Canon. Name given in w. U. S. to a precipitous valley, or rocky gorge, cut deep by a water-course. The Colorado Canon is the most famous example. Canon. Musical composition for two or more parts, in which the melody is imitated strictly by all the voices entering at different times on the same or a different pitch; e.g., the familiar round, "Three blind mice." Canonical Form. Simplest form to which a quantic can be reduced without loss of generality. Canonical Hours. Times set apart for special daily devotions; originally at 9, 12, and 3. Others were afterward 3,400 7,000 10,800 13.370 29,400 34,000 61,900 101,300 135,500 added, under varying names. Total length ...feet.. 13.7 17.4 16.3 Weight of powder charge (brown)... Projectile: pounds.. 14 30 Weight.......do.. Pressure in powder chamber...tons per sq. in.. Muzzle velocity, feet 47 茗出 33 50 100 40.0 15 second 2,000 2,250 2,000 2,150 2,080 2,150 2,100 2,100 2,100 Remaining velocity 2,500 yards.....feet second.. 1,246 1,374 1,402 1,507 1,615 1,670 1,724 1,777 1,805 Muzzle energy...foottons.. 915 1,754 2,973 3,204 7,498 8,011 15,285 25,985 33,627 Penetration in steel at muzzle.....inches.. 7.18 9.0 10.27 11.38 15.61 16.10 20.10 24.16 26.66 Cannonade. Artillery attack, usually delivered against a fortified place just previous to an intended assault by infantry. Cannon-Ball. Projectile fired from a cannon; formerly made of granite, then of cast or wrought iron, and finally, for heaviest projectiles, of steel. See PROJECTILES. A large Cannon-Ball Tree. Couroupita Guianensis. tree of the Myrtle family, native of Guiana, its fruit a large, woody pericarp, six inches or more in diameter. Cannon-Bone. See METAPODIALS and ARTIODACTYLA. Cannon-Shot. Range of a projectile fired from a cannon. It has increased from a few hundred ft. to over 12 m. Cannostomæ. Sub-order of Discomedusa, having a fourcornered prism-like manubrium, but no arms around the mouth, which is single and simple; there are short solid tenacles. E.g., Linerges, the "Thimble-fish" of Florida beaches. Cannotidæ. Family of Leptomedusa without ear-cysts (otocysts), but having marginal eyes (ocelli) and compound radial-canals. Cannstatt. Town of Würtemberg, near which a battle was fought 1796 between Gen. Moreau and the Archduke Charles. Pop. 1890, 20,267. Cannula. Tube, generally with a sharp point or containing a cutting instrument, used for withdrawing morbid collections of fluid from the body. Cano, ALONSO, 1601-1667. Spanish painter, architect and sculptor. Though only seen outside of Spain, his work ranks next to that of Velasquez and Murillo. Cano, JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL, ab. 1460-1526. Spanish navigator, Magellan's successor in command; first to circumnavigate the globe, 1521-2. Canoe. Boat usually formed of a tree-trunk hollowed out by cutting or burning, and propelled by paddles held perpendicularly instead of oars horizontally. It is found among natives of both hemispheres and all zones. The Laps and Esquimaux sew skins over bone framework and form half-decked canoes. In N. America strips of birch-bark are sewn together to make the most perfect river transport known. Fiji warcanoes are of enormous size and very ornate. Canoeing. This sport has now reached a stage in its development where a certain class have made it a special sport. This has come about only during the last thirty years. In the 'Sixties English canoeists, with Macgregor at their head, were being numbered by hundreds, and in 1874 the sport began its progress in America. The American Canoe Association was formed at Lake George in 1880. In the first year thirty canoes were present, in the second year sixty, and in the third year one hundred and thirty. From that time associations were formed, and each grew independently. Canadian associations Canonicus, d. 1647. Sachem of the Narragansett Indians; friend of the Pilgrims and of Roger Williams. Canonization. Act of enrollment among the saints; once exercised by bishops or synods; claimed by the Pope 1170, and made exclusively his 1634. Canon Law. That of the Eastern Church was codified 883 (see Beveridge's Pandecta, 1672-82); that of the Western Church was systematized between 1150 and 1600 (see Freidberg & Richter's Corpus Juris Canonici, 1879). It is the common law of both the Catholic and the Protestant Churches of Germany; it is the basis of the law of the Ch. of England, and is one of the sources of the common law of England, and of that of Scotland. See Elements of Canon Law, Reichel, 1889. Canon of Scripture. Collection of books received as divinely inspired. Protestants reject O. T. Apocrypha; otherwise there is general agreement. Canons, CATHEDRAL. Members of a cathedral chapter; originally, and