ment of the line of collimation of the transit instrument. It is provided with a reflector for throwing the light from a lamp upon the threads, to render them visible. The instrument is pointed to a basin of mercury placed below, the telescope being vertical. The direct image of the threads may then be seen together with that reflected from the mercury; if the adjustment is perfect the two will coincide.

Collimating Telescope. Placed horizontally in front of the transit instrument, so that when the telescope of the latter is horizontal it looks into the object glass of the former. A thread placed in the principal focus is then seen as though viewed from an infinite distance, and forms a sharp definite mark for testing the adjustment of the collimation line.

Collimation, ERROR OF. Deviation from perpendicularity of the line of collimation of the transit telescope to the axis of revolution.

Collimation, LINE OF. Line joining the optical center of the object glass of a telescope with the middle thread of the reticule near the eyepiece.

Collimator. Essential part of a spectroscope or spectrometer for rendering parallel the rays of the beam of radiation to be examined. It consists of a brass tube of adjustable

Colling, CHARLES, 1751-1836. English agriculturist and breeder of live stock. In connection with his brother Robert he applied the principles, so successfully used by Bakewell in the improvement of the Leicester sheep, to the improvement of Shorthorn cattle to such an extent that they may be said to have originated the breed.

Collingwood, CUTHBERT, LORD, 1750-1810. British admiral; associated with Nelson; second in command at Trafalgar Oct. 1805, and made a Baron for the victory.

Collingwood, FRANCIS, b. 1834. Engineer of Newport News dry dock; sec. American Society of Civil Engineers since 1891. Collins, ANTHONY, 1676-1729. English deist. On Free-thinking, 1713; Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, 1724. Collins, MORTIMER, 1827-1876. English novelist, poet, and essayist. Long Life, 1871.

Collins, WILLIAM, 1721-1759. English lyric poet. His Odes, 1747, neglected at the time, are highly valued, especially that on The Passions. He died in an insane asylum.

Collins, WILLIAM WILKIE, 1824-1889. English novelist, noted for the intricacy of his plots; son of Wm. the painter (1788-1847). Antonina, 1850; Basil, 1852; After Dark, 1856; Dead Secret, 1857; Woman in White, 1860; Armadale, 1866; No Name, 1871; Moonstone, 1872; Black Robe, 1881; also two plays, Lighthouse and Frozen Deep.

Collinson, PETER, 1694-1768. English botanist, who introduced many foreign plants into America.

Collodion. Solution of gun cotton in a mixture of sulphuric ether and alcohol, largely used in photography, and in medicine to protect small wounds, chafes, etc. Combined with a small amount of castor oil, it becomes flexible and better adapted to medical uses. See NITRO-CELLULOSE.

Colloid. If a number of substances be arranged in a series according to their relative diffusibilities, we find at one end of the list a number of substances of slow diffusibility, such as starch and albumen, which have in general an amorphous, gluelike character; these are colloids. Substances at the other end of the list, of rapid diffusibility, such as urea and chloride of sodium, are called crystalloids. The former will not diffuse through vegetable or animal membranes.

Colloid Cancer. Variety of cancer in which, after de

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generation has taken place, there are numerous collections of glue-like material.

Collot d'Herbois, JEAN MARIE, 1750-1796. French ter rorist, author of many executions at Lyons 1793; deported to Cayenne 1795.

Collozoa (POLYCYTTARIA). Family of Radiolaria including usually compound forms without skeleton (Collozoum) or with isolated spicules (Sphærozoum), or a simple foraminated shell (Collosphæra).

gelatinous or protoplasmic matrix, nearly spherical, with no Collozoum. Genus of Polycyttaria. These forms have a skeleton, but many central capsules imbedded in it.

Collum. Narrowed base of the sporange in mosses. Collyer, ROBERT, b. 1823 in England. Originally a blacksmith, then a Methodist preacher; Unitarian pastor in Chicago 1859-79, and since in N. Y. Nature and Life, 1866.

