Dab. English school game in which a pin is put at random in a school book, between the leaves of which little pictures are placed.

Dab. Limanda limanda. Flat fish ab. 1 ft. long, common on the w. coasts of Europe. It belongs to the Flounder family and in Scotland is known as the Salt-water Fluke. An allied species, the Rusty Dab, is found on the coasts of New England.

Dab-Chick. Podiceps fluviatilis of the eastern hemisphere and Podilymbus podiceps of the western. The former is the smallest of GREBES (q.v.). The latter, known also as "devil-diver," "water-witch," is 14 in. long, brownish above, ashen below, with black and white bill and black throat, in summer; brown bill and black replaced by white in win ter. It lives on small fishes. Sometimes confounded with the

Coot.

Dabney, ROBERT LEWIS, D.D., LL.D., b. 1820. Prof. Union Theol. Sem., Va., 1853-83, Univ. Texas 1883. Life of Gen. T. J. Jackson, 1867; Theology, 1879.

Da Capo. In music an Italian term signifying " from the beginning," usually shortened to D.C., and marking a passage which is to be repeated to complete the movement.

Dacca. City of British India on the Boree Gunga, a

Najar Nuttoo Sing's Palace and Temple, Dacca. mouth of the Ganges; noted for muslin manufactures. Pop., 1891, 83,760.

Dace. Leuciscus vulgaris, European fresh-water fish of the Carp family. It is ab. 8 in. long and, though not particularly good eating, its fighting qualities render it popular with the angler.

Dachshund. German badger-dog brought into fashion in England ab. 1850 by the Prince Consort who used it for pheasant-shooting. It has short, strong, crooked legs, useful in

burrowing and in driving game to the gun where speed is not desired. It should be black or black and tan, weight 11 to 18 lbs., 10 in. high and 40 in. long from tip to tip.

Daci, or Dacians. Warlike race, occupying Upper Hungary, Wallachia, and vicinity from early times; originally called Getæ; subjugated by Trajan 106.

Dacier, ANDRE, 1651-1722. French translator of Plutarch and other classics.-His wife ANNE (LEFEVRE), 1651-1720, was still more noted for learning, and tr. Terence, Anacreon, and Homer.

Dacite. Collective name for the newer eruptice rocks, mostly accompanied by rhyolite, trachyte and andesite. Occur province of Dacia), whence the name. Formerly known as in n. w. America, Balkan Peninsula, and Hungary (Roman quartz-trachytes.

Dacoits. Brigands infesting Burmah and other parts of India. They were said to exceed 9,000 in 1887.

Da Costa, ISAAK, 1798-1860. Dutch Jew of Portuguese lineage, who became a Christian 1820. His Four Witnesses, 1840, tr. 1841, answered Strauss' Life of Jesus.

Dactylology. Art of talking by means of the fingers. See DEAF AND DUMB.

Dactylopodite. Terminal joint of the Crustacean endopodite (Walking-leg).

Dactylopterous. Having free fin rays, as in pectorals of some fishes.

Dactylozoöids. Mouthless, worm-like zoöids on phonophore colony.

a si

Daddy-Longlegs. Tipula oleracea. Common European dipterous insect with very long body, legs, and antennæ. It appears from July to October, and its larvæ are destructive to vegetation. See PHALANGIDA.

Dado. In architecture, a die, or central vertical face, as in a pedestal; the lowest division of an interior wall, whether marked by wainscoting or by color.

Dadoxylon. Fossil tree found in Devonian strata. It was formerly supposed to be coniferous on the evidence of its microscopic structure, but its relationship is rather with Cordaites, and it is probably identical with Araucarioxylon and

Pinites.

Dædalus. Mythical artist, who made the wooden cow for Pasiphæ, and the Labyrinth at Cnossus, Crete, in which to keep the Minotaur; also wings for himself and son Icarus, whereby he flew safely over the sea to Italy.

Dædalus, OF SICYON. Sculptor, son of Patrocles. Pausanias records famous works he executed ab. 400 B.C.

Daffodil. Narcissus pseudo-narcissus. Bulbous plant of the Amaryllis family, native of Europe, cultivated for its vernal flowers.

Common Daffodil.