still in some places, electors of the bishop. Churches having canons without a bishop are usually called Collegiate. Canons, ECCLESIASTICAL. Decisions and ordinances of the older churches, respecting either doctrine or discipline, especially the latter. Canopus, or CANOBUS. Ancient Egyptian city at the Ca nopic mouth of the Nile. Ancient geographers considered it the boundary between Asia and Africa. Hence named are also the Canopic vases in which the viscera of the mummy were interred. These are always four; their covers represent the heads of the four genii or guardians of Amenti, the spirit world. Canopy. In architecture the covering of a niche, or the decorative structure erected over a shrine, tomb or other object of devotion; also applied to the traceried gable over a doorway. Canossa. Castle in n. Italy where the emperor Henry IV. submitted to Pope Gregory VII., Jan. 1077, standing three days have attracted many, and at the present day there are in the at the gates with bare head and feet before he could gain U. S. and Canada hundreds of clubs and thousands of members. Meets and races are frequent, and the types have steadily improved along the lines of, and developing from, the old Rob Roy and Shadow. Canova, ANTONIO, 1757-1822. Italian sculptor, leader of the Greek Revival style in statuary, which followed the discov The eries and influence of John Winckelmann. As contrasted with s. e. from London; seat of the Primate of all England. the minute realism, affectation, and extravagance of earlier cathedral was built ab. 740, burned 1067, rebuilt 1070-1130. It 18th century art, his style was modeled on the antique, although without reaching its greatness. In subjects demanding vigorous treatment he was apt to fall into the errors of his predecessors in the matter of theatrical tendencies. His treatment of surface imitates the cold and formal execution of the Roman copyists of Greek art rather than the vigorous life of the original Greek sculpture, which was not known to the critics of his day. C. was at his best in subjects requiring tenderness and delicacy of thought and execution. With all his limitations he remains the greatest sculptor of the generation which preceded Thorwaldsen. His works at Rome include the Antonio Canova. tomb of Pope Clement XIII. in St. Peter's, the statues of the Boxer and of Perseus in the Vatican, and the Venus of the Borghese Villa. In Florence is the tomb of Alfieri (Ch. of Santa Croce) and the Venus of the Pitti Gallery. In Venice is the tomb of Titian (Santa Maria dei Frari) and in Vienna the tomb of the Archduchess Christina (Ch. of the Augustinians). There are several replicas of the Cupid and Psyche of the Louvre. Canvas. Coarsely-woven hempen or linen cloth, generally unbleached, used for tents, sails, and oil-paintings. The coarsest kind is also used for embroidering, tapestry, and other ornamental needlework. Canovas del Castillo, ANTONIO, b. 1828. Spanish monarchist, premier 1874-76, 1877-85, 1890-92, and 1895; author of Philip IV., 1888, and other works. Canrobert, FRANCOIS CERTAIN, 1809-1895. French general of division 1853; wounded at Alma; commander-in-chief 1854-5; marshal 1856; prominent at Magenta, Solferino, and Metz; sen ator 1876. Cantabri. Ancient mountaineers of n. w. Spain, supposed to have been of Iberian stock; subjugated by the Romans 25-19 B.C. The Basques may be their descendants. Cantabrian Mountains. Range in n. Spain, continuing the Pyrenees w. They rise to heights of 10,000 ft. Cantacuzenus, JOHN, d. 1383. Byzantine emperor 134155.-His son, MATTHIAS, was his colleague from 1353. Cantata. Choral composition, of smaller dimensions than an oratorio, and generally on a secular subject. Originally it was a dramatic story told in recitation with instrumental accompaniment; afterward the recitation was interspersed with airs, grew into the concert aria, and then into its present form. Canted. In architecture denotes square angles cut off diagonally, as in a canted oriel window. Canteen. Tin vessel, carried by the soldier to hold water on the march. Post canteens are stores authorized by army regulations, at military posts where there are no post-traders; their object is to supply the troops at moderate prices with articles necessary for their use, also to afford the requisite facilities for gymnastic exercises and proper games. Cantemir, DEMETRIUS, 1673-1723. Moldavian dignitary, educated in Constantinople, and resident in Russia from 1711. Hist. Ottoman Empire, tr. 1734. Canterbury. City in East Kent, on the R. Stour, 56 m. e. Canterbury Cathedral. is 545 ft. long, with a central tower 235 ft. high. Thomas à Becket was murdered here in the north transept 1170. Pop., 1891, 23,026. Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's greatest work; written separately and then arranged in a series after his plans in the prologue 1388. Two of them are in prose. The finest are The Knighte's Tale, The Man of Lawes, and The Clerk's. The series exhibits Chaucer's range of poetic power and his matchless gift of story-telling in verse. Cantharides. Spanish flies, or dried specimens of Cantharis Vesicatoria, used in medicine to blister, and popularly supposed to arouse the sexual appetite when taken internally. This is not the case unless the dose is sufficiently large to excite severe and often fatal irritation of the kidneys and bladder. Cantharis. See HETEROMERA. Canthus. Corner of the eye. Canticles. See SONG OF SOLOMON. Cantilever. Beam or truss fastened at one end and having its other end without support, as in a movable drawbridge. The projecting ends of the beams supporting the sidewalks of a bridge are cantilevers. Cantilever Bridge. Bridge having two anchorages and two towers, the portion between the towers consisting of two cantilever arms which support a central span. Thus loads placed upon either cantilever arm have no effect upon the central span. The first was that built 1883 over the Niagara river, one mile below the falls; it is 910 ft. long. The longest is the Forth bridge in Scotland, with two spans of 1,700 ft. each. The longest in the U. S. is that over the Mississippi at Memphis, having a channel span of 790 ft. and a total length of 2,258 ft. A design has been made for one over the Hudson at composers make the basis of their contrapuntal compositions. always on land. Flesh fine-flavored. In wild state practically See COUNTERPOINT. Canton. Commercial city of China, on n. bank of Pearl R., ab. 70 m. from the sea. It was visited by the Arabs in the 9th century, by the Portuguese 1517, then by the Dutch and English, and opened to foreign trade 1700; held by French and English forces Dec. 1857 to Oct. 1861. Till 1842 it was the only treaty port. It has famous pagodas, 124 temples, and an examination hall with 8,653 separate cells. Pop., ab. 1,600,000. Canton. Capital of Stark co., Ohio. It has large manufactories of agricultural implements. Pop., 1890, 26,189. Cantonment. Lodgment of an army temporarily withdrawn from active operations, scattered over a considerable area, sheltered at farms, villages, etc., thus more easily subsisted, yet readily available for concentration at need. Cantu, CESARE, 1804-1895. Italian historian and patriot. Universal History, 35 v., 1834-42; Hist. Italiano, 1854; Last 100 Years, 1864; Italian Heretics, 1866; Manzoni. 1883. His romance, Margherita Pusterla, 1838, was written "with a toothpick and candle-smoke" in prison. Canula. Hollow cylindrical instrument used in surgery. Canute, or CNUT, d. 1035. King of England, at first (1015) by succession to the conquests of his father Sweyn, then by his own and by partition with Edmund; reigning alone from 1017: king of Denmark 1018, and of Norway 1030. His rule was in the main wise and just. Canvas-Back. Aythya Vallisneria. Species of Duck found in n. N. America. Migrates south in fall, and feeds on wild celery. Its flesh is much esteemed as food. So called on account of the appearance of its back. Canvas Pontoon. Light pontoon boat used with cavalry in raiding operations. It consists of two boat-frames or side rails, and transoms or connecting pieces, over which a strong duck canvas is stretched. The water swells the cotton thread of the canvas, and thus prevents leaking even under heavy pressure. Canzone. Variety of Italian lyric poetry. Caoutchouc. RUBBER. (C,H,,)x. Hydrocarbon. Elastic gummy substance occurring in the milky juices of various plants of the natural families Urticaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Apocynaceae, and in smaller amount in others, yielding the india rubber of commerce by evaporation. It is a white amorphous substance, which absorbs oxygen from the air and readily combines with sulphur to form a species of sulphide which constitutes the vulcanized rubber of commerce. For ordinary soft rubber 16 parts rubber are mixed with 1 of sulphur, 2 litharge, 1 whiting and 2 white lead, and heated to 225° F. for 5 hours. For hard rubber or vulcanite, 16 parts rubber are mixed with 8 sulphur, and heated to 300° F. for 3 hours. exterminated, but has been domesticated. It is remarkably pugnacious. Cape Breton. Island n. e. of Nova Scotia, to which it was attached 1819; taken from France 1745 and 1758. (See LOUISBURG.) Area 5,365 sq. m.; pop. ab. 90,000. Cape Canaveral. On e. coast of Florida. Cape Cod Bay. Indentation on e. coast of Mass., between the cape and the mainland. Cape Colony. British possession at s. end of