hind the præoral lobe and the mouth. The body is ciliated in general; but a special circle of cilia stands on the margin of the præoral lobe in front of the mouth, and another circle surrounds the anus. A ganglion, and sometimes eyes, are present in the præoral lobe.

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1829; Danilowa, 1830; Le Châlet, 1834; Le Brasseur de Preston, 1838; Le Roi d'Yvetot, 1842; Cagliostro, 1844; Richard en Palestine, 1844. Ballets: Faust, 1832;,La jolie Fille de Gand, 1839; Giselle, 1841.

Actinum. New metal found 1881 by Phipson accompanying certain zinc ores. It has not been generally recognized as a true element.

Action. Judicial proceeding for the enforcement of a private right, redress of a private wrong, or punishment of a public offense. Actions which must be brought within a particular jurisdiction, such as those for injuries to real estate, are called local; others are transitory. The tendency of modern legislation is to abolish the various forms of action recognized by the common law, as well as the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity, and to establish but a single form of action for all legal proceedings.

Action and Reaction. Newton used the word action as synonymous with force or pressure. When a body is in equilibrium, under applied and resisting forces, the applied forces in any direction constitute the action, which is equal and opposite to the resisting forces in the opposite direction, or the reaction.

Actium. Now La Punta; promontory in Acarnania, W. Greece, off which Augustus won his famous naval victory over Antony and Cleopatra, 31 B.C.

Activity. Power or rate of doing work. The units of activity are the same as those of power; viz., the horse-power, cheval-vapeur, and the watt. The dimensions of activity are [M] [L] [T]'.

Acton, LORD JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG, D.C.L., b. 1834. English peer 1869, leader of liberal Catholics.

Acts of the Apostles. Fifth N. T. book, written by St. Luke, companion of Paul, and author of the third Gospel, of which it may be called the second part; confined principally to

the acts of SS. Peter and Paul.

Acts of Uniformity. Passed in Parliament 1549, confirmed 1552, repealed by Mary 1554, and re-enacted by Elizabeth 1559, imposing fine and imprisonment on those who refused to use a certain order of worship. The act passed in 1662 obliged all clergy to subscribe to the 39 articles and use the Book of Common Prayer. Its enforcement, August 24, "Black Bartholomew's day," caused more than 2,000 ministers to quit the Church of England. An amendment act, authorizing shorter services and other changes, was passed July 18, 1872.

Aculeata. Sub-order of Hymenoptera having retractile stings in the female sex, and also poison glands. The abdomen is always stalked; the antennæ of the male are thirteen jointed. and of the female, twelve-jointed. The larvæ are without anus or feet. The chief families are Formicidæ (ants). Fossoria (digging-wasps), Vespido (wasps), and Apidae (bees) (q.v.).

Aculeus. Sting of insects. It develops from a double pair of projections of the next to the last segment of the abdomen, and one pair from the antepenultimate segment. The last furnishes the piercing parts, the former the sheath.

Acupressure. Control of bleeding from small blood-vessels by passing a pin or needle through the tissues beneath them, the elasticity of the pin compressing the vessel. Where this is not sufficient, a thread is twisted about the pin like a rope upon a cleat. It has been practiced by the Chinese from time immemorial.

Acupuncturation, or ACUPUNCTURE. Puncture of the skin by a number of closely set needles, as a counterirritant in pain, or as a method of introducing certain drugs into the system, which are rubbed over the punctures or applied to the needles beforehand.

Adam. Progenitor of the human race; whether historical or typical is a disputed point of modern controversy. The name signifies simply man.

Adam, ROBERT, 1728-1792. Scotch architect. With his brother JAMES, d. 1794, he planned great part of west end of London, public buildings in London, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, and many country seats of the nobility.

Adam de la Halle, ab. 1240-1286. French trouvère, notable in the history of dramatic music as both poet and composer, and one of the earliest practitioners of harmony. His Jus de Robin et Marion is called the first French comic | opera.

Adam of Bremen. Author, ab. 1075, of a history of missions in Scandinavia, with a description of those coun

tries.