Dagger. Sharp, two-edged instrument used principally for stab Of Oriental origin, it came bing. into use in France and England ab. 1350. The Dagger of Mercy was used to give the finishing stroke. In Spain and Italy it has always been freely used in private quarrels, and during the 16th century it was used with the rapier in duels, principally for parrying. The Scottish dirk, Italian stiletto, and Malay kris are noted varieties of the dagger.

Daghestan. Mountainous country of s. w. Asia between the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mts. Conquered by the Czar Peter 1723, it was restored to Persia 1735 and re-annexed

to Russia by Alexander I. 1813. Derbend is the capital. Lead, iron, (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus). and sulphur are found and the Daghestan rugs are prized. Pop., 1889, 597,356; area 11,492

Dagobert I. King of France 631-638; codifier of the Frankish laws. Other Merovingians bore this name.

Dagon. Philistine deity, represented with a man's body and a fish's tail.

Daguerre, LOUIS JACQUES MANDE, 1789-1851. French scene painter and inventor of the DAGUERREOTYPE (q.v.).

Daguerreotype. J. C. Niepce of Chalons (1765-1833) conceived the idea of sun-pictures 1813, exhibited heliographs 1826, and is said to have printed from them. Daguerre's process for producing heliographic pictures was communicated to the French Government and published Aug. 1839; he was awarded a pension of 6,000 francs, and Niepce's son one of 4,000. The first photographic portrait from life was taken by Dr. John W. Draper of N.Y. City 1839. A silver plated copper plate is exposed to iodine and bromine vapors, producing a surface of iodide and bromide of silver. This is exposed in the camera, and then submitted to mercury vapor in a dark room, which develops the picture, by a deposit upon the part affected by the light. The unaltered silver salts are removed by hyposulphite of soda. See PHOTOGRAPHY.

Dahabiyeh. Boat in general use on the Nile. It has one, or sometimes two, masts

Dahabiyeh.

395

fired from a Dahlgren gun on the Kearsarge disabled the Alabama. The principal calibers were:

with lateen sails, and is sailed, rowed, or towed, according to circumstances. The after-cabin for passengers is on an upper deck.

Dahl, JOHANN CHRISTIAN CLAUSEN, 1788-1857. Norwegian painter, prof. at Dresden 1821. Dahlgren, CARL FREDRIK, 1791-1844. Swed

ish lyric poet, dramatist, and novelist.

Dahn, JULIUS SOPHUS FELIX, b. 1834. Prof. at Königsberg 1872, and Breslau 1888; jurist, historian, dramatist, novelist, and poet.

Dahomey. Native kingdom of w. Africa, under French protection since the war 1890-93. Pop. ab. 250,000; area ab. 4,000 sq. m. It lies between Lagos and the British Gold Coast. It is well wooded and all tropical fruits are abundant, but much swamp and marsh makes the climate very fatal to

Inventor of

Dahlgren, JOHN ADOLPH, U.S.N., 1809-1870. the Dahlgren gun; commandant of navy yard at Washington 1861-62; rear-admiral 1863; commander of S. Atlantic blockading squadron 1863-65; and S. Pacific squadron 1866-68; chief of bureau of ordnance 1862-63 and 1868-70; author of several works on ordnance.

Dahlgren Gun. From 1845 to 1856 the armament of the U. S. Navy comprised six kinds of 32-lb. guns, varying in weight from 27 to 57 cwt., and two 8-in. shell guns of 55 and 63 cwt. Lieut. Dahlgren in 1850 recommended a modification of the old form of guns by accumulating a greater weight of metal about the breech, where it was needed, and diminishing that in front of the trunnions. This new form gave the gun an appearance similar to that of a champagne bottle, and was a decided departure from and improvement upon the old armament. It was adopted after a thorough trial in 1856, and held its place in the navy until the introduction of the modern breech-loading, built-up rifled gun. It was cast solid, cooled from the exterior, smooth-bored and chambered; it fired both spherical shot and shell, principally the latter. An 11-in. shell

Europeans. The natives are hospitable, bold, warlike, but cruel and superstitious. The King is absolute and has a female bodyguard of 2,000 and a harem of 3,000. Human sacrifices are frequent and the annual festivals are attended with the torture and death of many hundreds of victims. Fetish and animal worship abounds. Capital Abomey.

Daillé, JEAN, 1594-1670. French Protestant. Right Use of the Fathers, 1632, tr. 1651.

