226

Caaba. See KAABA.

Caballero, FERNAN. Pen name of DOÑA CECILIA ARRON, or DE BAER, 1796-1877. Spanish novelist; daughter of Böhl von Faber, long German consul at Cadiz; thrice married. La Gaviota, 1849, and others of her tales, were read throughout Europe and America.

Cabanel, ALEXANDRE, 1823-1889. French history, genre and portrait painter. Prof. Ecole des Beaux Arts.

Cabanis, PIERRE JEAN GEORGE, 1757-1808. Physician, prominent among the literary and philosophic men who stimulated the French Revolution; prof. Paris 1797. Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme, 1802.

Cabbage. Brassica oleracea. Biennial herb of the Mustard family, native of the seashores of Europe; cultivated and brought into many forms as a garden vegetable. It is grown in field culture only in the vicinity of large towns, or occasionally by farmers as a cattle food. The seeds are sown in a seedbed early in May, and transplanted to the field in June or July, preferably in moist, mellow, rich soil. Subsequent cultivation is given by horse and hoe to keep the land clear of weeds till the plants cover the ground. The cabbage-worm (Pieris rape), a great enemy to its culture, may be kept in check by the application of pyrethrum powder, either dry or in solution. It has marked antiscorbutic properties, and is largely used as a food, but of no great value, as it contains about 94 per cent of water. It is very indigestible when cooked, but less so when raw. The Kerguelen's Land Cabbage, Pringlea antiscorbutica, is a plant of the same family.

Cabbage Insects. (1) Harlequin or Cabbage-bug (Murgantia histrionica); feeds also on turnips, etc.; half inch long, bluish-black with orange colored spots and stripes. Eggs laid under-side of leaf, several broods in a summer. Feeds by sucking sap, and not affected by poisons. (2) Cabbage-butterfly (Pieris

across expanded white wings. Male of rape has one, female two spots on upper side of fore wings; in protodice male has three, and female several, irregular spots. Tips of fore wings are black. Eggs laid under-side leaf; larva is green, with yellow stripes on back and spots on sides. These caterpillars are destroyed by the larvæ of the Ichneumon-fly, which deposits its eggs in the caterpillars. Use pyrethrum, air slaked lime, arsenites, (3) Cabbage-maggot (Anthomyia brassica); very small larva of a small fly; infests crown or roots. Use sulphur and fertilize with kainite. (4) Cabbage-moth (Plusia brassica); infests also turnips, tomatoes, clover, lettuce, etc. Larva differs from that of (2) in being largest posteriorly and looping. Adult is dark gray, nocturnal, with silvery spot near middle of forewings. Eggs laid in clusters on leaves. Use kerosene emulsion.

etc.

Cabbage Palm. Areca oleracea. Common palm of the W. Indies; the young leaves of this and other species are used as a vegetable. In New South Wales, Ptychosperma elegans.

Cabbala. Jewish system of religious philosophy by which the rabbins professed to be able to explain all the difficulties of Scripture; akin to Neoplatonism.

Cabeira. In Pontus, Asia Minor; scene of defeat of Mithridates by Lucullus 71 B.C.

Cabeiri. See CABIRI. Cabestaing, GUILLEM DE.

Provencal poet, ab. 1175. Cabet, ETIENNE. 1788-1856. French socialist, founder of a colony in Texas 1846, transferred to Nauvoo, Ill., 1849. Hist. French Revolution, 4 v., 1840; Journey in Icaria, 1841.

Cabinet. Ministers of a sovereign or of a State; unknown to British law, but necessary in any government not autocratic; formed in England 1693. In a republic they are advisers of the President, and each at the head of a department. In the U. S. there were in 1789 Secretaries of State, the Treasury, and War, an Attorney-Gen., and a Postmaster-Gen.; a Sec. of the Navy was added 1798, of the Interior 1849, and of Agriculture 1889.

Cabin John Arch. Largest stone arch in the world,

duct over the Cabin John Creek in Md.

