husband eats, the knot is considered as tied. All possessions are inherited in the female line. Slaves are treated as members of the family.

Bagasse. Solid material left in the press after the juice has been pressed from sugar cane; used as a fuel.

Bagatelle. Game resembling billiards, played on a smaller table, having nine numbered holes at one end. Nine balls are used, two of which are colored. One of the latter is placed on a spot in front of the holes, and the players in turn play eight balls, the colored one first, endeavoring to drive them into the holes by striking them with cues. The red balls count double, and the object of the game is to score the highest sum of the numbered holes.

Bagdad. City on the Tigris, formerly capital of the Caliphs; founded by Al Mansur ab. 762; enlarged by Haroun Al Raschid ab. 800. Sacked by Tartars 1258; taken by Turks 1638. Pop. ab. 180,000.

Bagehot, WALTER, 1826-1877. English author. Economist, from 1859; English Constitution, 1867: Physics and Politics, 1872; Lombard St., 1873; Depreciation of Silver, 1877; Studies,

1879-81.

It is of great antiquity, being mentioned in Daniel iii. 3. Its Chaldee and Greek name is tr. " dulcimer" in the English Bible. Bagshot Beds, or SANDS. Occur in the Lower Tertiary of the British Isles. Consist chiefly of sand alternating with clay. Mostly unfossiliferous, except in the Hampshire basin, where a large series of marine organisms have been found. Attain thickness of 600 ft.

Bagradites. Family of Jewish origin, who ruled in Georgia 574-1424, and in Armenia 748-1079.

Bagration, PETER, PRINCE, 1765-1812. Russian general of Georgian descent, prominent in the Napoleonic wars.

Baguios. Spanish name of tornadoes near the Philippine Islands.

Bahamas. Ab. 700 islands and keys of the West Indies, belonging to Great Britain. Few of them are inhabited. They produce mainly tropical fruits. The capital is Nassau, on New Providence. Pop. 48,000.

Bahia. City and seaport of Brazil, on Bay of All Saints. It has an excellent harbor and a large commerce. Pop. 180,000. Bahram, or VARAHRÁN. Five kings of Persia: I. Grandson of Sháhpúr, 274-277; II., 277-294. had wars with Rome; IV., 389-399, kept peace with Rome and tolerated Christianity; V., Known as Gór (Wild Ass), a hero of Persian tradition, ruled 420-438; and waged war which ended 422 in securing toleration to Christians in Persia and to Zoroastrians in the Byzantine empire.

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Baif, JEAN ANTOINE DE, 1532-1589. French poet and translator. Baikal. Lake in s. Siberia. Its outlet is by the Angora and Yenesei Rivers. Length 400 m., breadth 40 m.

Bail. Security for one's appearance in court. A person arrested in a civil action, except under final process, has an absolute right to give bail; also generally in a criminal action, if the offense is not capital. The obligation entered into by the sureties for the arrested person's appearance is called a bail bond. American Constitutions generally prohibit excessive bail. Bailey, JAMES MONTGOMERY, 1841-1894. Humorist; ed. Danbury (Conn.) News.

Bailey, LIBERTY HYDE, b. 1858. American horticulturist and editor. Prof. Cornell Univ. Ed. American Gardening; author Annals of Horticulture, Nursery Book, or Hand Book of Plant Propagation and Pollination, etc.

1866.

Bailey, PHILIP JAMES, b. 1816. English poet. Festus, 1839. Bailey, THEODORUS, U.S.N., 1805-1877. Prominent in the taking of New Orleans, April, 1862; commodore 1862; admiral and makes arrests. (2) The manager of another's lands and Bailiff. (1) A sheriff's officer or deputy who serves processes goods.

Her brother, MATTHEW, M.D., 1761-1823, was a noted anatomist. Baillie, JOANNA, 1762-1851. Scottish poet and dramatist.Baillon, HENRI ERNEST, b. 1827. French botanist. Botanical Dict., 1876-92; Families of Plants, 1867-95.