Daimios. Territorial nobles of Japan, over whom a victory was gained by Iyeyasu at Sekigahara 1600, establishing the Tokugawa dynasty. He introduced the feudal system, and they became his vassals. Each fief was ruled by a hau (clan) with the daimio as chief; rules and usages differed in the several haus. In 1871 the daimios gave up their power; they are now classed with the old court nobles and reside at Tokio. Dairy. Herd of cows, with the implements and appurte

239 pounds of cheese and exported 18.827,211 and 104,207,285 pounds respectively. See BUTTER, CHEESE, CHURN, CREAM SEPARATOR, and MILK.

Dais. In architecture a raised seat, table or platform, erected as a place of special honor.

Daisy. Bellis perennis. Common and beautiful weed of Europe, occasionally cultivated. Also B. integrifolia, native of the western prairie region. Other species exist, all of the natural family Composite.

Daisy, Ox-EYE. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Common white-flowered plant of the Composite family, native of Europe, abundantly introduced as a pernicious weed into N. America; known also as White Daisy and White-weed. It is troublesome in meadows, particularly those that are thinly seeded and infertile. When cut early and made into hay, it is readily eaten by cattle and is fairly nutritious. It is an annual and seeds abundantly, but in fertile and well cultivated land the grasses and clovers will crowd it out. Its presence is a sign of worn soil and careless culture.

Dakoits. See DACOITS.

Dakota. Part of the Louisiana Purchase, separated from Minnesota 1861, and organized as a Territory. Its boundaries were determined 1868, when Wyoming was set off from it. It was admitted to the Union 1890 as NORTH and SOUTH DAKOTA (q.v.).

Dakota Indians. See SIOUX.

Dalberg, KARL THEODOR ANTON MARIA VON, 1744-1817. Abp. and Elector of Mayence 1802; Primate of Germany 1806; raised and ruined by alliance with Napoleon.

D'Albert, EUGENE, b. 1864. Scotch musician, studied in London and Vienna and attained fame as a pianist and composer.

Dale, JAMES WILKINSON, D.D., 1812-1881. American divine. Classic, Judaic, Johannic, and Patristic Baptism, 4 v., 1867-74. Dale, RICHARD, U.S.N., 1756-1826. Commodore 1801. He served in the Revolutionary War and against Tripoli.

Cong.

Dale, ROBERT WILLIAM, D.D., LL.D., 1829-1895. pastor at Birmingham, Eng., from 1853. Atonement, 1875; Ephesians, 1882.

Dale, THOMAS, 1797-1870. English sacred poet.

D'Alembert, JEAN LE ROND. See ALEMBERT, JEAN D'. D'Alembert's Principle. Employed for reducing the determination of the motions of material systems to the conditions of solution of statical problems. The earliest step toward its discovery is found in a memoir by James Bernoulli in the Acta Eruditorum, 1686. It is this: if the effective moving forces of the several particles of a system be applied to them in directions opposite to those in which they act, they will conjointly with the impressed moving forces constitute a system of forces statically disposed. See ALEMBERT, JEAN D'.

Dalgarno, GEORGE, ab. 1626-1687. Scottish educator and author. His Ars Signorum, 1661, was praised by Leibnitz and used by Bp. Wilkins in Philosophical Language, 1668. Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor, 1680.

Dalhousie, JAMES ANDREW BROUN-RAMSAY, MARQUIS OF. 1812-1860. Governor-general of India 1847-56; M. P. 1835; Earl 1848; Pres. Board of Trade 1845; Marquis 1849. He originated great reforms in the Indian service.

Dalin, OLOF VON, 1708-1763. Swedish historian and poet. Dall, WILLIAM HEALEY, b. 1845. Assistant on U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; curator National Museum; writer on Alaska. -His mother, CAROLINE WELLS (HEALEY), b. 1822. m. 1844, has pub. many books.

Dallas. Village of n. w. Georgia, scene of conflicts between Sherman's forces and the Confederates under Johnston, May 25-29, 1864.

Dallas. City of Dallas co., n.e. Texas, on e. bank of Trinity River. Pop., 1890, 38,067.