Collyer, WILLIAM BENGO, D.D., 1782-1854. English Cong. divine and hymnist.

Colman, GEORGE, 1733-1794. English dramatist and manager. His son and namesake. 1762-1836, succeeded him in both capacities. Recollections, 1830.

Colman, SAMUEL, b. 1832. American painter and engraver. He has reproduced on copper many of his sketches made in Spain, Italy and Algiers. His style is broad and free, and he has a fine sense of the picturesque. Mexican Hacienda; Mt. Tacoma from Puget Sound; Grand Canyon of the Colorado.

Colmar, or Kolmar. Ancient town of Alsace; free city of the empire 1226; fortified 1552, dismantled 1673; annexed to France 1697, to Germany 1871. Pop., 1890, 30,411.

Colocynth. Citrullus colocynthis. Trailing vine of the Gourd family, native of the Mediterranean region, but widely distributed in warm countries. The fruit is used in medicine as a purgative, and is poisonous.

Cologne. City of Prussia, on left bank of the Rhine; founded by the Ubii ab. 37 B.C.; named from a Roman colony planted A.D. 50. It became a part of the German empire 870; entered the league of the Hanse towns 1201, and had an extensive commerce. The Church of St. Ursula is said to contain the bones of the 11,000 virgins; and that of St. Gereon those of the 308 martyrs of the Theban legion. Pop., 1890, 281,273.

Cologne Cathedral. Founded ab. 814, burned 1248. The present structure, begun 1248, remained in an unfinished state

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finished 1880. These rise 515 feet from the floor of the nave. The body of the church measures 440 by 240 ft. The bones of the three Magi were bestowed on this church by Frederic Barbarossa 1162.

Cologne School of Painting. Early 15th century German art had here its finest development, due to influences of the Van Eycks in the Netherlands. Leading artists, Master William and Master Stephen. By the latter is the Kölner Dom Bild, in the Cathedral choir, the most beautiful of early German paintings.

Cologne Spirits. Best quality of ordinary alcohol, refined with special care, and containing ab. 94 per cent of ethyl alcohol and 6 per cent of water.

Colombia, UNITED STATES OF. Republic in n. w. portion of South America. The w. part is traversed by the Andes, leaving along the w. coast and in the n. small areas of lowland. E. of the Andes are plains stretching toward the llanos of the Orinoco. The country is covered with forests of valuable tropic woods. Agriculture is rudely practiced, and some cotton, sugar, coffee, indigo, etc., are produced. The country abounds in undeveloped mineral wealth. The area is ab. 514,000 sq. miles; the capital is Bogota. The coast was traced 1499-1500. By 1536 the natives were mostly subdued and Spanish government established. After long connection with Peru, the viceroyalty of New Granada was formed 1740. Independence was declared 1810 and secured 1819 under Bolivar, in union with Venezuela and Ecuador; these states withdrew 1831, and the country was called New Granada. The present name was assumed 1861, and a new constitution adopted 1886. Pop. ab. 4,000,000.

Colombo. Capital and principal seaport of Ceylon, on w. coast; fortified by the Portuguese 1517. It was taken by the Dutch 1603, and by the British 1796. Pop., 1891, 126,926, of various nations.

Colon. Large intestine, or that portion into which the small intestine opens and which extends up on the right side from the pelvis to the under surface of the liver, from which point it crosses the abdomen to the right side to descend again into the pelvis, where it becomes the rectum.

Colon. See COLUMBUS.

Colonel. Commander of a regiment, below a brigadiergeneral and above It.-col. in rank in the U. S. army.

Colonial Congress. See CONGRESS, COLONIAL. Colonies. In Palæontology, temporary occupation of an area by a fauna belonging either to an adjoining area or to a slightly higher or lower horizon.

Colonies, AMERICAN. See UNITED STATES.