Bailly, JEAN SYLVAIN, 1736-1793. French astronomer; Academician 1784; pres. States-General and mayor of Paris 1789. His History of Astronomy, 4 v., 1775-83, is written in a graceful, pleasant style, but has little solid value. He d. by the guillotine.

Bailment. Delivery of personal property for a special purpose, to be returned when the purpose is accomplished. It may be (1) for the sole benefit of the bailor, (2) for that of the bailee, or (3) for mutual benefit. Bailees of the first class are bound to slight care only; of the second, to the greatest care; of the third, to ordinary care, except inn-keepers and common carriers, who are absolutely bound to deliver over the property bailed, unless prevented by the act of God, of the law, of the bailor, or of a public enemy.

Baily, FRANCIS, D.C.L., 1774-1844. English astronomer. His chief services are the determination of the density of the earth by the method of Cavendish, the superintendence of the British Assoc. Catalogue of stars, and of the publication of Lalande's Histoire Celeste.

Bain, ALEXANDER, LL.D., b. 1818. Prof. Univ. Glasgow 1845, Aberdeen 1860, rector 1881; author of text-books of mental philosophy and Life of James Mill, 1881.

Bainbridge, WILLIAM, U.S.N., 1774-1833. Commodore 1812, in command of the " Constitution"; awarded a medal for the capture of the British frigate "Java," Dec. 1812; naval commissioner 1823.

Baird, HENRY MARTYN, Ph.D., LL.D., D.D., b. 1832. Historian of the Huguenots; prof. Univ. N. Y. from 1859.-His brother, CHARLES WASHINGTON, D.D., 1828-1887, wrote History of the Huguenot Emigration to America, 1885.-Their father, ROBERT, D.D., 1798-1863, agent of several societies, wrote histories of the Waldenses and of Temperance Societies.

Baird, SPENCER FULLERTON, LL.D., 1823-1887. American naturalist; prof. Coll. Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y., 1841-50; asst. sec. Smithsonian Inst. 1850; sec. 1878. He wrote much, especially on the Birds and Mammals of N. America. Baireuth, or BAYREUTH. City of Bavaria, noted for the Wagner theater, completed 1875. Pop., 1890, 24,364.

Baireuth Festival. See WAGNER, RICHARD. theologian; prof. at Louvain 1551; opponent of the Jesuits. Baius, or de Bay, MICHAEL, D.D., 1513-1589. Flemish Bajazet. See BAYAZID.

Baker, SIR BENJAMIN, F.R.S., LL.D., b. 1840. English civil engineer, designer of the great Forth Bridge and the London underground railway; author of Long Span Bridges, 1867.

Baker, SIR HENRY WILLIAMS, 1821-1877. English hymnist; editor of Hymns Ancient and Modern, 1861, '68, 75, the most widely circulated of hymnals.

Baker, IRA OSBORN, b. 1853. Prof. of civil engineering Univ. Illinois since 1874; author of Masonry Construction, 1889, Engineering Instruments, 1892.

Baker, SIR SAMUEL WHITE, 1821-1893. English explorer in Africa, discoverer of Lake Albert Nyanza, 1864. Ceylon, 185455; Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, 1867; Ismaila, 1874; Cyprus, 1879; Wild Beasts, 1891.

Baker, WILLIAM MUMFORD, 1825-1883. American novelist. Inside, 1866; The New Timothy, 1870; His Majesty Myself, 1879; Blessed St. Certainty, 1881; Ten Theophanies, 1883. He was a Presbyterian pastor.

Baker's Creek, MISS., BATTLE OF. See CHAMPION HILLS. Bakewell, ROBERT, 1725–1795. English agriculturist and breeder of live stock. The first to systematically practice inand-in-breeding. He greatly improved the Leicester sheep, the Long-Horned cattle, and the English Cart-horse.