Dallas, ALEXANDER JAMES, 1759-1817. U. S. Dist. Atty. 180114; Sec. Treasury 1814-16. Reports of Cases in Courts of U. S. and Pa., 4 vols., 1790-1807.-His son, GEORGE MIFFLIN, LL.D., 1792-1864, was U. S. Senator from Pa. 1831-33, Minister to Russia 1837-39, Vice-Pres. U. S. 1845-49. and Minister to England 185661. Letters from London, 1869; Diary (in Russia) 1891.

Dall' Ongaro, FRANCESCO. 1808-1873. Italian poet and journalist, noted for his Stornelli, lyrics commemorating the revolution of 1848; prof. at Florence 1859.

Dalmatia. S. part of Illyria, on the Adriat; conquered by the Romans 39-23 B.C.; held in turn by Goths, Hungarians and Turks, till ceded to Venice 1699; given to Austria by treaty of Campo Firmio 1797. Area 4,940 sq. m.; pop. ab. 530,000, mostly Slavs.

Dalmatian Dog. Of the same size and general build as a pointer, in his own country he is used for similar purposes, but elsewhere only as a carriage dog, as he will run at a horse's heels 20 m. a day without tiring. The markings should be spots not less than 1 in. diameter evenly distributed on a short white coat.

Dalmatic. Ecclesiastical robe with sleeves, thus differing from the cope and the chasuble; worn by R. C. deacons.

chester from 1793. Meteorological Observations, 1793; Chemical Philosophy, 1808-27.

Dalton, JOHN CALL, M.D., LL.D., 1825-1889. American physiologist. Prof. Coll. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. City, 1855-1883. Pres. 1884. Human Physiology, 1859; Physiology and Hygiene for Schools, 1868; Topographical Anatomy of the Brain, 1885. Daltonism. Color blindness. John Dalton had this affection in a remarkable degree, and carefully described it.

Dalton's Laws. 1. The quantity of vapor necessary to saturate a given space is the same at the same temperature whether the space contains another vapor or gas, or is a vacuum. 2. The pressure of a mixture of a gas and a vapor is equal to the sum of the pressures which each would exert if it occupied the same space alone. The application of these laws to the aqueous vapor of the atmosphere is exceedingly restricted by the fact that the time required for complete diffusion is very long as compared with the rapid changes produced by wind, evaporation, and precipitation. These laws were announced by John Dalton in 1826.

Daly, CHARLES PATRICK, LL.D., b. 1816. Judge N. Y. City Common Pleas, 1845-1886. Surrogate's Courts in N. Y., 1863; Reports of N. Y. Com. Pleas, 15 vols., 1868-91.

Daly, JOHN AUGUSTIN, b. 1838. Manager of theaters in New York since 1869; author and adapter of several plays. Dam. Wall or stopping constructed to prevent the passage of gas or water from one part of a mine to another. See DAMS.

Dama. Tribe inhabiting the w. coast of S. Africa, numbering more than 100,000. They are large and powerful, ride horses, use wagons and breech loaders, and wear their hair in braids down the back. Their clothing consists of a small apron and numerous bells and ornaments; the women also wear a

head-dress, and are the laborers. They are loquacious, love dances and music, but lack perseverance. Youths on growing up knock out the lower inciosrs. The corpse is buried with the utensils owned in life.

Damages. Award of the law for the redress of actionable injuries. An act which harms another without entitling him to damages is Damnum absque injuria, as where one, in the lawful use of his land, impairs the value of his neighbor's. Damages are compensatory, when they simply pay for the harm; exemplary, vindictive, or primitive, when besides compensating the plaintiff they punish the defendant, as in aggravated cases of libel; nominal, when they are a trifle as compared with the cost of obtaining them. A verdict for nominal damages may mean that the action is brought to establish a right, when no damage beyond the denial of the right has been sustained, or that the jury have a poor opinion of the plaintiff, although he has been technically wronged.

Damascene, ST. JOHN, ab. 694-780. Greek theologian and hymnist, from 730 a monk of St. Saba near Jerusalem.

Damascenus, NICHOLAUS. Greek historian, friend of Augustus and Herod the Great. Fragments of his works

remain.

Damascius, b. ab. 480. Neoplatonic teacher at Athens and in Persia. His First Principles survives.