It is 220 ft. in span, 57 ft. rise, and 20 ft. high; the arch stones are 4 ft. thick at the center and 6 at the abutments.

Cabiri, or CABEIRI. Deities of Eastern origin, worshiped in parts of Greece and Asia Minor.

Cable. Large rope made of wires placed either parallel or twisted. That of the Brooklyn Bridge is nearly 16 inches in diameter and contains 19 strands, each having 290 parallel wires. Cables of other suspension bridges have twisted strands.

Cable, ELECTRIC. Set of parallel conductors, usually copper wires incased in some good insulating material and covered

7194.

7133.

Malta and Alex. Tel. cable, laid in 1861.

A, conducting copper strand; B, insulating gutta-percha; C, tarred yarn;
D, iron wires.

on the outside for protection by iron or lead. It may be laid under water or buried in the ground; thus islands, or distant places separated by water, may be brought into telegraphic communication.

Cable, GEORGE WASHINGTON, b. 1844. American novelist, noted for his reproduction of Creole life and character. Old Creole Days, 1879; The Grandissimes, 1880; Dr. Sevier, 1883; The Silent South, 1885; Bonaventure, 1888; John March, Southerner, 1895.

Cable Railway. Railway in which the cars are propelled by a moving cable griped by two wheels, so that the velocity of a car may be lessened by relaxing the adhesion. The first one successfully operated on this plan was in San Francisco 1873; the system has since been applied to many lines in several large cities, one of the latest being on Broadway in New York. For steep grades, where horse cars were drawn with difficulty, the cable lines succeeded, but are now gradually giving way to systems of electric traction. A speed of 10 m. or more per hour is usual on suburban cable roads. The principal defect of the system is in the breakages of the cable, which cause the stoppage of all traffic on the line.

Cable Towing. System of towing boats by the help of a cable lying in the bed of the river or canal, and wound on a drum which is turned in the boat; mainly used in France and Germany.

Cabling. Decorating a column with convex moldings in the direction of its length. The column thus decorated is said to be cabled, while if the moldings be concave it is said to be fluted.

Cabochians. Butchers in Paris; headed by Jean Caboche; devoted to the Burgundians; masters of Paris 1412-13 and 1418. The civil war ended with the assassination of John, duke of Burgundy, 1419.

Cabot, JOHN, d. ab. 1498. Venetian navigator who, under commission of Henry VII., embarked from Bristol 1497, discovered the N. American continent at Nova Scotia or Newfoundland, and sailed s. as far as Florida.-His son, SEBASTIAN, ab. 1477-1557, reached Hudson's Bay 1517, and what is now Argen

tina 1526.

Cabral, or CABRERA, PEDRO ALVAREZ, ab. 1460-ab. 1526. Portuguese navigator who on the way to India discovered Brazil 1500.

Cabrera, RAMON, 1810-1877. Carlist leader in Spain. Cabrera Bobadilla y Mendoza, LUIS GERONIMO FERNANDEZ DE, Count of Chinchon, ab. 1575-1647. Viceroy of Peru 1629-39.

Cabs. Two- or four-wheeled vehicles for public hire, officially designated as hackney-carriages in England, under which name they have been in use since 1605. In 1662 in London 400 were taxed and licensed. Until 1790 they consisted chiefly of dilapidated private carriages, and a few years later the adoption of the French form of "cabriolets de place" gave rise to the present name. The hansom, patented 1834, has been improved till it stands first in public favor. This form of cab was used in Paris as early as 1672. In all countries cabs are licensed and fares fixed by municipal regulations.

The Bala Hissar and City of Cabul from the upper part of the Citadel.

mountains. Taken by Tamerlane ab. 1400; by the British 1839 and 1879. Pop. ab. 60,000.

Cacao. See CHOCOLATE BEAN.