Baking Powder. Compound of cream of tartar, sodium bicarbonate, and flour or starch. Many other ingredients are used, particularly acid calcium phosphate, alum and ammonium bicarbonate. Carbonic acid is set free, which puffs up dough, with which it is mixed, and renders it porous and light.

Alum makes the bread whiter.

Baku. Town on Caspian Sea, s. of Caucasus Mts., taken from Persia by Russia 1806, connected by rail with Black Sea 1883; surrounded by oil-wells, whose production has of late been enormously developed; 24,381,139 bbls. 1893. Pop., 1886, 45,679, since greatly increased.

Bakunin, MICHAEL, 1814-1876. Russian Nihilist, in Siberia 1855-60. He urged "destruction of everything as now existing, good with bad."

Balaam. Seer and soothsayer, living between the Jordan and Euphrates; procured by Balak, king of Moab, to curse the hosts of Israel when about to enter Canaan, but constrained to bless instead. Numbers xxii.-xxiv.

Balaclava (CRIMEA), BATTLE OF, OCT. 25, 1854. The Russians took some redoubts, but were repulsed by the English heavy cavalry, after which, from a misunderstanding of Lord Raglan's order, occurred the gallant "Charge of the Six Hundred," 198 only of 670 returning. Here also, March 22, 1855, the Russians were repulsed with loss of 2,000, the allies losing 600. Balæniceps (SHOE-BILL). African bird related to the Herons, 5 ft. high, with stork-like legs, gray color and an enormous beak, broad and long, the upper mandible with a hook at the tip and ridge along the culmen, like the keel of a boat. There is one pair of powder-down patches. The furculum is strongly ankylosed to the keel of the sternum. They live in flocks on river banks, and nest on islets; feed on fish, watersnakes, and carcasses of dead animals.

Balaguer, VICTOR, b. 1824. Spanish poet and dramatist, prof. at Barcelona 1855; historian of Catalonia 1878, and of the Troubadours 1878-80.

Balance. Apparatus for weighing bodies, i.e., comparing their masses with that of a standard. It consists of a lever called the "beam," usually of metal, and having the fulcrum vertically above and near to the center of gravity. At the extremities of the beam. scale-pans are suspended in which to

Improved Short Beam Analytical Balance.

put the body on one side and the weights on the other. The axis of rotation of all the movable parts are steel or agate "knife-edges" bearing on plates of the same material. A needle or pointer, called the index, is fixed to the beam and oscillates with it in front of a graduated scale. When the beam is horizontal the index points to zero. As a means of

subdividing the smallest weight, e.g., a milligram, a little bent platinum wire, called the "rider," is sometimes set astride the beam, the effect being equal to its weight and to its distance from the fulcrum. The sensitiveness of the balance is given by the formula, tan d Lx in which L is the length of each M h arm, M the mass of the beam, h the distance from its center of support to its center of gravity, x a small excess of weight on one side, and 8 the angle of deflection from the horizontal.

Balance of Power. The rudimentary international law of the Middle Ages was based on the idea that there was a common superior over all States, as the Pope or Emperor, whose commands were to be obeyed in disputes between subordinate states in the family of nations. This idea originated in the universal sovereignty of Imperial Rome. The modern idea of territorial sovereignty was formulated in the great Work of Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625), and its leading principles were formally recognized in the Peace of be said to have its origin. By this instrument the territorial Westphalia (1648), from which modern international law may of the law were recognized. character of sovereignty and the equality of States in the eye The modern doctrine of the Balance of Power has in view the preservation of territorial sovereignty by recognizing the right of interference on the part of the great European powers to check the ambitious designs of great nations which, by the acquisition of territory. would disturb the existing distributions of power among European States. It does not apply to economical and strictly internal growth, nor to colonial establishments, nor to increase in sea power. The preventive policy of this doctrine has been the pretext of the most bloody and destructive wars waged in modern times: thus the balance of power adjusted by the Peace of Westphalia was disturbed by the ambition of Louis XIV.; again by the successive coalitions formed by the great European monarchies against France in the revolution of 1789, in which the latter contended for the principle of non-intervention. The Holy Alliance (1815), at first indefinite in purpose. ultimately became a league of absolutist sovereigns for putting down by force, if necessary, all movements in favor of political liberty among Continental States. The general ferment among the populations of Continental States in 1820 giving rise to the revolutions in Spain, Portugal, Naples and Piedmont, was suppressed by a violation of the principles of non-intervention against which Great Britain properly protested. And the design of the Confederated Sovereigns belonging to the Holy Alliance to reconquer for Ferdinand VII. of Spain the revolted Spanish colonies in America led to the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine (Dec. 2, 1823), by which the prevailing principle of interference in Europe was met with an opposing principle on this side of the Atlantic. The most memorable instances of the application of the principle of the balance of power in recent times have been the interposition of England, Austria, Prussia and Russia in 1840, which forced Mehemet Ali to renounce the provinces of the Turkish Empire of which he held possession, and that of France, England and other powers in 1854 to preserve the integrity of the same empire against the designs of Russia.