Damascus. Chief city of Syria, in a fertile plain e. of the Anti-Libanus, watered by 7 canals drawn from the River Barada. It is of remote antiquity, one of the oldest of cities, see Gen. xiv. 15. It was held by one after another of the great Oriental empires, was taken by the Romans 65 B.C., by the Saracens 634, and by the Turks 1516. It was the scene of St.

Damascus-View taken from the Christian Quarter.

Paul's conversion. D. blades (swords) were formerly made here. D. was famous as early as the 12th century for its figured silks; hence damask as applied to fabrics of silk, linen, etc. The Damson plum is also named from D. It has a large trade and extensive manufactures. Pop. ab. 200,000, less than one-tenth Christian.

Damask. Linen or silk fabric with ornamental patterns of flowers and animals woven in the looms. It was beautifully imitated by the Dutch and Flemings, and introduced into England by the fugitives from Alva's persecutions 1573.

Damaskeening. Art of incrusting or inlaying one metal with another in an ornamental pattern or design. It took the name from Damascus, the many-colored watered blades of that city being highly prized during the Middle Ages. This true damaskeening was produced by using a cast-steel highly charged with carbon, which, by careful cooling, effected the peculiar crystallization desired. Another species of damaskeening is ornamental etching on polished steel. A third method was by deeply cutting the design and filling the grooves with metal wire by hammering. The metals commonly used were silver or gold on copper or iron, gold on silver, or silver on gold.

Damasus I., ST., ab. 305-384. Bp. of Rome 366. He repressed the Arians, encouraged Jerome to tr. the Bible, introduced the Psalter, left poems and letters, and was canonized; Dec. 11 is his day.-II. Pope 1048.

Dambose. C6H12O. White crystals, carbo-hydrate, present as a methyl ether in several varieties of rubber; obtained by the action of hydriodic acid upon the ether: found in the muscles of the heart, and in unripe peas and beans.

Dambula. Buddhist rock-temple in Ceylon, near Matellæ, endowed 86 B.C. Some of the statues of Buddha here are more than 40 ft. high. The Makara, a monstrous idol with ele

397

phant's trunk, lion's feet, crocodile's teeth, and pig's ears, is also famous.

Damiana. Leaves of Haplopappus discoideus, and some species of Turnera; highly but falsely vaunted at one time as an aphrodisiac.

Damiani, PIETRO, 988-1072. Bp. of Ostia and Cardinal 1057; ascetic, reformer, doctor, and poet: canonized. Damianists. Monophysite sect, followers of Damian, Patriarch of Alexandria ab. 520.

Damien, FATHER, orig. JOSEPH DE VEUSTER, 1840-1889. Belgian missionary among the lepers of Molokai, Sandwich Is., from 1873.

Damiens, ROBERT FRANCOIS, 1714-1757. Would-be regicide of Louis XV. of France, executed with frightful tortures. Damietta. Town of Lower Egypt, on e. mouth of the Nile; founded ab. 1251, near the site of Tamiathis, which had been taken by the Crusaders after a 16 months' siege 1218, and by assault by Louis IX. 1249, but restored 1250. The French took it 1798. It gives the name Dimity to a cambric first made here. Pop. ab. 55,000.

Dammar. Resin produced by several trees of the genus Araucaria, natural family Coniferæ, natives of the S. Pacific Islands.

Damocles. Syracusan, who extolled the fortune of Dionysius the Elder. The tyrant, to show the nature of royal felicity, set him at a banquet with a sword suspended over his head by a hair.

Damon and Pythias (or Phintias). Pythagoreans of Syracuse, models of friendship. P. being condemned to death, D. took his place in prison. Returning in time, P. was pardoned by Dionysius.

Damourite. Group of minerals resembling ordinary mica; also called Hydromica.

Damper. Valve in a flue or chimney, by which the flow of hot gases may be checked and combustion retarded in the fire. Two types are used: 1st, the swinging or butterfly, mounted on a horizontal axis, about which it swings: 2d; the sliding or guillotine, or gate in which a flat plate slides in a frame to close the passage. The first kind is self-balanced. Automatic regulation is often attained by connecting a weighted lever to the damper, the weight being raised to close the damper by pressure of steam under a flexible diaphraghm, when the pressure exceeds a certain amount.

Damper. Mass of copper in the shape of a plate or hollow box, placed near a vibrating magnetic needle. The object is to bring the needle to rest by the action of the induced currents in the copper plate.

