206 BREWER-BRIDGE LOADS belong the Blind worm, and the Skinks or Sand Lizards. The Skinks are tropical or sub-tropical. The Ground Lizard of the s. U. S. is noted for the ease with which it detaches its tail, a new piece (said to be unsegmented) growing in place of the part lost. The Blindworm is not blind; it feeds on insects. Many of the lizard families have representatives resembling snakes, especially the Anguidae, as the Glass Snake, s. of the Ohio. As the long tail breaks off, it has given rise to the mistaken notion that the snake can break into pieces and then each piece can live independently of the other, or even unite again. Brewer, DAVID JOSIAH, LL.D., b. 1837. Kansas Sup. Ct. Judge 1870-81; U. S. Circuit Ct. Judge 1884; Associate Justice of U. S. Sup. Ct. 1889. Brewer, EBENEZER COBHAM, D.D., LL.D., b. 1810. English educator, author, and compiler. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1870; Reader's Hand-Book, 1880; Miracles, 1884. Brewster, BENJAMIN HARRIS, LL.D., 1816-1888. Atty.-Gen. of Pa. 1867; U. S. Atty.-Gen. 1881-85. Brewster, SIR DAVID, LL.D., D.C.L., 1781-1868. Ed. Edinburgh Encyc., 1808; inventor of the kaleidoscope 1816, and the stereoscope 1850; chief founder of the British Assoc.1831; knighted 1832. Optics, 1831; More Worlds than One, 1854; Life of Sir 1. Newton, 1855. Brewster, WILLIAM, 1560-1644. Plymouth Pilgrim 1620, and elder. Brewster's Law. In 1811 Sir D. Brewster made a series of experiments with a view to determining the polarizing angle for light in relation to different media, and connecting them by a general law. The result was that "the index of refraction of a substance is the tangent of the angle of polarization." If a denote the polarizing angle, and a ray of light be incident at this angle, then tan au— ; but u where v is the angle of refraction; therefore sin v cos a, and v+α= 90°. Now the angle of reflection is also a, and therefore the reflected ray and the refracted ray are at right angles; which is another form of this law. sin a COS a = sin a sin v Brialmont, ALEXIS HENRI, b. 1821. Belgian military engineer, maj.-gen. 1874, member Belgian Acad. Sci. 1865, planned Belgium's latest fortifications. Among his many works are Histoire du Duc de Wellington, 1856: Traité de Fortification Polygonale, 1869; La Fortification du Temps Présent, 1885. Brianchion's Theorem. "The three diagonals of any hexagon circumscribed about a conic meet in a point." Briareus. One hundred-armed giant, chained under Etna; also called Ægæon. Briar, SENSITIVE. Prickly herbs of the genus Schrankia, natural family Leguminosae, with sensitive bipinnate leaves; natives of e. America, in the warmer regions. Briar-Wood. Roots, burrs, and knots of Erica arborea, a shrub or small tree of the Heath family, native of s. Europe; used for making pipes. Bribery. Unlawful giving or taking of a pecuniary benefit for the performance of a public duty; ordinarily applied to the corrupt inducement of official action, but several courts have held that a candidate for public office, who offers to serve for less than the legal salary, virtually bribes the voters. It is a common law misdemeanor, now generally defined and governed by statute. Brice, CALVIN STEWART, b. 1845. U. S. Senator from Ohio 1891. Brick. Ancient bricks were sun-dried and larger than modern kinds, which are ab. 2x2x8 inches in size and weigh ab. 4 lbs. Pressed brick will weigh ten per cent more. The average compressive strength is ab. 2,500 lbs. per sq. inch, but the best kinds are five times as strong. A common dry brick will often absorb water equal to one-third of its volume or oneseventh of its weight. Three qualities are taken from the kiln; the arch brick, which is near the flames, is hard and often weak and brittle; the body brick, from the interior of the kiln, is of the best quality; the soft are those from the top of the pile. Dry Clay Machine. Slate-brick are made by grinding up the refuse of slate-quarries, molding and burning as before. Brick Masonry. The greatest safe stress on brick walls is about 150 lbs. per sq. inch. Walls are usually 8, 124, 17, or 21 in. thick, corresponding to 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., bricks. Brickwork is measured by the thousand bricks, the cost of laying being $2 or more per 1,000. Bricks should be wet before spreading the mortar upon them, otherwise they will cause it to dry too quickly. Brick masonry is used for sewers and tunnels, but it rarely has sufficient strength for bridge-piers. Brick Pavements. Brick was first used for street paving in Holland ab. 1800. In the U. S. it was first used 1872, but is now become very common and gives good satisfaction under light traffic. The brick