Balance of Trade. Difference between value of merchandise exported from, and of that imported into, a country. favorable or unfavorable, according as the exports exceed the imports, or vice versa.

Balanced Valves. When the fluid in two chambers is under very different pressures, and the opening in a partition which separates the chambers is closed by a valve, that valve can be opened only by overcoming the resistance offered by the excess of pressure on its upper side. A balanced valve is one in which this pressure on the back of the valve is equalized by another pressure which tends to lift the valve off its seat. Valves open either by lifting off their seats or by sliding over them. Lifting-valves are usually balanced by giving two seats to a double valve on one spindle, the pressure acting in opposite directions on the two discs. Such valves may be perfectly balanced, or one disc may be of larger area than the other, to insure that the closed valve shall be held shut by excess of pressure. Sliding-valves are balanced for steam-engines by the use of a piston or flexible diaphragm of calculated area, on which the fluid pressure comes in the opposite direction from that which presses the valve to its seat; by arranging the valve to take steam internally with a calculated area receiving the equalizing pressure; or, by the use of the piston-valve in one of its forms. The piston-valve appears either as a circular disc fitting a bore steam-tight and receiving equal pressures on its ends, or else as a rectangular block sliding under similar ing adjustable as the block and seat may wear. conditions under a shield or a pressure-plate," the latter be

Balanoglossus. Worm-like animal, body covered with cilia, contractile proboscis, at base of which is a collar, in front of the mouth; branchial region, resembling that in the lowest

The modern sea coast gun may justly be regarded as a complete triumph of the application of scientific principles to the control of the enormous forces developed by high explosives for war purposes. The main difficulty in the development of exterior ballistics has been the determination of the law of air resistance to bodies with varying velocities. The important labors of Bachforth 1864-79, and those of Didion, Siacci, Mayevski, Niven and others, have been fruitful in solving this problem. The two principal instruments now used for finding initial velocities of projectiles are the Schultz Chronoscope and the Le Boulenge Chronograph; the ballistic and gun pendulums and other early velocimeters being obsolete. Sebert's Velocimeter is used for finding the velocity of the recoil of the gun, from which also that of the projectile can be determined. Ballistite. Smokeless powder, consisting principally of dinitrocellulose combined with nitroglycerine; it is formed into sheets and then cut up into strips or cubes.

Balloon. First used by the brothers Mongolfier at Annonay, France, June 5. 1783; first ascent made Nov. 21, 1783, by Pilatre de Rozier; used at the battle of Fleurus, June 17, 1794; all these were hot-air balloons. The first ascent in a hydrogen

Balloon with Car and Parachute

balloon was made by Charles, in Paris, Dec. 1, 1783. The highest elevation yet reached was by Glaischer, at Wolverhampton, Eng., 1862, about 7 miles, bar. 7 in., fall in temp. 62°. They are now employed for ships' lookouts, particularly in the French Navy. By sending up" captive" balloons from war-ships the visible horizon is considerably extended. They are also used for raising sunken vessels. See AIR SHIP.

