or by liquation on the sloping hearth of a furnace. The concentrated mineral is then roasted at a very gentle heat with free access of air on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace; the gray, roasted ore consists of the oxide, and is cooled, ground, mixed with charcoal dust and a little soda-ash, and reduced in crucibles. The crude metal thus produced must be afterward refined. The refined metal is cast into cakes about 9 in. sq. by 2 in. thick, showing beautiful feathery or star-like crystals on the upper surface, whence it is called star antimony.

Several patents have been taken out for extracting the metal from its ores by electricity. The principle involved in most of them is to dissolve the antimony sulphide from the ore in a solution of an alkaline sulphide (ammonium, potassium, or sodium sulphide), and then to electrolyze the solution, using insoluble anodes of carbon or platinum, and receiving the deposit on copper cathodes.

timony Sulphide.

Pure antimony has a white color, tarnishing slightly yellowish, is rather hard, but so extremely brittle that it can be powdered in a mortar. Its principal use is to harden other metals and alloys. Lead containing up to 20 per cent of antimony is known in commerce as hard lead, and is produced in French Furnace for Liquating An- large quantities as a by-product of the silver-refining works. Such an alloy is used as a cheap antifriction metal, as an acid-resisting metal for pumps and faucets, and for making cheap type-metal. The composition of the numerous alloys varies almost indefinitely, but the following figures show some typical ones: "Type-metal," 60 to 80 per cent lead, 15 to 20 per cent antimony, up to 20 per cent tin, up to 10 per cent copper. "Britannia metal," 90 per cent tin, 6 per cent antimony, 3 per cent copper. Pewter," 60 to 80 per cent tin, 5 to 10 per cent antimony, 1 to 2 per cent copper, up to 3 per cent zinc, up to 35 per cent lead. Babbitt metal" (anti-friction), 60 to 80 per cent tin, 10 to 15 per cent antimony, 5 to 10 per cent copper, up to 2 per cent aluminium. A soft bearing-metal is made of 45 per cent lead, 45 per cent zinc, 10 per cent antimony. Antimony is very deleterious to the working properties of some metals, a very small proportion of it destroying entirely the malleability of gold or copper.

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Externally, its soluble salts cause an eruption somewhat similar to that of small-pox, and they have been used for that purpose by malingerers. Poisonous doses give rise to symptoms which resemble those of dysentery. Taken internally, the effects of metallic antimony and of its salts are essentially the same, causing nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea and a weak action of the heart, with marked depression of all the vital functions. Formerly it was extensively used, but it has been abandoned in favor of less dangerous remedies. The only salt much used is tartar emetic, antimony and potassium tartrate: but formerly the metal itself, either powdered or in the shape of cups which imparted its properties to fluids allowed to stand in them, was extensively employed. "Everlasting Pills" were metallic antimony.

Antimony Tetroxide. Sb,O,. White powder at ordinary temperatures; on heating it becomes yellow. It is formed by heating antimonic acid or antimony trioxide.

Antimony-Vermillion. Red powder, probably containing an oxysulphide of antimony; prepared by boiling six parts of sodium thiosulphate with five parts of antimony trichloride and fifty parts of water.

Antimonyl Salts. Derived from the hydroxide SbO.OH. Antimonyl sulphate has the formula (SbO),SO,.

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degrees of exaggeration, that Faith justifies without regard to the attitude of the heart and life toward the Moral Law.

Antinomy. Antagonism for two propositions or doctrines which seem separately to have conclusive proof for their truth, and which yet cannot both be true. It expresses the idea of contradiction, plus the feeling that the argument is strong for both terms

of it.

Antinous, d. 122. Favorite of Hadrian, who had him enrolled among the gods.

Antioch. Ancient capital of Syria, on left bank of the Orontes ab. 20 m. from its mouth; founded 301 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator; believed to have had a pop. of 400,000; often visited by earthquakes, one of which in 526 is said to have destroyed 250.000 lives. In 5th century here the disciples were first called Christians. It became the seat of the 4th patriarchate, its bishops ranking with those of Alexandria and Rome. Several church councils met here. A. was taken by Persians 540, by Saracens ab. 638, regained by Eastern emperor 966, lost again 1086, retaken by Crusaders 1098, captured by sultan of Egypt 1269. The modern Antakia has a pop. of 12,000. Also, a city of Pisidia, Asia Minor, visited by St. Paul, of which

Antinous.

extensive ruins still remain. Several other ancient towns had this name.

Antioch, SCHOOL OF. Second great exegetical school of ancient Christianity, carried off finally by one-sided rationality into Nestorianism, as Alexandria by one-sided mysticism into Monophysitism.

Antioch College. Founded at Yellow Springs, Ohio, is supported by the Disciples. 1852. It has 12 instructors, ab. 100 students of both sexes, and

Antiochus, ab. 423 B.C. Sicilian Greek historian, praised in antiquity. Only fragments are extant.

Antiochus. Name of 13 kings of Syria, of the Seleucid dynasty, reigning between 280 and 65 B.C.-A. THE GREAT, 223-187, maintained an unsuccessful war with Egypt, and another of 7 years. 212-205 with his revolted Asian provinces; conquered Palestine and Coelo-Syria 198; was defeated by the Romans at Thermopyla 191, and again at Mt. Sipylus 190; gained peace 188 by ceding everything e. of Mt. Taurus; killed in an attack upon a temple.-A. EPIPHANES, 175-164, fought Egypt successfully 171-168; by his attempt to root out the Jewish religion excited a revolt of the Jews under the Maccabees which he could not quell; died in a state of raving insanity, and was called Epimanes (madman) by his subjects.

Also 4 kings of Commagene, the first of whom aided Pompey 49 B.C., and the last of whom A.D. 38-72, helped the Romans against the Parthians and the Jews.

Antiodont Teeth. Molars with tubercles opposite each other on each tooth, as in the upper jaw of horse and in both jaws of Ruminants and most Perissodactyls. The lower jaw of Equus presents amoebodent molars. Cope distinguishes these types: Selenodont, Tapirodont, Hyracodont, Trichecho