Adam of St. Victor, ab. 1110-1172 or 1192. Greatest Latin poet of the Middle Ages, called by Dr. J. M. Neale "my dear and reverend master.' His works, tr. by Digby S. Wrangham, 1881, fill 3 vols.

Adam-and-Eve. American orchid, Aplectrum spicatum, native of the e. U. S.; called also Putty-root.

Adambulacral Plates, or OSSICLES. Large special plates, situated on the margins of the rays of certain starfishes, next to the outer ends of the ambulacral ossicles.

Adams, CHARLES FRANCIS, LL.D., 1807-1886. American statesman, son of JOHN QUINCY; Free Soil candidate for VicePresident 1848; M. C. 1858-61; minister to England 1861-68; arbitrator of Alabama claims 1871.

Adams, CHARLES KENDALL, LL.D., b. 1835. American educator and author; prof. Univ. Michigan 1863-85; pres. Johnson's Cyclopædia, 1892. Cornell 1885-92, and since of Univ. Wisconsin; chief editor of France, 1872; Columbus, 1892. Democracy and Monarchy in Adams, EDWIN, 1834-1877. American actor. Adams, HANNAH, 1755-1832. American author. Religions, 1784; History of New England, 1799. Adams, HENRY, b. 1838. American historian; son of History of the United States, 1801-17, 9 vols., 1889-91. CHARLES F. Life of Gallatin, 1879; Life of Randolph, 1882;

View of

Adams, JOHN, 1735-1826. Second Pres. U. S. He represented Mass, in Colonial Congress 1774; was a member of committee which framed Declaration of Independence; Commissioner to France 1777, plenipotentiary to treat for peace with Great Britain 1779, Minister to England 1785-87; Vice-Pres. U. S. 1789; Pres. 1797-1801; defeated for a second term by Jefferson.

Adams, JOHN COUCH, 1819-1892. Prof. Univ. Cambridge and Director of the Observatory from 1861; known for researches in the lunar theory, investigation of the perturba1845, nearly a year before Leverrier's announcement led to its tions of Uranus, and prediction of position of Neptune, Oct. discovery at Berlin.

Adams, JOHN QUINCY, 1767-1848; son of Pres. JOHN; sixth Pres. U. S. U. S. Senator from Mass. 1803; Minister to Russia 1809; Sec. of State 1817; Pres. 1825-29. He was in Congress He wrote several volumes of prose and one of verse. from 1831, and earned fame as defender of the right of petition.

Adams, JULIUS WALKER, b. 1812. Civil engineer; designer of water-works and sewers in Brooklyn, New Haven, and other cities; Pres. Am. Society of Civil Engineers 1874.

lution; one of the most earnest and efficient advocates of the Adams, SAMUEL, 1722-1803. Patriot of the American revocause of the colonists; delegate to Continental Congress 1774; signer of the Declaration of Independence 1776; M. C. till 1781; Lieut.-Gov. of Mass. 1789–94; Gov. 1794–97.

Adams, MRS. SARAH FULLER (FLOWER), 1805-1848. English poet, author of "Nearer, my God, to Thee."

Allegories, 1842 and later, were long popular and useful.

Adams, WILLIAM, 1814-1848. Anglican divine. His Sacred

Adams, WILLIAM, D.D., LL.D., 1807-1880. Presbyterian pastor in New York 1834-73; pres. Union Theol. Semi. from

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white, except the head, which is brown, with a white blaze on the face. The horns are spirals with two or three twists. Addendum Circle. In toothed gearing, circle which limits the projection of the teeth beyond the pitch circle of the wheel. Usual values for difference between the pitch radius and addendum radius range from .30 to .35 of the circular pitch. In formulæ based on the diametral pitch, the value is unity divided by the diametral pitch.