Africa. The surface consists of a series of mountain-ranges, trending nearly e. and w., with broad valleys alternating between them, and rising northward. The principal river is the Orange, which forms part of the n. boundary. The chief industries are agriculture and the raising of live stock; there is a large commerce. Cape Town is the capital. It was first colonized by the Dutch 1652; conquered 1806, and formally transferred to England 1815. A colonial parliament was created 1853, and in 1872"responsible government" was conceded. Diamonds were discovered on the Vaal R. 1867; in 1870 there were 10,000 diggers; the output colony has been increased three times by annexation 1866-80, to 1888 amounted to nearly $80,000,000. The extent of the and now comprises 221,311 sq. m. Pop., 1891, 1,527,224, of whom three-fourths are native Africans. Cape Fear River. In central and e. N. C., with mouth near Cape Fear. Drainage area 8,310 sq. m., length 192 m. Capefigue, BAPTISTE HONORE RAYMOND, 1802-1872. French journalist and politician, author of nearly 100 vols. of history. Philip Augustus, 1829; The Restoration, 1842. Cape Finisterre. N. w. extremity of Spain. A French under Anson and Warren, May 3, 1747. fleet under De la Jonquierre was defeated here by the English Cape Hatteras. E. of Pamlico Sound, N. C. of Delaware Bay. Cape Henlopen. In Del., opposite Cape May, at entrance Cape Horn. S. extremity of S. America, dangerous to seamen. Capella =α AURIGAL. First magnitude star. Right ascension 5h. 8m. 29s.; declination 45° 53' 3" North. The parallax as determined by Peters 1846 is 0.046; by Otto Struve 1856 is 0.305. If we adopt the first value, the light from the star requires 70.9 years to reach the earth; if the second be correct, the time is 10.7 years. Capella, MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX, ab. 450-500. Latin author of Carthage. His work is in nine books of prose and verse. The first two, Nuptials of Philology and Mercury, are allegorical and introductory, the others set forth the seven liberal arts: i.e., Grammar; Dialectics, including Metaphysics and Logic; gang-Music, with Poetry. It contained a vast, ill-digested collection Rhetoric; Geometry, with Geography; Arithmetic; Astronomy; of learning, and was esteemed a complete encyclopedia of knowledge during the Middle Ages. Cap. (1) In mining, horizontal piece at top of a set of way timbers. (2) Halo appearing about the flame of a safety lamp in presence of fire-damp. Capacity. Ability to acquire legal rights, to obtain legal redress, or to incur legal liability. Its absence may be natural, as when the person has not the ability to understand the quality and effect of his act; or artificial, as when it is imposed by arbitrary law. In the law of contracts, the incapacity of a party plays an important part; in torts, it is generally immaterial. Capacity (ELECTRIC). The capacity of a conductor or condenser is equal to the quantity of electricity necessary to raise its potential by unity. If C denote capacity, Q charge, and V ૨ increase of potential, C= As the potential at the surface of Q a charged conducting sphere is equal to evidently the capacity of such a sphere is equal to its radius. The capacity of a condenser is proportional to the specific inductive capacity of the dielectric employed, and also to the surface of the conKS ductor. In a Leyden jar C— where t is the thickness of 4πt' the glass. (See FARAD.) The capacity of a storage battery is the number of ampere-hours of current energy it will furnish. (THERMAL.) The capacity of a body for heat is equal to the number of heat units necessary to raise its temperature 1o C. Cape May. S. end of N. J.; summer resort. Cape of Good Hope. Near s. extremity of Africa, discovered by Portuguese 1487, named by John II., who hoped for an eastern passage. Capernaum. City of Galilee, on n.w. coast of Sea of Tiberius; frequently mentioned in Gospels, but not in O. T. Capers. Flower buds of Capparis spinosa, a pricklybranched shrub of the family Capparidaceae, native of desert regions near the Mediterranean. The buds when pickled in vinegar form the commercial article. Caper Spurge. Euphorbia Lathyris. Coarse herb of the Spurge family, native of Europe, introduced into N. America. Its fruit is sometimes used as a substitute for capers, but with danger, as it is poisonous. Cape St. Vincent. S. w. extremity of Portugal. Near this point the English and Dutch lost 12 men-of-war and 80 merchantmen to the French under Tourville, June 16, 1693, and a Spanish fleet was defeated, Feb. 14, 1797, by the English under Sir John Jervis, for which he was made Earl St. Vincent. Capetian Dynasty. Third race of French monarchs named from Hugh Capet, 940-996, made king 