Colonies, GRECIAN. Founded in nearly all parts of the Mediterranean and to the n.e. as far as the sea of Azov, attesting the energy and enterprise of the Greek race. They were as a rule independent politically of the mother cities, though owning a filial relation."

The Eolian, in n. w. part of Asia Minor, were the result of a migratory movement from Boeotia, following the course of the expedition against Troy. Besides 12 cities on the mainland, they occupied Tenedos, Lesbos, Sestus in the Chersonese, and Enus in Thrace.

e.

The Ionian were thought to have been founded later. Ionians, driven from n. Peloponnesus by Achæans, found Attica too narrow for them, and began to occupy the islands to the Between 1000 and 800 B.C. settlements were made on the Asiatic coat and islands, and an association of 12 cities was organized, embracing Miletus, Phocæa, and Samos. By 780 Miletus began to send out colonies to the Propontis and the Euxine. The Dorian issued from Peloponnesus during the Dorian conquest of the peninsula. They took possession of thes. Cyclades, Rhodes, Cos, with other islands, and a section of the adjoining

mainland.

These 3 groups of colonies were reduced by the kings of Lydia between 700 and 565 B.C., the Eolian group retaining their independence till the time of Croesus. In the two latter groups there was a considerable admixture of other races.

The n. shores of the Agæan, both sides of the Propontis, nearly the whole circuit of the Euxine, the coast of Illyria, the e. and s. sides of Sicily, the border of Libya, and s. Italy, were dotted with Greek settlements, some of which became powerful states. Even Spain, Gaul, and Africa had some Greek towns: Marseilles was settled from Phocæa ab. 600 B.C.; Cyrene in Libya ab. 630 from Thera, and became in turn a mother-city. In Sicily Syracuse owed her foundation to Corinth ab. 735 B.C.; she founded Camarina 601 and maintained her independence more than 500 years.

Gela was colonized from Rhodes 690, and founded Agrigentum 582. Chalcis in Euboea founded Naxos in Sicily 736; Naxos established Leontini 730, and Catana a few years later. Magna Græcia, or s. Italy, had great attractions for the adventurous Greeks. Sybaris and Crotona were Achæan colo

nies; Cumæ and Rhegium were daughters of Chalcis; Tarentum was Spartan, and Thurii was Athenian. The abounding vitality of the Hellenic stock produced that cordon of little republics which completely ringed the Midland Sea, save where Phoenician and Etruscan civilization had preoccupied the ground. The Athenians sometimes sent out colonies called cleruchies, which remained in close or in laxer political relation with Athens. In such cases the State provided arms and defrayed expenses of journey, and the colonists retained their Athenian citizenship.

Colonies, ROMAN. These were always established by, and remained a part of, the parent state; were intended to check conquered races, to repress hostile incursions, to provide for veteran soldiers, or to relieve Rome of turbulent characters. The earlier colonies were of the nature of garrisons, only volunteers joined them; colonists retained their rights of Roman citizenship. By these means the empire was consolidated, decay of population checked, and the unity of the nation and of the language promoted.

Colonization. Transfer of population to unoccupied or thinly settled countries, in order to diminish the numbers at home, found new centers of national life, or raise the condition of the colonists.

Colonna. Roman family, known from ab. 1100. They were Ghibellines and rivals of the Orsini. Giovanni became cardinal 1216, and joined the Fifth Crusade. His nephew Giovanni, Abp. of Messina 1255, wrote a History of the World. Cardinal Giacomo was councilor under Nicholas IV. Sciarra, one of the chiefs of the conspiracy against Boniface VIII., 1303, d. in exile ab. 1328. His brother Stephen. Count of Romagna ab. 1290, became chief of the Guelphs at Rome, and was killed in the conflict with Rienzi ab. 1350. Otho was elected Pope (Martin V.) 1417. His nephew Antonio became Prince of Salerno and Duke of Amalfi 1419. Eugene IV. declared war against Antonio and his brothers, who had seized the treasures of Martin V. Prosper, son of Antonio, fought for Charles VIII. and for Ferdinand of Spain, took Milan 1521, and d. 1523.