Adders. See SOLENOGLYPHA and VIPERS. Adder's-mouth. Orchids of the genus Achroanthes. Adder's-tongue. Early spring flower, Erythronium Americanum, erroneously called " yellow violet" and "dog's-tooth violet." Also, fern-like plants of the genus Ophioglossum. Addison, JOSEPH, 1672-1719. English essayist and poet. Under-Secretary of State 1706; M.P. 1708; Secretary of State 1717-18. His works include many political papers, the once famous tragedy of Cato, 1713, a few fine hymns, and Dialogues on Ancient Medals; but his chief services to literature were rendered through The Spectator (q.v.), which he established in 1711, and the best parts of which he wrote. He did much to purify English prose, and was the model of style for a century. Addison's Disease. First described 1855 by Dr. Addison

of Guy's Hospital, London. The most marked symptom is a bronzing of the skin. It usually occurs in adults, and is more common in men than in women. Progressive wasting, great weakness, feeble action of the heart, disordered digestion, pain in the joints, and consumption, lead speedily to a fatal termination. A diseased condition of the suprarenal capsules is the only peculiar morbid appearance found after death. Treatment is of little avail, but life may be prolonged and rendered more comfortable by the use of cod liver oil, phosphites, calcium chloride, and arsenic.

Addition. Aggregation of several quantities in one expression called the sum. Arithmetical addition requires quan

tities to be of the same kind. Algebraic addition aggregates unlike quantities by the use of the signs plus (+) and minus (--). Adeciduata. Section of the Eutheria or placental mammals, in which no decidua or "after-birth" is shed, following the birth of the young. The following orders are included: Edentata, Sirenia, Cetacea and a portion of the Ungulata, such as most Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla and the Toxodontia. See DIPLARTHRA.

Adelaide. Capital of South Australia, settled 1836. It has two colleges, a theol. sem., and a large botanic garden. Pop., 1891, 133,220.

Adelarthrosomata. PHALANGID E, PSEUDOSCORPIONIDÆ, and SOLPUGIDA.

Adelbert College. Founded at Hudson, Ohio, 1826, as Western Reserve College; transferred to Cleveland 1882. receiving from Amasa Stone an endowment of $450,000 and $150,000 in buildings. It has 11 professors, 5 instructors, a library of 25,000 vols., a fund of $700,000, and forms a department of Western Reserve University.

Adelheid, 931-999. German empress, mother of Otho II.; imprisoned by Berengar II.; escaped to Canossa, and was besieged there. Otho I. came to her relief 951, and married her at Pavia.

Adelocodonic gonophores. Buds, on a hydroid colony, which produce eggs, and which, in the distant ancestors, were in the habit of developing an evident medusoid structure, but now are so much reduced that even a true umbrella fails of development.

Adelung, JOHANN CHRISTOPH. 1732-1806. German philologist, who devoted much labor and ability to the improvement of his native tongue, but was overshadowed by the success_of the great scholars, like Jacob Grimm, who followed him. Besides minor works on philology, he wrote a German Dictionary, 1774-86, and Mithridates, which foreshadowed results in comparative philology.

Aden. Town on s. w. coast of Arabia; seized by the British Jan. 19, 1839. Pop. ab. 42,000, chiefly Mohammedan.

Aden, GULF OF. Arm of the Indian Ocean, between Abyssinia and Arabia, into which the Red Sea opens by the Strait of Babel Mandeb.

Adenitis. Inflammation of the lymphatic glands, resulting in a painful and hard swelling, easily moved around by the fingers, which may disappear spontaneously or be converted into an abscess. It may be caused by injury, the absorption of poison from snake-bites, etc., unhealthy wounds, gonorrhoea, etc., or occur as a symptom of tuberculosis or scrofula. Rest of the parts, poulticing, painting the surface over the glands with iodine, evacuation of pus when it forms, and the removal of the glands, are the proper remedial measures, combined with cod liver oil and the hypophosphites.

Adenoid Tumor. Non-malignant, seated in a gland, or in structure resembling that of the secreting glands. Removal by an operation is usually necessary, but as a rule free from danger.