must be tough, hard, and of slight porosity; that burned by the use of oil or natural gas seems to be best. They are laid on edge in courses across the street on a plank and sand foundation, and cement grout is poured into the joints. The cost per sq. yard ranges from $1 to $2.50, the highest price being when a concrete foundation is used. Briconnet, GUILLAUME, 1470-1533. Bp. of Lodève 1504, and Meaux 1516. He favored the Reformers till 1523. Bridge, HORATIO, 1806-1893. Commodore U. S. N. African Cruiser, 1845; Hawthorne, 1893. Bridge, JOHN FREDERICK, Mus.D., b. 1844. Composer, and organist of Westminster Abbey since 1882. Bridge Accidents. Failures of bridges occur by reason of defective construction, derailment of trains, fire and floods. The Ashtabula (see ASHTABULA BRIDGE), and Tay Bridge accidents were due to the first cause. The Tay Bridge was blown down Dec. 1879 while a train was passing, and 75 persons perished; the cast-iron piers were found to be of insufficient strength. The failure of a bridge at Rosindale, Mass., 1887, caused the death of 26 persons. In the ten years preceding 1889 there were 265 bridge failures in U. S. and Canada, of which 34 were caused by defective construction. 60 by derailed trains, and 66 by fire and flood. The accident at Chatsworth, Ill., 1887, caused by the burning of a small wooden trestle, resulted in the death of 73 persons. Brick-Kiln. Stone or brick building, usually without a roof, in which green bricks are loosely stacked and burned. In Bridge Loads. In designing highway bridges the trusses the lower part of the kiln the bricks are piled so as to forming from 70 to 100 lbs. per sq. foot of floor surface, and also for are proportioned for the moving load of a crowd of people weigharched tunnels which communicate with the exterior by doors where the fire is applied; the heat slowly permeates through the stack. Burning occupies nearly two weeks. a snow load ranging from 5 to 20 lbs. per sq. foot, while the floor is computed for concentrated loads on wheels, ab. 2 tons per wheel being a common value. Railroad bridges are proportioned for locomotives weighing from 200,000 to 300,000 lbs., inclusive of tenders, followed by a uniform train load ranging from 3,000 to 4,000 lbs. per linear foot of track. Wind is reIbs. per sq. foot of exposed surface. Owing to the rapid increase in weight of railroad rolling stock, many bridges, built but a Brick Manufacture. Bricks are made of clay carefully cleaned from sand and pebbles and tempered by hand-stirring or in a pug-mill. They are then molded in rectangular boxes by hand or in a special brick machine (see figures), and are hard-garded as a load applied horizontally with a pressure of ab. 30 ened by drying in open sheds, after which they are burned in a kiln. Fire-brick are made from clay, which is free from lime BRIDGEPORT-BRIDGEWATER TREATISES few years ago, are now subject to heavier loads than those for which they were designed. Bridgeport. City of Fairfield co., Conn., on Long Island Sound. It has considerable manufactures of a varied character, including sewing-machines, ammunition, etc. It was incorporated 1819 and chartered 1836. Pop., 1890, 48,866. Bridges. The three great classes of bridge structures are beam or girder, suspension, and arched bridges, the first class exerting only vertical pressures on their supports, the second a horizontal pull, and the third a horizontal thrust. The various subdivisions of the first class are, simple, draw, continuous, and cantilever bridges. These, as well as aqueduct, railroad, stone, tubular, etc., receive notice under their respective headings. The following is a brief historical summary of bridge development: The earliest simple bridges were trestle and pile structures like the pons sublicius at Rome, 620 B.C., and Cæsar's bridge over the Rhine, 55 B.C. The truss system of panels was used by Palladio, an Italian architect, ab. 1570, but was not successfully developed until the present century. Wooden trusses were mostly employed until 1840; among these may be noted the Burr, the Long, and the Town lattice truss; they were rarely greater in span than 200 feet, the longest being one of 360 feet, built 1760 in Baden by Grubenmann. Combination trusses, having some of the tensile members made of wrought-iron, were first built by Howe in 1840, and bridges wholly of iron came into use soon after. The pioneer in the U. S. in erecting iron bridges was Whipple, to whom the first exact theory and computations are also due. After 1850 the Pratt truss, the Whip Girder Bridge, Aurora, Ind., 310 ft. span, 18 ft. roadway. ple truss, and many others were rapidly developed, and several spans longer than 500 feet have