Cacao Butter. Mpt. 30°-33° C. Yellowish-white fat, hard at ordinary temperatures; prepared from the fruit of Theobroma Cacao. Composed largely of glycerin, stearin and olein. Used in the preparation of suppositories and cosmetics. Adulterations are numerous. Also called Oil of Theobroma.

Caccini, GIULIO, called ROMANO, ab. 1558-1640. Singer and musical composer, one of the inventors of the opera. Dafne, 1594; Euridice, 1600; Le nuove musiche.

Caceres, ANDRES AVELINO, b. 1838. Pres. of Peru 1886 and 1894; Minister to Spain and France 1891.

Cachalot, or SPERM WHALE. See CATODONTIDE. Cachet, LETTRES DE. French orders of arrest and imprisonment without trial; abolished Jan. 15, 1790.

Cachexia. Disturbances of the nutrition, characterized by pallor, loss of flesh, and weakness; due to constitutional diseases, such as cancer, tuberculosis, or malaria, or to chronic poisoning by metals.

Cacholong. SiO,. Silica, usually containing water; opaque, variously colored, impure opal. The word is of Asiatic origin.

Cachucha. Andalusian dance, originally sung to the guitar, in 3-4 time, much resembling the Bolero.

the methyl group with arsenic; liquid, boiling at 170° C.. with Cacodyl. As,(CH3),. Arsen tetramethyl; combination of disagreeable odor; inflammable if brought in contact with air. Made by distilling arsenic trioxide and potassium acetate, treating the product with hydrochloric acid, and then with zinc.

Cacodyl Compounds. Combinations containing arsenic and methyl groups. All possess an unbearable odor.

Cacolet. Contrivance arranged on each side of the packsaddle of a mule for transportation of the wounded in Indian warfare; a kind of travois with seat and back support, issued to troops at the rate of 4 per 1,000 men.

Cacoxenite. Fe.P2O+12aq. Hydrous ferric phosphate, yellowish in color, sometimes found with bog-iron ore.

Cactaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants of the class Angiospermae and sub-class Dicotyledones; comprising 15 genand warm countries, mostly American. Called the Cactus era and ab. 1,050 species, growing in abundance in the tropics family.

Cactus. Many species of fleshy and spiny plants of the natural order Cactaceae; widely cultivated. Natives of hot and

Cactus.

of 50 ft. The fruit contains numerous seeds and often eaten. Many varieties are found in Mexico.

Cacus. Fire-vomiting and cattle-stealing giant, son of Vulcan, who lived in a cave under Mount Aventine: slain by Hercules.

Cadahalso, JOSE DE, 1741-1782. Spanish poet and drama

tist.

Cada Mosto, LUIGI DA, 1432-1480. Venetian navigator, who explored the w. coast of Africa to 13o n. lat. 1455-56.

Cadastral Surveying. Surveying which furnishes data and maps for the use of assessors of property; carried on in Europe on an extensive scale and with a high degree of precision.

Cadaverine. Poisonous ptomaine, found in putrefying animal tissues; formed by the action of certain bacilli and supposed to be the cause of the symptoms occurring in Asiatic cholera.

Caddis (or CADDICE) Fly. Neuropterous insect of the family Phryoganeidae, and it is known by its larvæ (Cad-bait), of which anglers make great use. Called case-worms, from their living in a case covered with little bits of wood or sand, which they draw after them as they go. The eggs of the female are inclosed in gelatinous capsules which swell in the water and attach themselves to stones.

Caddoan Indians. N. American family of aborigines comprising (1892), Arikara, 416; Pawnee, 798; Wichita, 151; Towakarchu, 133; Waco, 41; Kichai, 51; Caddo, 530. Of these the Arikara are now settled on the Fort Berthold Reservation, N. D., and the remainder in the I. T. The Arikara group formerly lived on the Missouri, but were driven by the Dakotas to their present location. The Pawnees were settled on the Platte R., Neb., and were removed to I. T. in 1876. The Wichita, Towakarchu, Waco, Kichai and Caddo tribes inhabited e. and n. e. Texas, Ark., and La., between the Red, Sabine, and Brazos Rivers.