Adenophore. Stalk on which the glands of certain plants are borne, especially those of the nectar-glands of flowers. Adhamantes. Birds having walking legs with four toes all directed forward; sometimes the inner toe can be turned back. Adhémar, JOSEPH ALFONSE, 1797-1862. French mathematician; early theorist on possible cosmical causes for the glacial era. In his Révolutions de la Mer, 1842, he speculates on the effects of a supposed unequal distribution of heat, the existence of enormous polar ice-caps and their rapid disappearance with the accompanying results upon the earth's center of gravity. Hence he imagined periodical and violent deluges occurring every 10,000 years, and causing world-wide devastation. His views, much modified, form the basis of Croll's Eccentricity Theory.

Adhesion. Attraction of two polished surfaces of solids in contact, of a liquid and a solid, or of a gas and a solid. Capillarity of tubes is due to this.

Adhesion Car. Railway car with special wheels which gripe a rail and thus secure extra adhesion to prevent it from sliding down steep grades. A cable car with wheels griping a moving cable is another instance of the application of the principle.

Adhesion of Cement. Neat hydraulic cement adheres to brick with a force of ab. 200 lbs. per sq. inch of surface. The adhesive force increases with the age of the cement, particularly during the first year. Brick should be wet when the cement is applied, in order to secure satisfactory adhesion.

Adhesion of Locomotives. Frictional force between the driving wheels of a locomotive and the rail is often called adhesion. Its value is usually about one-fourth of the weight

borne by the driving wheels; that is, if the horizontal resistance exceeds this amount the wheels will slip on the rails.

Adhesive Plaster. Cloth or some other material on one side of which is spread an adhesive substance rendered soft by heat. Lead plaster, resin and india rubber are used. It should be kept in a cool place until wanted, and when used may be heated by passing it through a flame, or by applying the plain side to a vessel containing hot water. Soaking in or sponging with warm water will render its removal easy and painless, and all surfaces to which it is applied must be perfectly dry. Adiabatic. If the physical state of a body, as defined by its volume v and pressure p, varies in such a way that no heat is imparted to or taken from the body, it is said to suffer an adiabatic change.

Adiabatic Curve. Representing the relations of pressure and volume in a gas undergoing expansion or compression in a closed envelope. The ordinates show the pressures when no additional heat is transferred from or to the containing vessel, but where all the heat which is converted into work is withdrawn from the gas itself, in expanding, or when the heat which_results from compression is all received by the gas itself. The equation of the curve is p vk — p1 vk -a constant for any gas, and for dry steam K-1.135; while for air, K—1.41. Adiantum pedatum (MAIDEN HAIR). N. American ferns,

Adipocerite. Mineral hydrocarbon, allied to paraffin; sometimes called mountain tallow; hatchettite. Adipose Tissue. Network of fibrous tissue, in the meshes of which are numerous globules of fat. Adirondack Mountains. Group in northern N. Y. The highest summit is Mt. Marcy or Tahawus, 5379 feet in altitude; some ten others are little less. The region abounds in lakes and in noble scenery, and receives thousands of summer visitors. By a law passed 1892, over 2,800,000 acres in Hamilton, Essex, Warren, Franklin and St. Lawrence counties, part being public lands, the rest intended to be purchased, were designated as a public park.

Adit. In mining, a passage horizontal, or with a slight up ward inclination, by which a mine is entered, and through which the water in the upper workings and that raised from the deeper parts of the mine may be discharged. Adits are frequently driven through the country rock at large angles with the strike of a mineral deposit; when following the strike they are called adit-levels. In the U. S. commonly called tunnels. Among famous mining adits are the Sutro tunnel in Nevada, the Deep George and the Ernst August adits in the Hartz Mountains, and the Rothschönberger adit in Saxony. The last was opened for use in 1877; with its proposed branches it will be nearly 32 m. long.