been erected since 1880, the longest being the highway and railway span of 550 feet over the Ohio River at Cincinnati. Tubular bridges have not been built in U. S. Draw bridges, swinging on a central pivot, have been developed since 1850, the greatest being the Thames River draw at New London, Conn., whose length is 503 feet. Continuous bridges resting on several supports have been mainly used in Europe. Cantilever bridges came into use soon after 1880, the first being that at Niagara, and the largest the Forth Bridge in Scotland, with two spans of 1,700 feet each. Steel has largely replaced wrought-iron since 1890 in all classes of bridge structures, its strength being materially greater and cost about the Suspension bridges in the form of a rope carrying a light platform, were in use at a remote antiquity, but the modern structure, in which the floor is hung from cables, was employed first same. Suspension Bridge over the Scorff, France. in the U. S. by Finlay in 1805, and its adaptation to railway service was demonstrated by Roebling in 1854 by the construction of the Niagara Bridge. The longest suspension span is the East River Bridge at New York, whose length is 1,595 feet, but plans have been made for one of 3,100 feet over the Hudson. The earliest arched bridges were of stone and timber; castiron was employed late in the eighteenth century. Steel arches of 510 feet span were built 1889 in the highway bridge over the Harlem River at New York, and one of 515 feet, 1873, in the railroad bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis. The latter, which is the longest arched span, appears to be near the practical limit of length on account of the expense of erection as compared with cantilever and suspension systems. Over 600 miles of timber and iron bridges have been built on 207 Washington Bridge, Harlem River, N. Y. 6,520 feet. The longest bridge in the U. S. is that over the 400 feet, three of 249 feet, and 38 spans of viaduct approaches, Ohio at Cairo, Ill., which has two spans of 518 feet, seven of making a total of 10,560 feet, or two miles. The longest in the 10,780 feet. world is the new Tay Bridge in Scotland, which aggregates Iron and steel bridges are either of the riveted system or the pin system. In the former the members of the trusses are connected together by means of rivets, while in the latter steel pins are used, passing through holes in the eye-bars, chords, and posts. Riveted structures are rarely built in the U. S. of greater span than 150 feet, the pin system being more economical, particularly in respect to erection. The cost of a good railroad bridge of 100 feet span is from $3,000 to $4,000, but for longer spans it increases more rapidly than the length. The Niagara cantilever, 910 feet long, cost ab. $600,000. The proposed suspension bridge over the Hudson at New York, having a central span of 3,100 feet and two shore spans of 1,800 feet each, is estimated to cost ab. $40.000,000. The most economic arrangement is when the cost of the piers and abutments equals the cost of the superstructure. Bridges, MILITARY. Generally built of pontoons, which for the reserve bridge train are stiff wooden bateaux of such buoyancy as not to be submerged to within four inches of the gunwale when troops are crossing. They are placed 20 ft. apart, anchored up and down stream, and support five roadway stringers, called balks, each 25 ft. long, upon which the chess or plank for the roadway are placed and secured. The pontoon for the advance bridge train consists of a strong open frame, built of two side trusses united by cross transoms, covered with strong canvas. Its buoyancy is less than that of the wooden pontoon, but, as the two boats can be carried on one wagon, its mobility is much greater, and it is therefore used to accompany cavalry. Bridges, MATTHEW, b. 1800. English hymnist. Bridges, ROBERT SEYMOUR, b. 1844. English poet. Prometheus, 1884; Eros and Psyche (tr. Apulcius), 1885; Nero, 1885; Overheard in Arcady, 1894. Bridget, ST., or BRIGIT, or BRIDE, 453-523. Irish nun 467; founder of convents at Kildare and elsewhere. Bridgeton. Capital of Cumberland co., N. J., on Cohansey Creek. Pop., 1890, 11,424. Bridgetown. Capital of Barbados. Pop., 1891, 21,000. Bridgewater Gallery. Private gallery in London containing ab. 300 pictures. The most important are three Madonnas by Raphael. Bridgewater Treatises. Eight works, reconciling Science with Divinity, written by Fellows of the Royal Society (1832-36) in accordance with the bequest of £8,000 by the eccentric Earl of Bridgewater for the best treatise On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as Manifested in the Creation. The authors were Sir Chas. Bell, The