987. The older Capets reigned 987-1328; the Valois 1328-1589; the Bourbons 1589-1830; the Orleans 1830-48. Cape Town. Capital of CAPE COLONY (q.v.), founded 1652, on Table Bay, near the s. w. extremity of Africa. Over $11, 000,000 have been spent on the harbor and docks, which afford in contact with two fluids, there is a definite angle of contact when the tension of the surface separating the solid from one of the fluids is less than the sum of the tensions of the other two surfaces. Since this is not the fact in the case of water on glass, a drop of water on a clean glass surface will spread itself out indefinitely. The angle of contact of mercury on glass is about 45°. Cape Town. Capillary Pyrites. Fine fibrous forms of millerite or of marcasite. Capillitium. Delicate mass of slender threads found among the spores within the peridium of certain Fungi of the Truffle order and the Puff-balls, and within the sporanges of the slime-moulds. Capital. The portion of wealth devoted to producing more wealth. The origin of capital is saving. Capital is either circulating or fixed. By fixed capital is meant houses, land and other forms of immovable wealth; by circulating capital is meant goods and materials that can be moved from place to place. Capital assumes three forms; subsistence, tools, and materials. In the evolution of capital subsistence is first in order. A person must have the means of life before he can accomplish anything. Next, tools are necessary. The knife, bow, spear, canoe and net are the tools of persons in a primitive society; afterward are used the spade, cart, plow, distaff and a stopping-place for many vessels; the annual shipping is some forge; still later are the loom, lathe, printing-press and trip400,000 tons. Pop., 1891, including suburbs, 83,718. Cape Verde. W. point of Africa; lat. 14° 50' n. Cape Verde Islands. Group in e. Atlantic, 320 m. w. of Cape Verde, belonging to Portugal. Area ab. 1,600 sq. m.; pop. ab. 115,000. Capias. Common law writ for the seizure of a person by an officer. C. audiendum, take him to hear judgment; C. ad respondendum, to answer a complaint; C. ad satisfaciendum, to satisfy a judgment; C. utlagatum, take an outlaw; C. in ovithernam, to take in reprisal goods equal to those taken by a distrainer and concealed. Capillaries. Minute tubes from too of an inch in diameter, which connect the arteries and veins, and consist of a single layer of cells firmly cemented together; sometimes the finest lymphatic vessel. Capillarity. Property of tubes of hair-like bore, when partially immersed in a liquid. Around each molecule of a fluid there is a region across which the influence of the neighboring molecules may be felt. If the molecule be further from the bounding surface than the radius of this spherical space, the forces upon it will be in equilibrium. If it be nearer the surface than this radius, there will be a resultant force generally normal to the bounding surface. Every body of liquid may then be regarded as bounded by a superficial film which acts on the inclosed mass like a stretched membrane. The tension of this film is called the "surface-tension" of the liquid. The value in dynes of the surface-tension per unit of length is called the modulus of superficial tension T. This for the surface between water and air is ab. 82 dynes per centimeter. T has been developed by stretching the film through one centimeter, and the work done or the potential energy of this square centimeter is called the superficial energy of the film. This is dependent on the nature of both media bounded by the surface. [M][L]2 Its dimensions are [L] [M][L]~'. [T]2 Capillary actions are directly dependent upon this phenomenon of surface-tension. If one end of a capillary tube be dipped in a liquid, the latter will rise in the tube above the surrounding level and form a concave surface, or be depressed below the general level and form a convex surface, according as the liquid is or is not capable of wetting the material composing the tube. A glass tube in water illustrates the former action, in mercury the latter. The surface tension between glass and air being greater than that between glass and water, the water is drawn Water. energy area or up till this force is balanced by the weight of the column of liquid. Since the glass-mercury tension is greater than the glass-air tension, the mercury is depressed. The angle at which the liquid meets the walls of the tube is called the angle of contact or of capillarity. In general, when a solid body is hammer; the railroads, ships and steamers may also be properly regarded as the tools of the present age. Materials are the third form of capital. These include all kinds of wealth that are