Colonna, VITTORIA, 1490-1547. Italian poet, noted for her friendship with Michelangelo; daughter of the Constable of

Naples, m. 1507 to Marquese di Pescara, who d. 1525. Rime Spirituali, 1548.

Colonnade. In classical architecture colonnade corresponds to the Gothic ARCADE (q.v.), having an entablature instead of arches.

Colophonium, or COLOPHONY. Resin obtained from certain varieties of pine; called rosin. It consists largely of abietic acid, and is the resinous matter left after the turpentine has been removed, by distillation, from the exudation from the pine. See ABIETIC ACID.

Color. Characteristic effect of light dependent upon the wave length. Sunlight is composed of rays of many different colors varying from the red, which has the longest wave length, to the violet, which has the shortest. The color of objects is directly dependent upon the kind of light that they reflect or transmit to the eye. Subjectively, it is a sensation arising from stimulation of the optic nerve by light radiated from a luminous body or reflected from a non-luminous body or by some mechanical stimulus, e.g., pressure on eyeball. Objectively, it is the quality producing such sensation. A ray of

white light analyzed into parts of definite wave lengths shows the colors, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. (See SPECTRUM.) These colors are termed primary. Psychologically, black and white are also to be regarded as colors. Colors vary, in hue, according to the wave length of the light, in brightness, and in chroma or the amount of white light entering into them. A color is said to be saturated when it is free from admixture of white light.

Color. In mining, any small speck of gold seen in a pan after washing a sample of sand or gravel.

Colorado. One of the Western States. In shape it is nearly rectangular, being limited by parallels and meridians. Its area is 103,925 sq. m. The e. part consists of rolling plains, sloping gently eastward. The central portion is a high and intricate mountain region, containing many ranges exceeding 14,000 ft. in height. The w. portion is a region of plateaus, descending toward the basin of the C. The industries are agriculture, cattle, and sheep raising and mining. Of silver it is the largest producer in the U. S. Its annual production of the precious metals is ab. $36,000,000. Large quantities of coal are mined, the principal areas of production being along the e. base of the mountains. The region was explored by Gen. Fremont 1843, but it was not until the discovery of gold in 1858 that immigration began. The territory was organized 1861 from portions of Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico. In 1864 it was the seat of an Indian war. Since 1865 the growth has been continuous and rapid. It was admitted as a State in 1877; the capital is Denver. Pop., 1890, 412,198. (See Map on page 332.)

Colorado Chiquito, or LITTLE COLORADO. Left hand branch of the C., in n.e. Arizona. Length ab. 225 m.; drainage area 29,268 sq. m.

Colorado College. At C. Springs, was chartered 1873, reorganized 1888. It has 16 instructors.

Colorado Potato Bug. See POTATO BEETLE. Colorado Range. In Col. It rises from the plains to an altitude of 13.000 to 14,300 ft., containing many of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mt. system. The material is granite, with stratified beds forming its e. foothills.

Colorado River. Formed by the junction of two main branches, the Grand and Green, in e. Utah. The former rises in Middle Park, Col., and flows generally s. w. The Green, which is the larger, rises in the Wind R. Mts. in w. Wyoming, and flows generally s. From their junction the C. flows s. w., then w., and finally s. to its mouth at the head of the Gulf of Cal. Its flow is small compared to its drainage area of 255,000 sq. m., almost entirely in an extremely arid region of plateaus, in which the main stream and most of its branches have cut canyons; some of these are of great depth, reaching in the Grand Canyon 7,000 ft. Length 1,200 m. It is navigable for 100 m. above its mouth.

Colorado River. In Texas. It heads in the edge of the Staked Plains, and flows s.e. Length 850 m., drainage area 41,220 sq. m.

Colorados. Red ores: equivalent of gossan, especially when colored with ferric oxide.