Hand as Evincing Design; William Kirby (2 vols.), Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God in the Creation of Animals; Jno. Kidd, Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Conditions of Man; Wm. Whewell, Astronomy and General Physics with Reference to Natural Theology; Thomas Chalmers, Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Conditions of Man; Wm. Prout, Chemistry, Meteorology and Digestion with Reference to Natural Theology; Wm. Buckland (2 vols.), Geology and Mineralogy with Reference to Natural Theology; P. M. Roget (2 vols.), Animal and Vegetable Physiology with Reference to Natural Theology. Bridgewater, 8th EARL OF, FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON, 1765-1829. Mentioned in preceding article. Bridging. Cross-pieces of timber placed between the joists of a floor in order to stiffen them. Bridgman, FREDERICK ARTHUR, b. 1847. American painter, pupil of Gérôme. His favorite subjects are oriental, from studies in Algiers, Egypt, and Nubia. Bridgman, LAURA DEWEY, 1829-1889. Blind deaf-mute, successfully educated in Boston by Dr. S. G. Howe, and long a teacher there, though from infancy restricted almost wholly to the sense of touch. Bridles. In plant anatomy, strands of protoplasm connecting nucleus of cell with exoplasm. Brief. Sketch of a case in law, prepared for or by counsel. Brief, PAPAL. Communication less formal and on matters of less weight than a bull. Brienne. French town on the Aube, where Napoleon attended a military school; scene of a battle Jan. 29-31, 1814, in which he was defeated by the allies under Bucher. Brier. In England, large kinds of wild roses. Brig. Two-masted vessel, fully square-rigged on both. The full-rigged brig has fore and main lower masts, topmasts, and topgallant-masts and yards on each, with or without a square mainsail, and carrying also a trysail. The hermaphrodite or half-brig has a brig's foremast and a schooner's mainmast, square rigged forward and fore-and-aft rigged aft. Brigantine. Two-masted vessel, fully square-rigged except mainsail. Its rig is similar to the hermaphrodite, except that it sometimes carries a light topsail on the mainmast above the large fore-and-aft mainsail. Brigade. Body of troops, of either arm of the service, consisting of two or more regiments, properly commanded by a brigadier-general. Brigade of Sappers. One non-commissioned officer and eight sappers. This number is required to push a sap-head steadily in advance. Four sappers are used at a time, the others resting until the time to relieve them, unless drawn upon to supply casualties among the men at work. Brigandage. Armed robbery by organized gangs, due to the weakness or connivance of the authorities; still existing in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Balkan Peninsula. Sicily is pre-eminently the hot-bed of brigandage. In ancient times it was much more general. The Ishmaelites were doomed to perpetual brigandage; Rome was founded by a nest of brigands on the Palatine Hill; the cities of Greece applied the system to each other, and the medieval robber-nobles reduced it to an art, which, even in modern days, is invested with a kind of sentimental halo. those with a pale countenance, light hair, and general flabby appearance being particularly susceptible. Irritating bodies excreted by the kidneys, such as cantharides, copaiba, or turpentine may cause it, and it frequently occurs in connection with typhoid fever, erysipelas, and scarlet fever, the last being probably its most frequent cause. It sometimes is a complication of pregnancy, and may result from the chilling of the warm perspiring body. When not accompanying or masked by some other disease, it manifests itself by fever, headache, pain in the loins and elsewhere, nausea, vomiting, and a marked reduction in the quantity of the urine, which is usually high colored, albuminous, and may contain blood. In a short time dropsy occurs, depending in its extent upon the amount of kidney tissue affected. Recovery is more common than a fatal result; but is slow, often taking many months. Death, when it occurs, is the result of coma or convulsions, caused by the retention within the body of the poisonous matters usually disposed of by the kidneys. The chronic forms, of which there are several varieties, usually due to alcoholism, syphilis, chronic metallic poisoning, malarial influences, gout, or prolonged suppuration, are insidious in their onset, and rarely attract attention until the occurrence of dropsy or perhaps a sudden loss of consciousness. The urine is albuminous and may be either lessened or increased in quantity, and the heart becomes affected by the increased labor thrown