devoted to producing wealth. The bait for the hook, the corn saved for seed, are materials of early industry. In a later age a large part of the accumulated wealth of the community exists in this form. Capital. (1) Actual estate of a person or corporation; (2) Sum dedicated to a particular business. shaft in treatment and commonly expanding toward the top so Capital. Upper part of a column, distinguished from the as to receive a load of greater area than the shaft. In some examples of Egyptian architecture, however, the capital (the "lotos-bud ") is smaller at the top than at the bottom. The curve of expansion is sometimes convex as in the Doric, and sometimes concave as in the Corinthian. The principal capitals of ancient architecture were the Egyptian, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Tuscan. Capital. Right line dividing a defensive work into two similar parts; e.g., that of a bastion bisects the salient angle. Capitalist Undertakers. See UNDERTAKERS. Capital Punishment. The death-penalty was common to all ancient nations. Murder generally called for private vengeance, often commuted with blood-money, giving rise to CITIES OF REFUGE and SANCTUARY (q.v.). Other capital crimes were visited with public vengeance which varied in cruelty with the civilization of the State. The Egyptians were as humane as the Jews were savage in administering this "lex talionis." In Greece the laws of Draco were said to be written in blood, and in Rome the laws of the Twelve Tables allowed even the creditors to dismember the debtor. Constantine ab. 330 abolished death by sharp weapons, poison, torture, starvation, hanging, mutilation, and casting from a height, but the barbarian conquests restored brutal law. In the Middle Ages the Feudal and Game Laws raised trivial offenses to capital crimes. The Church also added the stake for heresy, while somewhat lessening the number of secular victims by Benefit of Clergy. Up to 1791 French law recognized 132 capital offenses and English law 240. These numbers were not materially reduced in either country till 1832. The abolition of capital punishment has been generally urged during the present century. Russia substituted the knout under Catherine II. Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Rhode Island and Maine have abolished it. Iowa, New York, and some of the Swiss Cantons restored the penalty after having repealed it. In Belgium, Sweden, Denmark, Bavaria, n. Germany, and California capital punishment is virtually, though not legally, abolished. See EXECU TION. Capitation Tax. A tax laid upon individuals in proportion to their income, to their rank in society, or equally upon all. The last is known as a poll tax, the former are income taxes. Capitibranchiata. Tubicolous Annelids that carry many tentacles and tentacular cirri on the head, as in the Terebellida. Capitol. Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, on s. summit of Capitoline Hill at Rome; begun by the Tarquins, completed 509 B.C. The central chamber was sacred to Jupiter, that on the right to Minerva, that on the left to Juno. The Senate sometimes met here. The image of Jupiter was at first of terra cotta, later of gold and ivory. The temple was burned 83 B.C., and A.D. 69 and 80. The structure reared by Domitian 250 CAPITOLINE GAMES-CAPTURED PROPERTY Capitoline Hill. In Rome; the CAPITOL (q.v.) and citadel were upon it. Capitol Museum, At Rome, next in importance to the Vatican; containing the finest extant collection of Roman portraitbusts, the Marble Faun, Venus of the Capitol, Dying Gladiator, and many others. The new Capitoline Museum in the Palace of the Conservatori, directly opposite this building, contains the additions due to recent excavations. Capitularies. Laws of the French kings, ab. 580-922. Capitulation. Act of surrender of an army or of a fortified position, in accordance with conditions previously agreed upon by the commanders of the opposing forces. Capitulum. Dense flower cluster, the individual flowers being sessile or on very short stalks, all arising from the same point, as in Clover and Buttonwood; also called head. Also a rounded cell at the end of each manubrium in the antherid of Characea. Also, body of a barnacle. Capo D'Istrias, JOHN ANTHONY, COUNT, 1776-1831. President of Greece, 1827; assassinated. Cappadocia. Mountainous region in e. Asia Minor; governed by hereditary satraps under the Persians, and by kings ab. 325 B.C.