Cade, JACK. Leader of an insurrection in s.e. England 1450. With ab. 15,000 men he defeated the king's forces at Sevenoaks, June 18th, entered London, and beheaded Lord Say, the treasurer. He was slain July 12.

Cadell, FRANCIS, 1822-1879. Scottish explorer in Australia 1850-59.

Cadence. In music, sequences of harmonies which bring compositions, or parts of them, to a close. It is perfect when the effect is completely restful to the ear, as the progression from dominant to tonic harmony, interrupted when a progression which promises rest is departed from before completion, and imperfect when there is no interruption and the effect is yet unsatisfactory, as from tonic to dominant harmony.

Cadence. Measure regulating the length and time of the pace of the soldier in marching. The pace in quick time is 30 inches at the rate of 120 per minute; in double time, 36 inches and 180 per minute; in route step it is omitted, but the general alignment is preserved.

Cadency. Heraldic method of distinguishing individuals or branches of the same family all of whom bear the same arms. The marks of cadency charged on the shield are, for the eldest son, a label; for the second, a crescent; third. mullet; fourth, martlet; fifth, annulet; sixth, fleur-de-lys; seventh, rose; eighth, cross-moline; ninth, double quaterfoil.

Cadenza. Flourish introduced shortly before the close of

left to the fancy of the player (its place being indicated by a fermata,), and is generally a sort of free improvization on the principal themes of the movement. Modern composers generally write out their cadenzas. Vocal cadenzas are merely passages designed to display flexibility of voice and skill in ex

ecution.

Cadessia. See KADESSIA.

Cadet. Orig., younger son; in the U. S., youth receiving instruction at U. S. Military or Naval Academy. Each Congressional district and Territory is entitled to one at West Point; ten are appointed at large. They must be between 17 and 22 years old and 5 ft. high, and pass a prescribed examination. They receive $540 per year. Since its foundation 1802 to 1894, 7,581 have been admitted and 3,616 graduated. Sixty-seven per cent of those appointed have been admitted. The course requires 4 years.

U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., founded 1845, has similar rules for admission as the military academy, the age being 15 to 20 years, the course 6 years, the last two at sea, and the pay $500 per year.

Cadiz. Fortified city of s. Spain, on a peninsula jutting into the Atlantic. It is an important commercial port, though less so than in the 17th and 18th centuries. Occupying an almost insular situation, it is much resorted to in the heat of summer.

It was founded by Phoenicians ab. 1100 B.C., taken by the Romans 206 B.C., and from the Moors by the Spaniards 1262; burned by the English 1596; blockaded by the French 1810-12, and held by them 1823-28; cradle of the Spanish revolution of 1868. Pop., 1887, 62,531.

Cadmia. Several zinc compounds, natural or artificial.

Cadmium. Cd. At. wt. 112, sp. gr. 8.6, sp. ht. .054. White metal, discovered by Stromeyer 1817. Occurs principally in zinc-blende, from which it is prepared by distillation and treatment of the distillate with charcoal. It is acted upon very slightly by air. If heated it burns with a brown smoke, forming the oxide. It dissolves with difficulty in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, and readily in nitric acid. Its molecular and atomic weights are the same.

Cadmium Carbonate. CdCO,. White insoluble powder. Made by precipitating a soluble cadmium salt with a soluble carbonate.

Cadmium Chloride. CdCl,.2H,O. Mpt. 514° C. Made by treating the oxide or hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. Sublimes in scales.

Cadmium Cyanide. Cd(CN),. White precipitate, formed by adding potassium cyanide to concentrated solutious of cadmium salts. It is soluble in excess of precipitant.