Colorado Springs. Capital of El Paso co., Col., at foot of Pike's Peak; prominent as a health resort. Pop., 1891, 11,140.

Colorado, UNIVERSITY OF. Founded by the State 1876 at Boulder, Col. It has departments of law and medicine, 66 professors and lecturers, and ab. 300 students, including those of the preparatory school.

Color Blindness. Inability to perceive colors as such. It may be total or partial, and is independent of the other visual functions. It shows itself commonly in a tendency to confound one color with another, as blue with green, or in an inability to perceive a particular color (most commonly red), which is then ordinarily confused with gray or green. It is variously estimated to exist in from 3 to 6 per cent of the population, and is much more frequent in men than in women.

Colors. Garrison flag, hoisted at military posts from reveille till sunset, is the national color or U. S. Flag. It is made of bunting, 36 ft. fly and 20 ft. hoist, with 13 horizontal stripes of equal breadth, alternately red and white, beginning with the red. In the upper quarter, next the staff, is the Union, composed of a number of white stars, equal to the number of States, on a blue field, one-third the length of the flag, and extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The post flag is similar, but with 20 ft. fly and 10 ft. hoist; the storm flag is 8 ft. fly and 4 ft. 2 in. hoist.

Color Top. Apparatus consisting of a spindle which can

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be rapidly rotated by means of a pulley driven by a band from the driving wheel of some motor. Its purpose is to produce a succession of color impressions upon the retina so rapid as to cause the sensation to be that of a single resultant tint. A graduated circle is fixed to the spindle; disks of colored paper slit from the center outward may be placed against the disk, and by the graduations the relative amounts of color exposed may be read off. By this means the effect of the mixture of different colors in different proportions may be studied.

Colosseum. Ruins of the Flavian amphitheater at Rome, begun by Vespasian, consecrated by Titus 80, and finished by

Domitian; elliptical in form; 620 ft. long by 513 broad, and 160 high. It could seat 87,000 spectators. See AMPHITHEATER. Colossians, EPISTLE TO THE. Twelfth N. T. book, written by Paul in his Roman prison, ab. 62, to the Ch. of Colossæ in Asia Minor, against a fantastic angelology, which threatened to lose Christ out of sight.

Colossochelys. Huge Pliocene tortoise whose carapace is 6 ft. long; found in the Civâlik hills of British India.

Colossus of Rhodes. Gigantic brass image of the sun, placed near the entrance of the harbor of Rhodes ab. 280 B.C.; destroyed by an earthquake ab. 224 B.C.; mythically represented as standing on two moles, with a leg on either side of the harbor.

Colotomy. Opening into the colon, usually performed through the loin, but occasionally in the groin or middle line; commonly done in cases where the bowel is obstructed beyond the point of operation. As a rule the opening is maintained and the fæces voided through it.

Colquhoun, ARCHIBALD Ross, b. 1846. British traveler in s. China. Across Chrysé, 1885.

Colquhoun, JOHN, 1805-1885. Scottish writter on angling. Moor and Loch, 1840-84; Rocks and Rivers, 1849; Sporting Days, 1866.

Colquhoun, PATRICK, 1745-1820. Scottish magistrate and writer. Police. 1795; Resources of British Empire. 1814.-His grandson, SIR PATRICK, b. 1815, pub. Roman Civil Law, 4 vols., 1849-60.

Colt, SAMUEL, 1814-1862. Inventor of the revolving pistol 1835; manufacturer at Hartford, Conn.

Colton, CALEB CHARLES, 1780-1832. English poet and maker of apothegms. His Lacon, 1820-22, was highly esteemed. Though author of moral maxims, he was a gambler and suicide.

Colton, CALVIN, 1789-1857. American journalist; prof. Trinity Col. 1852: biographer of Henry Clay, 1846-56, and a prolific writer.-His brother, WALTER, 1797-1851, long chaplain U. S. Navy, wrote Ship and Shore, 1835, and Deck and Port, 1850.