upon it. Partial Death results, as in the or complete blindness may occur. acute variety, or from failure of the heart, diarrhoea or brain troubles. Nothing can be done which will replace the affected portions of the kidneys, but if taken in time those unaffected may be preserved. The avoidance of alcohol, rich and highly seasoned food, and, when possible, residence in warm and dry climate, are the principal factors in the treatment. Medication calculated to remove the exciting causes and to relieve any accumulations of fluid is also adopted. It is more than probable that thousands have a slight amount of this disease, but are unconscious of it, and finally die of old age or other cause. Bright Segment. Portion of the sky above the sun, after sunset; so named 1864 by Bezolet. Brignoli, PASQUALE, ab. 1823-1884. An Italian operatic tenor much admired, especially in U. S., whither he came in 1855. Bril, PAUL, 1554-1626. Flemish painter of landscapes and figures, which show the influence of his Italian travel and studies, and influenced Rubens and Claude Lorrain. Brill, or BRIEL. Port of s. Holland, seized by the "Sea Beggars," April 1, 1572, thus beginning the independence of the Netherlands; given to England as security for the advances of Elizabeth 1585; restored 1816. Brillat-Saverin, ANTHELME, 1755-1826. French gastronomist; deputy 1789; member of Court of Cassation 1796. Physiologie du Gout, 1825; tr. Handbook of Gastronomy, 1884. Brilliant Green. Similar to BENZALDEHYDE GREEN (q.v.) except that it is a tetraethyl compound, and is prepared from ethylaniline instead of methylaniline. Brimstone. See SULPHUR. Brindisi. Anciently Brundisium, in Calabria, s.e. Italy, on the Adriatic; taken by Romans 267 B.C.; an important seaport. Pop. ab. 17,000. Brindley, JAMES, 1716-1772. Civil engineer of the Manchester and Liverpool canal. Brink, BERNARD EGIDIUS KONRAD TEN, 1841-1892. Phi Briggs, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, D.D., b. 1841. Prof. Union Theol. Sem., N. Y., since 1875; ed. Presbyterian Review, 1880-lologist, b. at Amsterdam; prof. Strassburg from 1873. His 89; tried for heresy 1892. His liberal interpretation of the History of English Literature, 1883-93, extends to ab. 1560; Calvinistic standards has produced great commotion. Biblical Chaucer, 1870-84; Beowulf, 1888. Study, 1883; Whither? 1889; Bible, Church and Reason, 1892. Briggs, CHARLES FREDERICK, 1804-1877. American journalist and novelist. Harry Franco, 1839. Briggs, HENRY, 1551-1630. English mathematician; prof. at Oxford 1619. He devised the system of logarithms in common use, having ten as the base." Bright, JOHN, 1811-1889. English statesman, famous for eloquence and liberalism, associated with Cobden in the AntiCorn-Law League and other reforms; M.P. from 1843; active in securing household suffrage 1867; cabinet minister 1868-71 and 1880-82. Bright, WILLIAM, D.D., b. 1824. Anglican divine and poet. Prof. Oxford 1868; ed, several ancient works; a prolific author. Brighton. Watering-place of England, on the coast of Sussex, 50 m. s. of London. Pop., 1891, 115,402. Bright's Disease. Loosely speaking, any disease of the kidneys accompanied by albuminous urine, but properly restricted to an acute form first described in 1837 by Dr. Richard Bright (1789-1858) of London. This usually occurs in early life, Brinton, DANIEL GARRISON, M.D., LL.D., b. 1827. Ethnologist; prof. Univ. Pa. 1886, ed. Library of Aboriginal American Literature. Brinvilliers, MARIE MADELEINE, MARQUISE DE, ab. 16351676. French poisoner who killed her father Dreux d'Aubray, two brothers and her sisters with arsenious acid, in which she was aided by her lover Sainte Croix. Her object was to secure their property. She was beheaded and burned. Brisbane. Capital of Queensland, Australia, on e. coast, at mouth of B. R. Pop., 1891, with suburbs, 55,959. Brisson, EUGENE HENRI, b. 1835. French statesman, pres. Chamber of Deputies 1881-85 and 1894; prime minister 1885. Brissot de Warville, JEAN PIERRE, 1754-1793. French writer on criminal law, prominent as a Girondist and guillotined. His descendant, FELIX SATURNIN, d. 1892, was an animal painter. Bristed, CHARLES ASTOR, 1820-1874. American author.His father. JOHN, 1778-1855, wrote Resources of the British Empire, 1811, and of the U. S., 1818. BRISTOL-BROMAL HYDRATE Bristow Station, VA. Scene of a battle Aug. 27, 1862, between Gens. Hooker and Ewell. Oct. 14, 1863, the Confederates were repulsed in an attack here. Britannia. Roman name of England, said to have been called Albion before Cæsar's invasion 55 B.C. The Roman legions were withdrawn ab. 420, and the Britons were soon dispossessed by Angles, Saxons, and other invaders. Britannia Metal. Alloy