Cadmium Hydroxide. Ca(OH)2. White powder, precipitated from soluble cadmium salts by soluble hydroxides.

ent of many zinc ores, but only in small proportion. Silesian Cadmium, METALLURGY OF. Found in nature as a constitucalamine (zinc silicate) carries up to 5 per cent; Hungarian blende (zinc sulphide) averages almost 2 per cent; and similar quantities are found in zinc ores in many parts of the world. In the U. S. noticeable amounts are found on the zinc ore from Friedensville, Pa., and on blende from Missouri. The cadmium occurs as a thin, yellow incrustation, chemically consisting of cadmium sulphide, known mineralogically as Greenockite. When zinc ore is being reduced in retorts, a yellowish-brown

smoke coming off before the bluish-green flame of zinc appears indicates the presence of cadmium, the smoke being a mixture of the oxides and carbonates of zinc and cadmium, and its early formation being due to the fact that cadmium is more easily reduced and is more volatile than zine. Zinc fumes from lead

smelting furnaces, as well as the accretions sometimes forming directly in the upper part of blast-furnaces (cadmia), frequently contain cadmium.

Only in Silesia is metallic cadmium prepared. The process there used is based on the superior volatility of cadmium to zinc. Large receivers are adapted to the mouths of the zinc retorts, in which the brown fume coming off during the first part of the distillation is condensed. This fume will contain about 30 per cent of cadmium, and is put into a zinc muffle kept at a moderate red heat in another furnace. In the conical iron condenser attached to this the brown powder condenses in a much purer state. This concentrated brown powder is then mixed with charcoal and heated moderately in small cylindrical cast-iron retorts, fitted with condensers. The heat not being sufficient to reduce and volatilize zinc, the cadmium is distilled off and condensed in the pure metallic state. It is cast into small, cylindrical bars about the size of a lead-pencil. Selling price varies between $1 and $1.50 per pound. The amount produced yearly is not over two tons.

Commercial cadmium usually contains five to ten per cent of zinc, and sometimes a little tin and iron. Pure cadmium is a white metal, with a sp. gr. of 8.7, in hardness and strength between tin and gold. Melts at 320° C., volatilizes at 770° C. Its specific heat is 0.0567, conductivity for heat 577 (silver 1,000), conductivity for electricity 221 (silver 1,000). Both malle

able and ductile.

Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Stromeyer and Hermann. Many years later a use was found for it, when Wood discovered its remarkable effect in reducing the melting-points of other metals. If ten per cent is added to Rose's fusible alloy (2 bismuth, 1 tin, 1 lead), the melting-point is reduced from 94° C. to 75° C. Wood's alloy is composed of 2 cadmium, 2 antimony, 4 lead, and 8 bismuth, and melts at 65° to 70° C. Lipowitz's fusible alloy contains 8 lead, 15 bismuth, 4 tin, and 3 cadmium; it softens at 55° C. and melts at 60° C. These fusible alloys are used for safety-plugs, which melt if overheated, and are particularly suited for the automatic fire-extinguishers or sprinklers. Cadmium is also used in reducing the melting-points of solders, common tin-man's solder melting at 136° when it contains 8 per cent. Cadmium amalgam is used by dentists for filling teeth.

Cadmium Nitrate. Ca(NO3)2+4H,O. Straw-colored columns or needles. Mpt. 100° C. Made by dissolving the metal or oxide in nitric acid and evaporating the solution.

Cadmium Oxide. CdO. Brownish-black powder, made by heating the nitrate.

Cadmium Sulphate. 3CdSO,.8H2O. Made by treating the oxide with sulphuric acid. The salt crystallizes from water; crystals are efflorescent.

Cadmium Sulphide. CdS. Yellow powder, precipitated from soluble cadmium salts by hydrogen sulphide; insoluble in dilute acids; used as a pigment. See GREENOCKITE.

Cadmus. Son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia; founder of Cadmea, afterward the citadel of Thebes; sower of the dragons' teeth from which sprung the ancestors of the Thebans; said to have introduced into Greece, from Egypt or Phoenicia, an alphabet of 16 letters.

Cadoudal, GEORGES. 1771-1804. Leader of the Chouan revolt in Brittany 1794-1800; guillotined in Paris for plots against Napoleon.