Coltsfoot. Tussilago farfara. Officinal herb of the Composite family, native of Europe, introduced into N. America. Coltsfoot, SWEET. Nardosmia palmata. Herb of the Composite family, native of n. N. America.

Colubridæ. Family of harmless snakes, including many species, widely distributed, among which are Bascanion constrictor, the Black Snake, which has smooth scales; another species of this genus has keeled scales, and is the Mountain Black Snake; the former is pugnacious, the latter gentle. It may attain a length of 7 ft. The Spilotes of the Southern States is black with a yellow throat, and attains the length of 10 ft. The Coach whip Snake, also of the South, is noted for

its great speed, resembles a braided whiplash, and grows to a length of 6 ft. Of similar size is the Pine Snake, s. of the Ohio. The Corn Snake of the South robs hen-roosts at night. These

Coluber constrictor.

are generally harmless, but the Rat Snake of India, which is 7 ft. long, enters houses and assumes the aggressive while the Gray Snake of Jamaica strikes for the eyes when irritated. Colubriformia. Sub-order of Ophidia, including harmless snakes, characterized by solid, recurved teeth in both jaws and on the palatines and pterygoids. In a few (Opisthoglypha) genera the posterior, mandibular teeth are grooved and connected with poison glands, but the bite is not dangerous. Examples are: Uropeltida, with short pointed head, and nondistensible mouth, mainly in the E. Indian region; Tortricidae, tropical snakes, with short tails, burrowing in the sand, eating insects, and having rudiments of hind limbs (anal claws); Erycidae, Sand Snakes, also tropical, with pelvic rudiments, feeding mainly on mice; and the Coronellida, represented by the Puff Adder or Hognose, which flattens itself threateningly, but is harmless. The Rachiodontidae of Africa are remarkable in having almost no teeth in the jaws, but the ventral processes of some of the cervical vertebræ project as teeth into the oesophagus. These snakes live on eggs, which are cut open in the gullet, the contents swallowed, and the shell rejected. The Achrochordida, Wart Snakes, with tuberculate scales, are viviparous. For the tropical members of this group see COLUBRIDE. Other colubriform snakes are the Pythons and Boas (see PEROPODA), various families of TREE SNAKES (q.v.) (Dendrophida, Dryophidae, Dipsadida) and WATER SNAKES (q.v.) (Natricidæ, Homalopsida).

Colubus. See SEMNOPITHECIDE.

Columba, ST., 521-597. Irish missionary to Scotland 563, where he founded an abbey on Iona Is., and converted the Picts. Columbæ, or COLUMBACEI. See COLUMBINE.

Columban, ST., ab. 543-615. Irish monk, founder of monasteries in wild parts of s. e. France, and, when driven thence, at Bobbio in Italy. His aims and results were civilizing and ennobling.

Columbarium. Roman burial chamber, sometimes constructed above ground, sometimes excavated. It was allotted

to the humbler burials, and had a series of niches for the urns containing the ashes of the dead; named from the resemblance to a pigeon house.

Columbia. Capital of S. Carolina, on the Congaree, below the junction of Broad and Saluda rivers; seat of the State university; taken by Union forces under Sherman Feb. 17, 1865. Pop., 1890, 15,353.

Columbia. Borough of Lancaster co., Pa., on the Susquehanna. Pop., 1890, 10,599.

Columbia, BRITISH. Province of Canada bordering on the Pacific; organized 1871. It includes Vancouver's Island, and embraces an area of 382,300 sq. m. It owes its importance to gold mines, which began to be opened 1856. These regions prove to be widely extended, covering an area of not less than 200 sq. m. The influx of lawless adventurers made necessary some regularly organized government, and since its organization the territory has begun to receive a permanent population, a portion of which is engaged in agriculture and fisheries. Capital, Victoria. Pop., 1891, 98,173.