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Adjustable Cut-off Engine. One in which the degree of the expansive working of the steam in the cylinder can be varied while the engine is running, by adjusting the point at which the supply of live steam from the boiler shall be "cut-off" by the valve gear. This is done by varying the lap, the lead or the travel of the admission valves, or, in drop cut-offs, by altering the point when the steam valves are released. (See AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF.) The advantages of controlling the power of an engine by this means, instead of using a throttling valve in the supply pipe, are that steam reaches the engine more nearly vantages are attained from working the steam expansively at boiler pressure and temperature, and the theoretical adwithin the practical limits. The steam enters the cylinder at a higher pressure, and leaves it at a lower, and the efficiency of an expanding vapor is proportional to the difference between the initial and final temperatures (absolute) divided by the initial temperature. The temperatures of course correspond with the pressures.

observed quantities so as to obtain the most probable values. Adjustment of Observations. Process of correcting quantity measured several times with equal care is the arithAs the simplest instance, the most probable value of a single metical mean of the observed values. The rules for adjusting observations are deduced by a branch of analysis called the method of least squares.

Adjutant. In the U. S. service, an officer selected by a regimental commander from his subalterns, to hold office for four years. He has charge of the various rosters of service; makes, publishes and verifies all details; keeps the records of the regiment, performs such military duty with troops as are required by tactics and regulations, and is the colonel's medium of communication with his officers and men.

Adjutant-General. Officer who communicates to the troops all general orders which emanate from the War Department or headquarters, as well as the orders of detail, of instruction, of movement, and all general regulations for the army. Adjutant-General's Department. It is charged with the records of all military appointments, promotions, resignations, deaths and other casualties, the registry of all commissioned officers, the filling up and distribution of their commissions, and the preparation and issue of the yearly army Register. It is the repository for the records of the War Department, which relate to the personnel of the military establishment and the military history of every commissioned officer and soldier of the regular and volunteer forces in the service of the United States. It also has charge of the recruiting service and the general returns of the army.

Adler, FELIX, Ph.D., b. 1851 in Germany. American reformer, of Jewish birth; prof. in Cornell 1874-76; founder in 1876 of the Society for Ethical Culture, New York. Creed and Deed, 1877.

Admetus. King of Pheræ, in Thessaly; married ALCESTIS (q. v.). Apollo attended his flocks 9 years, and promised him exemption from death if father, mother or wife would die for him.

Administration. Legal management by the administrator or executor of the personal estate of the intestate or testator. Formerly it was under the control of ecclesiastical courts in England, but now, as in the U. S., it is within the jurisdiction of probate courts, which in some States are called orphans' courts, in others, surrogates' courts. The persons entitled to administer upon the estate of an intestate, and their powers and duties are generally defined by statute.

Administration, ARMY. (1) Recruiting service and cusservice of engineers; (3-6) ordnance, quartermaster's, subsisttody of records and returns of personnel; (2) administrative ence, and pay departments; (7) administrative service of the medical department: (8) settlement of army accounts. Their operations should be so regulated that the Sec. of War will be always informed of the condition of each, and able to exercise, subordinate to law, a complete financial control over them.

Administration, COUNCIL OF. Board of officers assembled to audit the funds of posts, canteens, and companies; to ascertain and examine the sources from which, and the methods therefrom. by which, they have accrued; and to recommend expenditures

Administrative Unit. Subdivision of the larger units of an army for the purpose of administering its affairs in accordance with law. Thus the regiment is the administrative unit in all armies, the center for instruction and recruiting, and the unit dealt with in historical and other records.

Admiralty. Court having cognizance of maritime causes. In England it dates from the time of Edward III., but its jurisdiction has been extended by modern statutes. By the U. S. Constitution admiralty jurisdiction is vested exclusively in the federal courts, and extends to all navigable waters of the

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U. S. Admiralty procedure is based upon the Roman rather than the common law.

Admiralty Island.

In s. e. Alaska; 90 m. long by 25 broad. Its shores are high and precipitous. Admiralty Islands. Group of ab. 40, in the Pacific Ocean, n. e. of New Guinea.

Admissions. Statements by or on behalf of any party to a legal proceeding, suggesting an inference as to any fact in issue or relevant thereto. They are received as evidence against, but not in favor of, the person responsible for them.