Cadran, LE. THE DIAL. Game of solitaire played with two packs of cards. Forty cards are dealt out face up in four rows one beneath the other. The eight aces form the foundation cards, and are built upon in sequences up to kings.

Caduceus. Herald's staff borne by Mercury; often represented in art.

Caducibranchiata. See DEROTREMA and SALAMAN

DRINA.

Caducichordata. See ASCIDIACEA.

Caducous. Calyx or corolla of flowers when these parts fall away at the beginning of anthesis, as the calyx of the Bloodroot and Poppy.

Cadwalader, JOHN, 1742-1786. American general, active in the battles of 1776-77.

Cæcilius Statius, d. 168 B.C. Roman comic poet, once a slave; author of 40 plays, of which we have only fragments. The Romans ranked him with Plautus and Terence, and praised his skill in the arrangement of his plots.

Cæcina, AULUS, d. 79. Roman general, executed for

treason.

229

Cæcum. Dilated extremity of the colon, on the right side of the body, into which the small intestine and the vermiform appendix open.

Cædmon, d. ab. 683. Anglo-Saxon sacred poet; monk of Whitby, near York. He paraphrased parts of Genesis and other Bible books.

Caen. City of n. France, on the Orne, near the Channel. It was held by the Normans from 912; taken by the English 1346 and 1417, and recovered by the French 1450; noted for stone-quarries. William the Conqueror and his queen are buried here. Pop., 1891, 45,201.

Cænozoic. All strata above the chalk.

Caere. Ancient Etruscan town near Rome, noted for its tombs and the antiquities found in them. The Etruscan Museum of the Vatican is rich in these objects. Especially important are those from the tomb called the Grotto Regolini Galassi, opened 1829.

Caerleon. Ancient town of Wales, on the Usk; traditionary residence of King Arthur. It has many Roman antiquities.

Cæsar. Orig., a family name, then a title borne by the Roman emperors and their heirs. "The Twelve Cæsars," whose lives Suetonius wrote, extend to Domitian; the Julian line ended with Nero.

Founder of the later distinction as an orator.

Cæsar, CAIUS JULIUS, 100-44 B.C. Roman monarchy. At 22 he had gained He was pontifex maximus 63, prætor 62, consul 60, when he formed with Pompey and Crassus the first triumvirate. In 59 both Gaul and Illyricum were assigned him with four legions; nine years were spent in the conquest of Gaul and Britain. Ordered by the Senate, Jan. 1, 49, to disband his army, he crossed the Rubicon and marched toward Rome. The forces of the Senate under Pompey deserted to him; cities flung open their gates. He defeated Pompey's adherents in Spain, and Pompey himself at Pharsalia 48, the King of Pontus 47, Scipio and Cato in Africa 46, 46 he was made dictator for 10 years, and Pompey's sons in Spain 45. In celebrated four triumphs, and reformed the calendar. In 45 he was made imperator and dictator for life, and his person declared sacred. His plans for public works, improvement of the laws, and protection of the Empire, were cut short by his assassination in the Senate House. Of his writings only the Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil wars are extant.

C. Julius Cæsar.

Cæsarea. City on coast of Syria, rebuilt by Herod and made Roman capital of Palestine. Gentiles were first received here by St. Peter into the Church: Acts x., xi. Here St. Paul was imprisoned, Origen dwelt, and Eusebius was bishop.

Cæsarea Philippi. City in northern Palestine, under the spurs of Mount Hermon; now Banias.

Cæsarian Section. Operation performed by cutting through the abdominal walls and into the uterus for the removal of a foetus when the mother is dead or when other methods are impossible. Julius Cæsar is said to have been born in this manner. Formerly the procedure was resorted to only

in desperate cases, but now a large proportion of those operated upon recover, provided the conditions are fairly favorable. Cæsar's Bridge. Pile or trestle-bridge built by Cæsar 55