Dampier, WILLIAM, 1652-1715. English navigator, who preyed on the Spanish settlements in the E. and W. Indies 167988, and led an expedition to the South Sea 1699-1701. His Voyage Round the World, 1697, is still valued.

Damrosch, LEOPOLD, 1832-1885. German musician, who came to New York 1871 as conductor of the Männergesangverein Arion, and founded the Oratorio and Symphony Societies 1873-78.-His son, WALTER, b. 1862, succeeded him as conductor of these. and was asst. director at the N. Y. Metropolitan Opera House 1886-91, Director 1894.-Another son, FRANK HEINE, b. 1859, founded N. Y. People's Singing Classes.

Dams. Structures to impound or divert the water of

a dam nearly 30 miles long. When water is to flow over the top of a dam it must be built of timber or stone. The largest masonry dams are those at Villar in Spain, 175 feet high,

and at Furens in France, 174 ft. high. The Quaker Bridge Dam, proposed for the Croton water supply of New York, is to be 265 ft. high, 22 ft. wide at the top, and 216 ft. wide at the base. The dam at San Mateo, Cal., 170 ft. high, is built of concrete. Masonry dams are usually built with curved profiles, to economize materials. Several failures of earthen dams, causing much destruction of life and property, have occurred. The most disastrous was that of the reservoir at Johnstown, Pa., which Section of Masonry of Dam and Reservoir. failed on May 31, 1889. causing the loss of 2,142 lives and nearly $4,000,000 worth of property. This dam was well built, but its waste weir was obstructed and insufficient to discharge the excessive rainfall of 10 inches which fell in about 24 hours.

Damson. Variety of the cultivated plum, bearing small, bitter fruit.

Dan. Fifth son of the patriarch Jacob, and ancestor of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Its character was strong and rude, as exemplified in its great hero, Sampson.

Dana, CHARLES ANDERSON, b. 1819. American journalist; asst. Sec. of War 1863-64; ed. N. Y. Sun from 1868; Household Book of Poetry, 1857, and with G. Ripley New American Cyclopædia, 1855-63.

Dana, JAMES DWIGHT, LL.D., 1813-1895. Mineralogist and geologist to the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, 1838-42; prof. Yale 1855-92; ed. Am. Journal of Science and Arts. System of Mineralogy, 1837; Manual of Mineralogy, 1848; Geology of the Pacific, 1849; Coral Reefs and Islands, 1853; Manual and TextBook of Geology, 1863-64; Geological Story, 1875; Volcanoes, 1890.-His son, EDWARD SALISBURY, b. 1849, prof. Yale since 1879, has pub. text-books of Mineralogy and Mechanics, 1877-81.

Dana, RICHARD HENRY, 1787-1879. American poet and essayist. The Idle Man, 1821-22; The Buccaneer, 1827.-His son and namesake, 1815-1882, wrote Two Years before the Mast, 1840; Seaman's Friend, 1841; and To Cuba and Back, 1859; ed. Wheaton's International Law, 1866, became LL.D., and was prominent at the bar and in public affairs.-The poet's father, FRANCIS, LL.D., 1743-1811, was Judge of Mass. Supreme Court from 1785, and Chief-Justice 1791-1806.

Dana, WILLIAM PARSONS, b. 1833. N. A. 1863. American painter of sea and figure subjects.

Danæ. Daughter of a King of Argos, confined by her father in a brazen tower; visited by Zeus in the form of a shower of gold, she became the mother of Perseus.

Danai. Argive Greeks; so named from Danaus, who fled from Libya to Argos.

Danaides. Fifty daughters of Danaus, King of Libya. With one exception they slew their husbands, the 50 sons of their father's twin brother, Egyptus, and were punished in Hades by being compelled forever to pour water into a sieve. Danaite. Variety of arsenopyrite found at Franconia, N. H. Danakil. Nomadic tribes of half Ethiopic, half Arabic blood occupying the low-lying, waterless, trackless, and uncultivated region between Abyssinia and the Red Sea. The slave trade is their chief support.

Danalite. Mineral associated with the granite of Cape Ann, Mass., and containing iron, zinc, beryllium, and manganese, with silica and a small amount of sulphur.

Danburite. CaB.Si,O.. Calcium borosilicate, found originally at Danbury, Conn.