Adnation. Union of parts of flowers in different circles, as of stamens with petals.

Adobe. Bricks dried by the sun, and unburned; made in Egypt, China, and some parts of America; usually larger than ordinary bricks, and inferior in strength and hardness. The material is two-thirds fine sand and one-third clay.

Adolf of Nassau. German emperor, 1291-1298; a poor count of low character, elected by the Papal party on the death of Rudolf I.

Adolphus, JOHN. 1768-1845. English lawyer. History of England from 1760, 1802-45.

Adonijah. Fourth son of David, pretender to the throne; first forgiven by Solomon, but, giving new ground of suspicion, was put to death.

Adonis. Young shepherd and huntsman, favorite of Venus, slain by a wild boar.-Genus of plants of the family Ranuncu

laceæ.

Adoption. Institution of the legal relation of parent and child. The civil law recognized the practice, but it is the creature of statute in common-law countries.

Adoptionism. Doctrine of Elipandus, Abp. of Toledo, ab. 800, that Christ, as to His Godhead, is Son by nature, but as to His manhood, by adoption; ecclesiastically condemned.

Adoration of the Lamb. Most celebrated picture of the 15th century, by Hubert and Jan Van Eyck; painted as an altar piece ab. 1420, for a church in Ghent, where the central portions are still to be seen. These were originally connected

with wings folding over the central subjects, and having paintings on both sides, so that, whether the wings were open or shut, paintings were visible. Six of these outer panels are in the Berlin Museum, and two others at Brussels.

Adrastea, or ADRASTEIA. Daughter of Jupiter and Necessity; goddess of retribution. A synonym of NEMESIS (q. v.). Adrenals. Remnants of the mesonephros, lying in front of or alongside the kidneys.

Adrian. See HADRIAN.

Adrian, ROBERT, 1775-1843. Prof. Rutgers Coll., N. J.. Columbia Coll., and Univ. Pa.; ed. Hutton's Mathematics, 1818.

Adrianople. Most important city of European Turkey, after Constantinople; founded and restored by Hadrian. Near it Constantine defeated Licinius and gained the Empire 323, and Valens was defeated by Goths 378. It was taken by Turks

1361, and was their capital till 1453. Russians took it Aug. 20, 1829, Jan. 20, 1878. Pop. ab. 100,000.

Adrianople, PEACE OF. Sept. 19, 1829. It concluded the Russo-Turkish war; gave Russia coast of Black Sea, from mouth of Kuban to harbor of St. Nicholas, also the Caucasus,

and part of Alkalzik; left Turkey in possession of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Russian conquests in Bulgaria and Roumelia. Adriatic Sea. Arm of the Mediterranean, e. of Italy. Adular, or ADULARIA. K, Al, Si, O,,. Transparent, cleavable variety of orthoclase; named from Adular Mts. in the Swiss Alps. See MOONSTONE.

other's wife, endangering the husband with spurious offspring. Adultery. Sexual intercourse between a man and anIt is not a common-law crime, but is punished as an offense by the statutes of many States.

generally for one month's wages; given by a master to a sailor Advance-note. Draft on the owner or agent of a vessel, at the time of his signing the articles of agreement describing the terms of service.

Advanced Covered Way. Passage-way for troops, sometimes constructed beyond the main glacis. On the side toward the enemy it is covered from his view by an interior slope and exterior glacis, both swept by the fire of the main work.

Advanced or Detached Works. Separated from the main work, but having such defensive relations with it as to render it more secure. They are commanded by the fire of the main work, their gorges can be swept by it, and their positions are determined so as to prevent by their cross or direct fire any penetration between them until after their capture.

Advancement. Transfer of property by parent to child in anticipation of the child's share of the parent's estate. It differs from a gift in that it is to be deducted from the child's share, and from a debt in that it does not subject the child to an action for its recovery. Its doctrines rest on the statute of distributions. Advent. Season of Ch. Year preceding Christmas, dedicated to the consideration of our Lord's coming. It begins with the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew's Day, Nov. 30.