of nine parts of tin and one of antimony, with a little copper, used for table utensils. British America. See AMERICA. British Association. Founded 1831 by Sir D. Brewster and others "for the advancement of science." It has 8 sections, ab. 4,600 members, and annual meetings of great im portance. British Columbia. Province of the Dominion of Canada, bordering on the Pacific coast; area 341,300 sq. m. The country is mountainous throughout, being in the Rocky Mt. region, and is covered with valuable forests. The coast is exceedingly rugged and broken, bordered by large islands and intersected by fiords. Pop., 1891, 97,612. The industries are agriculture, mining and fishing; Victoria is the capital. British Gum. DEXTRINE (q.v.). British Museum. Opened in London 1759; the present building, a fine modern revival of Greek architecture, was erected 1823-47 by Robert and Sydney Smirke. The foundation of the collection dates from 1735, a bequest of Sir Hans Sloane. The Egyptian collection, now of vast extent and importance, dates from the gifts of George III. in 1801. The Antique collections began with the purchase of the Townley Marbles 1805, and of the ELGIN MARBLES (q.v.) in 1816. In the various departments of books and manuscripts, ethnology, coins, Greek and Roman antiquities, mediæval antiquities, etc., there are rare and extensive collections. The Assyrian collection is unrivaled and has no counterpart, except that in the Louvre. The departments of Zoology, Botany, Geology and Mineralogy have been moved to the new building at S. Kensington since 1880. A large reading-room was opened 1857. Besides many MSS. there are over 1.600,000 vols. A catalogue is in preparation. Brito, BENARDO DE, 1569-1617. Portuguese historian. Britons. Ancient inhabitants of Britain. See BRITANNIA. Brittany, or BRETAGNE. Ancient province in n. w. of France, formerly known as Armorica, and occupied by Celts and Kymri; divided in 4th century into several republics, which afterward became monarchies. It received much immigration from Britain in 5th and 6th centuries, was subdued by Charlemagne, surrendered to the Northmen by Charles the Simple 912; after fierce resistance became a Norman duchy; and was incorporated with France 1532. Brittleness. That specific property of a body in virtue of which it may be broken in pieces by a sudden blow. If there be any considerable range of strain for any given stress, the body is said to be tough. 209 Broach. Spire in which the angles at the base are filled out with pyramidal masses of masonry, and which is without pinnacles or parapet. Broad Gauge. Railroad track whose rails are more than 4 ft. 9 in. apart. In England the gauge was 7 ft., and in the U. S. it was 6 ft., but most of these lines have been replaced by the standard gauge of 4 ft. 8 in. A gauge of 5 feet has been much used in the Southern States. Ireland has a standard gauge of 5 ft. 3 in.; Spain and Portugal 5 ft. 6in.; in Russia most lines are of 5 feet. The broad gauge is generally more expensive, both in construction and operation, than the standard and narrow gauges. Broadhead, GARLAND C., b. 1827. State geologist of Missouri 1873-75, and afterward prof. State Univ. Columbia, Mo. Reports and Maps on the Geology of Missouri. Broadus, JOHN ALBERT, D.D., LL.D., b. 1827. Prof. Southern Baptist Theol. Sem. 1859, and its pres. 1889. Preparation and Delivery of Sermons, 1870. Broca, PAUL, M.D., 1824-1880. Paris. Anthropologist; prof. at with gold or silver threads. Brocade. Silk fabric decorated with figures, or often Broccoli. Modification of the Cabbage plant, Brassica oleracea, much resembling cauliflower. Brochant de Villiers, ANDRE JEAN MARIE, 1772-1840. French geologist, inspector-gen. of mines; prof. School of Mines, Paris, 1815. Brock, SIR ISAAC, 1769-1812. English general, lieut.-gov. of Upper Canada. He took Detroit 1812 and was killed at Queenstown. Brock en-Specter. Phenomenon seen on the Brocken, in Hartz Mts., Saxony, and on other mountain-tops where fog and cloud are frequent; as on Adam's Peak, Ceylon. The observer's shadow is at sunrise or sunset thrown nearly horizontally upon a neighboring bank of fog or cloud, and as seen, subtends a large visional angle, thus appearing to be at a great distance and of enormous size. German poet. Brockes, BARTHOLD HEINRICH, 1680-1747. Brockett, LINUS PIERPONT, 1820-1893. American author and journalist. History of Education, 1859; Woman, 1869. Brockhaus, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD, 1772-1823. Founder of a publishing house in Leipzig, carried on by his son, HEINRICH, 1804-1874, and grandsons. Prominent among their publications is the Conversations Lexicon, 1809 and later.