-A.D. 17, when it became a Roman province. Capparidaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma and sub-class Dicotyledones, comprising ab. 31 genera and 350 species, distributed through the warmer regions and tropics of both hemispheres; called the Caper family. Cappel, LOUIS, 1585-1658. French Reformed divine, prof. at Saumur from 1614. His denial 1624 that the vowel points are part of the inspired Hebrew text caused much commotion. Critica Sacra, 1650. Caprella. See LÆMODIPODA. Caprera. Small island n. e. of Sardinia, later residence of Garibaldi. Capri. Island in the Bay of Naples, ab. 18 sq. m. in extent, with precipitous sides; scene of the closing years of Tiberius. Capri, seen from Massa Lubrense. It has many remains of temples and aqueducts, with sea caves and grottos. Capric Acid. C.HCOOH. Mpt. 30° C. Monobasic fat acid, occurring, combined with glycerine, in butter. Obtained from butter, especially goat's butter, and other fats, by saponification, and from oleic acid by distillation. Capricorn, TROPIC OF. 23° 27' s. lat. Caprification. Fertilization of the fig by minute insects which enter the orifice at the summit of the young fruit and moving around inside brush the pollen upon the stigmas. Caprifoliaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma, sub-class Dicotyledones, and series Gamo petala, comprising 14 genera and ab. 240 species, growing especially in the n. hemisphere; called the Honeysuckle family. Caprimulgus. See FISSIROSTRES. Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuculi, GEORG LEO, COUNT VON, b. 1831. Prussian general, of Italian ancestry; chancellor German Empire 1890-94. Cap-Rock. Section of poor rock in a mineral vein, lying like a cover over the rich ore. Caproic Acid. CH,COOH. Bpt. 205° C. Known in various forms. The normal acid is a by-product in the making of butyric acid by fermentation. The so-called isobutylacetic acid is obtained by the saponification of butter and other fats. They are liquids of disagreeable odor. Found in cocoanut oil and Limburger cheese. Caprylic Acid. C,H,,COOH. Bpt. 236° C. Occurring in butter, cocoanut-oil, and other fats; obtained from them by saponification; liquid, easily solidifying. Caps. Percussion caps are small, metal covers containing detonating powder, fulminate of mercury, which, when exploded on the nipples of guns, set fire to the charge. Caps and Hats. Rival parties of Swedish nobles 1718-51. The former favored Russia, the latter France. Solanaceae, natives of America and Asia. Cultivated in tropical Capsicum. Genus of shrubby plants of the natural family countries for their fruit, which is used in sauces, etc. In medicine it is used as a gargle, stimulant, and rubefacient. See PEPPER. Cap-Sill. That part of the gallery frame used in military mining which connects the top of the two opposite stanchions. The corresponding bottom piece is called the ground-sill. Capstan. Vertical windlass, having levers projecting horizontally, by which it may be turned either by men or horses. On shipboard it is used for rais ing the anchor and other services where great power is required. On land, for moving buildings and other heavy objects. It may be operated by steam power. Capsule. Dehiscent pericarps composed of two or more carpels, as in Mallow and Rhododendron. Capsuloge nous Glands. In hypodermis of ninth, tenth, and eleventh segments of the earthworm. They secrete the horny coverings of the cocoons in which the eggs are placed. Bar holes O Drum head. BARREL Paul Paule Paul-Tim Capsian bar Whelp checks Capstan. Captain. Commissioned officer who commands a troop of cavalry, a company of infantry, or a battery of artillery; next in rank below a major and senior to a first-lieutenant. In the U. S. Army he is held responsible for the camp and garrison equipage, the arms, ammunition and clothing of his company.-In the navy, commander of a vessel, ranking below a commodore. Captains of Industry. Employers, so called because they organize and drill the forces of labor, and direct economic operations and contests. Caption. Beginning of a legal document, but not an essential part of it. In case of an indictment, it contains the names of the State, county, and judges, and the number of the grand jurors, with the time and place of finding the indictment. It is amendable. captor has authority from his government his taking is piratical. Capture. Taking property by military force. Unless the Private property on land is not subject to capture by the enemy, unless of immediate use in war; but on the sea it is, except non-contraband goods laden on neutral vessels under the Declaration of Paris of 1856. Captivity, BABYLONIAN. Ab. 606-536 B.C. After the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. This exile, from which but a small part of the Jews returned, destroyed their nationality in its full sense, but purified their religion. Captured Property. In civilized warfare this term embraces public money, movable public property, and revenues of |