Adventists. Those Christians who, regarding the second coming of Christ as imminent, have organized on that basis. The most active denomination of these is the Seventh Day Adventists, formed 1845 with headquarters at Battle Creek, Mich.

Adverbs. Indeclinable words, sometimes called particles, which modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. In English they are either formed from adjectives by the addition of ly (like), or else are fossilized inflected forms, as while (really the accusative case of the noun while-time), seldom (a dative plural), and many others.

Adverse Possession. Exclusive, actual, continued possession, under a colorable claim of title, or accompanied by actual occupancy of the land. The adverse possessor has title as against every one but the true owner, and as against the latter upon the expiration of the period fixed by statute, generally twenty years.

Advocatus Diaboli. Roman official, appointed to argue against a proposed canonization, as the Advocatus Dei to urge the reasons for it.

Advowson. Right of presentation to a church living in England; heritable and transferable.

Adynamic Leads. Wires which conduct the current to a galvanometer or other apparatus, when twisted in such a way that the resultant inductive effect upon the sensitive parts of the instrument is zero.

Adytum. Secret chamber in a temple, from which all but the officiating priests were excluded; attached only to temples. in which oracles were uttered.

Ecidiomycetes. Sub-class of Fungi, comprising an immense number of minute forms parasitic on other plants. Ecidiospores. Spores produced in the Ecidium state of Fungi of the class Uredineæ.

lumnar supports, in appearance like a temple, under which the statue of the deity was placed; any small shrine, whether of stone or other material. Pictures of columnar ædicules are frequent in ancient art.

Edicule. Small shrine or tabernacle, a canopy with co

of public works and buildings, also of markets and police duties. Edile. Annual magistrate in ancient Rome, having charge Ædæology. Science of generation and the generative organs.

Ædogoniaceæ. Order of small fresh-water Algæ, very common in pools and streams.

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Æneas Tacticus. Ancient Greek writer upon the art of

Ægates Islands. W. of Sicily; here the Carthaginian fleet was vanquished by the Roman, Mar. 10, 241 B.C. obtained Sicily and 3,200 talents as tribute-money. Ægean Sea. Grecian Archipelago; part of the Mediterranean between Greece and Asia Minor.

Ægidius, St., or ST. GILES, ab. 640-720. Monk of Greek birth; founder of a monastery near Nimes, ab. 673; patron of cripples. His day is Sept. 1.

Minerva, from statue in the Villa Albani, Rome.

of which was the head of the Gorgon Medusa. In art representations, the Ægis is the breast-armor or corselet of the goddess, is covered with scales or plates, and bears the Gorgon's head. Ægithognathæ. Birds whose maxillo-palatines are separated by a cleft, and not united to the vomer, which is truncated in front and narrow behind, as in the Perchers, Swifts and Woodpeckers.

Ægospotamos. River and town in Thracian Chersonese, scene of Lysander's victory over Athenians 405 B.C.

Ælfric. Anglo-Saxon theological and grammatical writer of tenth century.

Elia Capitolina. Name of Jerusalem from its rebuilding by Hadrian, 130, till ab. 325.

Ælianus, CLAUDIUS. Roman rhetorician under Hadrian, 117-138. Two considerable works extant; Varia Historia, a miscellaneous history, and De Animalium Natura, on the peculiarities of animals. Twenty letters on husbandry are also attributed to him.

Eluridæ. Family of Arctoidea, including the Wah or Panda of India and Thibet, a cat-like animal, but with larger ears, and a long tail heavily furred. It is fawn-colored above and black beneath, with yellow bands around the tail; there is some white on the face, and the pelage has a satiny luster. It walks plantigrade, and resembles a bear in structure, but it runs like a weasel. An allied genus (Ailuropus) discovered in Thibet 1874 is white, like a Polar-bear.

Æluroidea (EPIMYCTERI). Section of FISSIPEDE CARNIVORA, characterized by digitigrade progression and possession of a tympanic bulla divided into two chambers, the outer one being the true tympanic chamber. The carnassials are well developed, and the toes are retractile (except in Hyana). Usually only one molar exists on each side of each jaw. Families included: Felida (cats), Viverrida (civets), and Hyœnidæ.