-Another son, HERMANN, 1806-1877, was prof. of Sanskrit at Leipzig from 1848. Brockton. City of Plymouth co., Mass., orig. N. Bridgewater, noted for its shoe-factories. Pop., 1890, 27,294. Broderick, DAVID COLBRETH, 1820-1859. U. S. Senator from Cal. 1857; killed in a duel by Judge D. S. Terry. Brodhead, JOHN ROMEYN, LL.D., 1814-1873. Sec. U. S. legation at The Hague 1839-44, and at London 1846-49. History of New York State, 1853-71. Brodhead, RICHARD, 1811-1863. M.C. 1843-49; U. S. Senator 1851-57. Brodsky, ADOLPH, b. 1851. Russian violinist; leader of the violins of N.Y. Symphony Society 1891-93. Broekhoven, JOHN ANDREW, b. 1852, in Holland. American composer in Cincinnati since 1868. A System of Harmony, 1889; Suite Creole for orchestra; Overture Columbia. 1870. French statesman, Academician 1856.-His son, JACQUES Broglie, ACHILLE LEONCE VICTOR CHARLES, DUC DE, 1785VICTOR ALBERT, b. 1821, held office under MacMahon, 1871-77, and has pub. historical works. broker or go-between; premium on a broker's commission; buyBrokage. Arrangement made through the agency of a ing and selling stocks and other securities for others. Broker. Agent who undertakes in a commercial transaction to bring the minds of the parties to an agreement upon the terms of a contract. His commissions are earned upon procuring such agreement; he has no lien for commissions generally, as he has not possession of the subject matter of the contract; he may act for both parties, being a middleman, and Britton, NATHANIEL LORD, b. 1859. N. American botanist, not an agent in whom peculiar trust is placed by one of the prof. Columbia Coll. Brixham Cave. Small cavern near Torquay, s. England, which, under the examination of Mr. Pengelly, yielded evidence that conclusively established the contemporaneity of man with some of the extinct Mammalia of the district. This discovery was the means of turning public opinion in England upon the antiquity of man. Brizeux, AUGUSTE, 1806-1858. French idyllic poet. 14 contracting parties. Bromal. CBr3.CHO. Bpt. 174° C. Tribromoacetaldehyde, prepared by the action of bromine upon alcohol; oxidized easily to tribromoacetic acid. It combines with water to form bromal hydrate. See CHLORAL. Bromal Hydrate. CBr..CHO,H,O. Mpt. 53.05 C. Combination of bromal with water; white crystalline substance. See CHLORAL HYDRATE, which it closely resembles. VOL I. 210 BROMARGYRITE-BRONTOTHERIDÆ Brome, RICHARD, d. 1652. English dramatist. Brome-Grass. Grasses of the genus Bromus. Bromeliaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiospermae, sub-class Monocotyledones, comprising 38 genera and ab. 525 species, all natives of the tropics and adjacent lands of America; commonly called the Pineapple family. Bromic Acid. HBrO,. It cannot be obtained pure, owing to its instability. It is made by treating silver bromate with bromine and water. Bromides. Salts of hydrobromic acid, result of action of bromine on another element. Those of calcium, ammonium, potassium and sodium are the ones most commonly employed in medicine, and are almost identical in effects. They are used to relieve sleeplessness and nervous irritability, especially when due to worry or overwork, in delirium, headache, sexual excitement, and epilepsy. If used too long or in too large doses, they disturb the digestion and set up a condition known as bromism, in which occur anæmia, an eruption upon the skin, foul breath, weak action of the heart, loss of sexual power, muscular tremors, and mental disturbance amounting often to idiocy. These symptoms disappear shortly after the discontinuance of the bromide. Bromoethane. CH,.CH,Br. See ETHYL BROMIDE. Bromoethylene. CH,:CHBr. Bpt. 16°C. Ethylene (CH,: CH2) in which one atom of the hydrogen has been replaced by bromine; liquid prepared by the action of caustic potash upon ethylene bromide. Bromoform. CHBr3. Heavy liquid, prepared by the action of alkali upon bromal. Bpt. 152° C. Tribromomethane. Bromonaphthalene. C.H, Br. Known in two forms, aand B. The a compound is a liquid, Bpt. 277° C., prepared by direct action of bromine upon the hydrocarbon naphthalene. The compound is prepared from the B-naphthylamine. Solid, melting at 59° C. Bromophenol. C.H.:OH.Br. Known in three forms, ortho-, the action of bromine upon phenol or carbolic acid. Mpt. 64° C. meta-, and para-. The parabromophenol is the main product of Bromwich, WEST. Manufacturing town of Staffordshire, Eng. It has large manufactures of hardware. Pop., 1891, 56,295. Bronchial Tubes. Canals which distribute the air into two branches, the bronchi, one for each lung, which to the lungs. They commence by the division of the trachea in turn divide and subdivide, the whole system being comparable to the trunk of a tree, its branches and twigs, until they are about of an inch in diameter. From these are given off branches into which the air-cells or alveoli open. Bronchidesmus. Membrane uniting the bronchi, in birds. inflammation of lung immediately surrounding. Symptoms Bronchiectasis. Chronic dilatation of a bronchus, with frequently offensive. Treatment: Cod-liver oil, tonics and ansimilar to those of consumption. Expectoration lumpy and tiseptic inhalations. Bromine. Br. At.wt. 79.95, Sp. gr. 3.18 liq. Mpt. 7°.02 C. Bronchitis. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, generBpt. 58°.7 C. Discovered by Balard 1826. It occurs in combination in sea-water, certain mineral waters, and rock-salt ally of the larger ones, accompanied, when acute, by slight fever, increased secretion, and cough. The chronic form is deposits. It is prepared by heating magnesium bromide and without fever, is apt to recur every winter, may finally become chloride, manganese dioxide, residues from the above, and continuous, and is often the result of inhaling irritating subsulphuric acid. It is a heavy reddish brown liquid, the vapors stances. When the finer tubes are affected, it is called capilof which strongly irritate the eyes and the mucous membrane. It is slightly soluble in water, easily in alcohol and ether. It lary, and often causes death by suffocation, especially in the acts violently on organic substances; if it come in contact aged and the very young. The acute variety, or a severe cold, with the flesh it produces ugly burns, which are difficult to rarely endangers life, and the chronic not often, except by exheal. Bromine and its compounds are used in medicine, pho-hausting the strength of those already debilitated. tography, and in the manufacture of coal-tar colors. The Broncho. See HORSE. annual product in the U. S. is ab. 400,000 lbs. It is never used undiluted except as an application to mortified flesh, but in solutions of the strength of one part in ab. 5,000 of water there is scarcely any disinfectant so valuable or so easily used, the only precaution necessary being the avoidance of metallic bodies, which it corrodes. Abattoirs, stables, and similar places are rendered free from all offense by its use. Stronger solutions may be mixed with clay, infusorial earth, etc., and scattered around or placed in vessels where a slow giving off of the vapor is desirable to counteract offensive odors which are evolved continuously. Bromoacetic Acid. CH,Br. COOH. Mpt.50°, Bpt. 208° C. White crystalline body, prepared by heating acetic acid with bromine; monobasic acid, blistering the skin if in contact with it. Bronchocele. See GOITRE. Bronchotomy. Surgical opening into the larynx, trachea or a bronchial tube. Bröndsted, PETER OLUF, 1780-1842. Danish archæologist, prof. at Copenhagen 1813, envoy at Rome 1819. Travels in Greece, 1826-30; Greek Vases, 1832; tr. Eschylus, 1842-44. Brongniart, ALEXANDRE, 1770-1847. French naturalist, eminent in several diverse fields; director of the porcelain works at Sèvres from 1800, member of the Institute 1815. Classification of Reptiles, 1805; Mineralogy, 1807; Trilobites, 1814; Ceramic Arts, 1845.-His son, ADOLPHE THEODORE, 1801-1876. prof. of Botany in Paris 1833, pub. Phanérogams, 1827, and Vegetable Fossils, 1850. He was the first to study the fragmentary remains of extinct flora and trace their relations to living plants. Bronsart, HANS VON. b.1830. German pianist, composer and opera director, pupil of Liszt, Kullak and Dehn. Brontë, ANNE ("ACTON BELL"), 1820-1849. English novelist, sister of CHARLOTTE. Agnes Grey, 1847; Tenant of Wildfell Hall, 1848. Brontë, CHARLOTTE (CURRER BELL"), 1816-1855. English novelist. Jane Eyre, 1847; Shirley, 1849; Villette, 1852; author, with her two sisters, of Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, 1846. In 1854 she became Mrs. A. B. Nichols. Brontë, EMILY JANE ("ELLIS BELL"), 1818-1848. English poet and novelist. Wuthering Heights, 1847. Brontometer. Instrument for registering the time of beginning and ending of lightning and other phenomena of thunder storms. Brontosaurus. Dinosaur, ab. fifty feet long, with long neck, small head, heavy tail, and five toes. It had no weapons, and must have been protected by mere size; but it was easily Bromobenzene, or BROMOBENZOL. C.H..Br. Phenyl bro-mired, and thus we find the skeletons to-day. mide, Bpt. 155° C., product of the action of bromine upon benThe bromine replaces the hydrogen, and hydrobromic acid is also formed; heavy liquid. zene. Brontotherida. Family of Perissodactyla, comprising fossil, tapir-like animals, found in the Miocene deposits of N. America by Prof. Marsh. The hind feet had three, the fore feet |