Columbia College. In N. Y. city, chartered 1754 as King's College; made a military hospital 1776; reorganized 1784. Instruction in law has been given since 1793; the Law School

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was established 1858; the School of Mines 1864; that of Political Science 1880; that of Philosophy 1890; that of Pure Science 1892. A medical faculty was formed 1767, but discontinued 1813; in 1891 the College of Physicians and Surgeons became the medical department of the College. The institution was reorganized as a university 1890-91. In the six faculties there are 82 professors and 89 other instructors. There are (1895) 264 students in arts, 285 in law, 786 in medicine, 397 in the school of mines, 170 in political science, 171 in philosophy, and 66 in pure science. The yearly income is $650,000. The library contains nearly 200,000 vols.

Columbiad. Sea coast, chambered smooth-bore gun, designed to fire solid shot or shell. It combines certain qualities of the gun, howitzer and mortar; it was invented by Col. Bomford, and used in the war of 1812 for firing solid shot; in 1844 the model was changed, by lengthening the bore and increasing the weight of metal, so as to increase the charge of powder to one-sixth that of the shot; in 1858 they were used as shell guns only, to be fired with diminished charges. Rodman's model of 1860, of calibers 8", 10" and finally 15" entirely superseded the old chambered guns.

Columbia, DISTRICT OF. Federal district of the U. S., comprising its seat of government: on left bank of the Potomac. within the limits of Md.; area 64 sq. m. Till 1846 it included Alexandria and 36 sq. m. of Va. The surface consists mainly of a plateau 200 to 400 ft. above the river, with a considerable extent of bottom land just above the mouth of the Anacostia. On this bottom land the City of WASHINGTON (q. v.) is built. Georgetown, the other city in the district, is immediately above Washington, where the bluffs close in on the river. The Potomac is navigable to Georgetown, and the cities have some commerce, mainly exports of coal and lumber and imports of ice. The trade and manufactures are not large. The charters of Washington and Georgetown were revoked 1874 and the entire district placed under one government, at the head of which are three commissioners appointed by the President. Pop., 1890, 230,392, ab. one-third colored.

Columbian Exposition, or WORLD'S FAIR. Held at Chicago 1893 to celebrate the quarto-centenary of the landing of Columbus. The great discoverer was represented by a lineal descendant, the Duke of Veragua, who attended as the guest of the nation. About fifty foreign governments accepted the President's invitation to exhibit, and appropriated $5,846,664; the various States of the Union also contributed $6,020.850 for their individual exhibits. The enormous Exposition buildings, containing 240 acres of floor space and remark

able for their beauty and architectural unity, were erected in Jackson Park, a tract of 666 acres s. e. of Chicago with a lake frontage of ab. 1 m. The grounds and buildings cost $18,322,622 and operating expenses $7,127,240. They were dedicated with imposing ceremonies Oct. 11, 12, and 13, 1892. The Exposition proper opened May 1, and closed Oct. 31, 1893, the visitors numbering 27,529,400 and the exhibitors 65,422. Of special interest among the memorials of Columbus were exact reproductions of his caravels, the Santa Maria, Nina and Pinta, and the convent of Santa Maria de la Rabida. Total receipts $33,290,065.58: expenses $31,117,353.79.

Columbian University. In Washington, D. C., incorporated 1821 as Columbian College; name changed 1873; new building erected 1883. The Corcoran Scientific School was added 1884, and a school of graduate studies 1892. In 1893-94 it had a staff of 117 instructors, 298 students in arts and sciences, 328 in law, 150 in medicine, 44 in dentistry, 24 in the graduate school, and 85 in the preparatory-total 929.

Columbia River. Formed by the union of Clark's Fork and Snake R., which rise in the Rocky Mountains, in British Columbia, Montana, and Wyoming. The former, collecting its abundant streams, pursues a circuitous course into Washington. The latter flows w. across Idaho, n. between Idaho and