Æmilianus. Emperor of Rome 3 months, 253. Æneas. Fabled son of Anchises and Aphrodite. He fought at siege of Troy, and after its fall fled with his father. Homer seems to regard him as reigning near Troy, but later traditions assign him different careers. According to Virgil's Eneid, of which he is the hero, he went to Sicily and Africa, finally settling in Latium, where he became founder of the Latin nation.

Eon. Greek term for an indefinite lapse of time. Epinus, FRANZ ULRICH THEODOR, 1724-1802. Prof. in Berlin and St. Petersburg. He wrote on the temperature of the earth and the general phenomena of the atmosphere.

Æpyornis. The legendary "Roc," a dromæognathous bird recently exterminated in Madagascar. In 1851 the first description appeared of its egg, which had a thick shell, measured 84 by 12 inches, being 34 inches in circumference, with a capacity equal to 144 hen's eggs, or two gallons. The leg bone of this bird measures eighteen inches in circumference at the head. The bird stood nearly fourteen feet in height. It was incapable of flight, having rudimentary wings, and, like the Moa, probably defended itself by kicking.

Equales. Order of the Linnæan class Syngynesia (family Composite), having all the florets alike and perfect, as in Dandelion and Boneset.

Æqui-glacial Lines. Connecting points on the earth's surface, for which the condition of the glaciation or formation of ice has the same phase (i.e., equal thickness, duration or total amount) simultaneously.

Equoridæ. Family of campanularian Hydromedusa, which have numerous radial canals and tentacles.

Aërated Bread. Made by agitating the dough in a strong vessel with water saturated under pressure with carbon dioxide. When the dough thus treated is released from pressure and exposed to the air, the gas escapes in bubbles, and lightens the mass as effectually as that involved within its substance by fermentation.

Ærenchyma. Spongy parenchyma borne by submerged portions of certain aquatic plants.

Aërial Railway. Elevated wire or track for guiding a flying machine, the power being applied by an electric current through the wire to a motor in the machine. This has been proposed as a possible solution of the problem of aërial navigation.

Aërial Roots. Those produced in the air, as the secondary, climbing roots of the Ivy and Trumpet Creeper, and those which form accessory stems in the Banyan Tree and the Mangrove.

Aërius. Heretic of Armenia, who ab. 360 anticipated some of the principles of Protestant Dissent. He and his followers were condemned and persecuted.

Aerobic Bacteria. Those growing only in the presence of free oxygen, however slight in amount.

Aërodromics. Science of navigating the air. Aërodynamics. Department of mechanics which treats of the phenomena exhibited by gaseous bodies, whether at rest or in motion.

Aëroklinoscope. Apparatus introduced by Buys-Ballot 1866 into ports of the Netherlands to show publicly the prevailing barometric gradient, and the equivalent atmospheric slope, as well as the wind that, according to his rules, must be expected during the next twenty-four hours. It consists of a mast to the top of which a cross-piece is so fastened that it can be set at any azimuth and any angular inclination to the horizon, thereby indicating the steepness of the barometric gradient for the given azimuth.

Aërolite. Masses of stone or iron that have fallen to the earth from the sky. See METEORITE.

Aërophyte. Plant which grows in the air, not rooted in the soil. See EPIPHYTE.

Aëroscope. Apparatus for examining the air, especially one in which the floating impurities are separated from a known volume.

Aërostatics. Principles and laws governing the static equilibrium of gas, especially the earth's atmosphere.

Aëro-steam Engine. One which uses a mixture of air and steam in the cylinder to drive the piston. The air is pumped into the steam chest at the same pressure as the steam received from the boiler. Air acts to retard condensation of steam when intimately mixed with it; but experiments, where no complicated apparatus was used to secure such mixture, showed that a good engine used the same amount of feed water per horse power per hour, whether using the air mixture or steam without air.