Danbury. City of Fairfield co., Conn., noted for hat factories; founded 1684, burned 1777. Pop., 1890, 16,552.

Danby, FRANCIS, 1793-1861. Irish landscape painter. Danby, THOMAS OSBORNE, 1631-1712. Lord Treasurer 1673, Earl 1674; impeached 1678, and imprisoned till 1683; Marquis of Carmarthen 1699, Duke of Leeds 1694.

Dance Music. Differentiated by rhythm and accent from ch. music in the earlier Christian centuries. Nearly all secular music was dance music, and, so far as the record goes, all dance

music was vocal till ab. 1500, when the first music for lutes, organ and clavichord appeared. Instrumental music at the time was only a transcription of vocal, and compositions were interchangeable between voices and instruments. The introduction of dance pieces into artistic music led to the development of the loftiest classical forms, the SONATA (q.v.) and SYMPHONY (q.v.). In the 17th century the following French, Italian, and Spanish dances became popular with composers: Allemande, Branle, Bourrée, Canarie, Chaconne, Courante, Gagliarde, Gavotte, Gigue (Jig), Loure, Moresca, Paduana, Passacaglia, Passepied, Passe Mezzo, Pavane. Rigaudon, Romanesca, Sarabande, Saltarello, and Volta. They were used in operas, and a number of them grouped together were called a SUITE (q.v.).

Dance of Death. Typical subject in late Medieval Art, especially affected in Germany; or treated there with greatest success. It represented the triumph of death by

Holbein's Design for a Dagger Sheath.

corpses or skeletons, connected with living figures and leading them in the dance. The origin of such pictures was a simple religious drama in form of a dialogue between Death and a number of followers.

Dancetté. One of the heraldic partition lines. It crosses the shield in a broad horizontal zigzag.

Dancing. Among all the nations of antiquity dancing was used in the service of religion, as it still is in the East and among savage tribes. Various nations also had military dances, and some of these long survived, as in the Swiss and Scotch sword-dances. The priests of Isis, Baal, Dionysus, Bacchus, Brahma and Mars all accompanied their solemnities with dancing. The pantomimic dance was highly esteemed among the Greeks; Athenæus says they had so perfected it in imitating the passions that the sculptors studied the attitudes of the public dancers and owed to this the beauty of their work. The Spartans made gymnastic dances compulsory for children of 5 to 12 years of age. In Rome dancing was considered disgraceful except as a religious rite until the Augustan Age, when pantomimic dances were introduced and famous performers received princely honors. After the fall of the Empire the Gauls alone kept up the theater and ballets while the Goths introduced martial dances. Early Christianity adopted pagan choreographic rites, and in the churches a space was set apart where the youth of both sexes performed devout ballets and sometimes even bishops led the "branle." Consequent license evoked the Church's interdict and this species of dance was rarely seen again till its revival in Italy in the 16th century. During the Middle Ages it was largely confined to the minstrels and joculators. After the Renaissance the national dances of the common people gradually found their way to court, and society adopted stately measures and rough revels as a recreation.

la-Chapelle 1374, and was known in cities of Germany till the Dancing Mania. Epidemic frenzy which began at Aix17th century. The subjects of it saw visions, screamed, foamed at the mouth, danced in procession from town to town, cursing the priests, till utterly exhausted; many lost all control of theniselves; some dashed out their brains against the walls. For a time exorcism was an efficacious remedy; later, Paracelsus used cold water with success. In the 17th century the dis. ease was known as St. Vitus's Dance. It was akin to hysteriaDanckelmann, ALEXANDER VON, b. 1855. Prof. at Leipzig; writer on the climatology of Africa.

Dancourt, FLORENT CARTON, 1661-1725. French comic dramatist.

Dandelion. Taraxacum taraxacum. Weed of the natural family Cichoriaceae, native of the n. hemisphere; widely diffused. It has edible leaves and a root with bitter and tonic properties.

Dandelion, DWARF. Adopogon carolinianum. Low, yellow-flowered plant of the Chicory family, native of e. N.

America.

Dandelion, FALL. Leontodon autumnale. Yellow-flowered plant of the Chicory family, native of Europe; introduced into N. America; known also as Hawkbit.

Dandelion, FALSE. Plants of the genus Pyrrhopappus,