Balloon-Ball. English game of 14th century, played with an inflated ball of strong leather, struck by the arm, which was defended by a bracer of wood.

Balloon Boiler. Early form of steam generator, usually accredited to James Smeaton, ab. 1740. Its shape was spherical on top, but flattened on the bottom, under which the fire was placed. The double curvature of the plates made them difficult to construct. From their shape sometimes also called Haystack Boiler.

Ballot. Method of voting designed to secure secrecy, as distinguished from an open or viva voce vote. The ballot was used in Athens in the 5th century B.C., and perhaps before. In Rome the people voted at first by open response, but afterward by tablets bearing the names of their candidates. In Great Britain the ballot was adopted in 1872; in Australia and other British colonies it generally prevails. In France the secret vote was employed in deliberative voting in the Chamber of Deputies, but is now confined to elections by the people; in Germany it is used in all elections for the imperial parlia

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ment. In Italy candidates for the Chamber of Deputies are elected by ballot in public halls, to which only registered or qualified voters are admitted. Spain, Belgium, Switzerland and Austria have it. In Hungary it is compulsory in the election of municipal councils, but was abolished in parliamentary elections 1874. It existed in the American colonies, and was made obligatory by the constitutions of N. J., Pa., N. C. and other States in 1776. In New York viva voce voting prevailed until 1787. Some reforms in the mode of casting a ballot have been recently adopted in many States and municipalities. The principal object of them is to secure greater secrecy and independence in voting. In many cases the voter prepares his ballot in a place apart, and in such manner that no one else knows how he votes. The two following methods with variations are in use in many of the States. The Australian system has the offices arranged alphabetically with the candidates' names and party affiliation attached, all on one ticket. The voter crosses off those names he does not wish. Another method

is to group offices and names by parties, in parallel columns; a cross marked at the head of a column votes the whole column. A split ticket can be made up by crosses against selected names.

Ballou, HOSEA, 1771-1852. Chief promulgator of Universalism in America.-His nephew, HOSEA, D.D., 1796-1861, first pres. of Tufts College 1854-61, wrote Ancient History of Universalism, 1829.

Ballou, MATURIN MURRAY, 1820-1895. Son and biographer of HOSEA SR. Cuba, 1854-85; Pearl of India, 1894.

Ball's Bluff, VA., on the Potomac. Scene of Confederate victory, Oct. 21, 1861, over small Union force led by Col. E. D. Baker, who was killed.

Ball-Stamp. Direct acting steam stamp for crushing ore and rock, named from its inventor, and first introduced in the Lake Superior copper region in 1856.

Balm. Plant of the Mint family, Melissa officinalis, a native of Europe.

Balmaceda, JOSE MANUEL, 1840-1891. Pres. of Chili 1886, and would-be dictator. After many acts of tyranny he was overthrown by Congress and the navy Aug. 1891, and committed suicide Sept. 19.

Balmez, JAIME LUCIANO, D.D., 1810-1848. Spanish priest. Protestantism and Catholicism, 1842-44, tr. 1849.

Balm of Gilead. Gum-resin produced by Balsamodendron opobalsamum, of the Burseraceae, native of Red Sea region; also, in N. America, a Poplar, the Populus candicans. Balm of Gilead Fir is Picea balsamea, the CANADA BALSAM (q. v.).

Balmony. Chelone glabra. N. American plant of natural family Scrophulariacea; also known as Turtle-head, Snakehead and Shell-flower.

Balmoral. Queen's castle in Scotland, 50 m. w. of Aberdeen; completed 1855 on a large tract bought 1852.

Balsam. Garden plant of Geranium family, Impatiens balsamina, native of India;

known also as Ladies' Slipper. Other species of Impatiens also bear this name. See JEWEL WEED.

Balsam-Apple, WILD. Micrampelis lobata, a spinyfruited vine of natural family Cucurbitaceae, native of the e. U. S., often cultivated for ornament.