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50 feet of hewn timber,

128 solid feet, or 8 feet long,

4 wide, and 4 high,

1 tun or load.

1 cord of wood.

All solids, or things that have length, breadth, and depth, re measured by this measure. N. B. The wine gallon ontains 231 solid or cubic inches, and the beer gallon, 282. bushel contains 2150,42 solid inches.

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4 weeks,

ከ0.

yr.

13 months, 1 day and 6 hours, 1 Julian year, Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November, February twenty-eight alone, all the rest have thirty-one. N. B. In Bissextile, or leap year, February hath 29 days. 12. Circular Motion.

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60 seconds (") make

60 minutes,

30 degrees,

1 minute,

1 degree,

1 sign,

S.

12 signs, or 360 degrees, the whole great circle of the Zodiack.

B

Explanation of Characters used in this Book.

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Equal to, as 12d. = 1s. signifies that 12 pence are equal to I shilling.

+ More, the sign of Addition; as, 5+7=12, signifies that 5 and 7 added together, are equal to 12.

- Minus, or less, the sign of Subtraction; as, 6-2-4, sig. nifies that 2 subtracted from 6, leaves 4.

× Multiply, or with, the sign of Multiplication; as, 4×3=12, signifies that 4 multiplied by 3, is equal to 12.

The sign of Division; as, 8-2-4, signifies that 8 di vided by 2, is equal to 4; or thus, =4, each of which signify the same thing.

:: Four points set in the middle of four numbers, denote them to be proportional to one another, by the rule of three; as 24::8:16; that is, as 2 to 4, so is 8 to 16.

✓ Prefixed to any number, supposes that the square root of that number is required.

✓ Prefixed to any number, supposes the cube root of that number is required.

✓Denotes the biquadrate root, or fourth power, &c.

ARITHMETIC is the art of computing by numbers, and has five principal rules for its operation, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division.

NUMERATION.

Numeration is the art of numbering. It teaches to express the value of any proposed number by the following characters, or figures:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0--or cipher.

. Besides the simple value of figures, each has a local value, which depend upon the place it stands in, viz. any igure in the place of units, represents only its simple value, or so many ones; but in the second place, or place of tens, it becomes so many tens, or ten times its simple value; and in the third place, or place of hundreds, it becomes a hundred times its simple value, and so on, as in the following

Note.-Although a cipher standing alone signifies nothing; yet when it Is placed on the right hard of figures, it increases their value in a tenfold proportion, by throwing them into higher places. Thus, 2 with a cipher annexed to it, becomes 20, twenty, and with two ciphers, thus, 200, two hundred.

2. When numbers consisting of many figures, are given to be read, it will be found convenient to divide them into as many periods as we can, of "six figures each, reckoning from the right hand towards the left, calling the first the period of units, the second that of millions, the third billions, the fourth trillions, &c. as in the following number S07 3 6 2 5 4 6 2 7 89012506 7 9 2 4. Period of 3. Period of 2. Period of 1. Period of

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TABLE.

Tens,
Hundreds,

Units,

C. of Thousands,

X. of Thousands,

Thousands,

Millions,

C. of Millions,

X. of Millions,

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1 -One

2 1 -Twenty-one.

321-Three hundred twenty-one.

4 3 2 1 -Four thousand 321. 5 4 3 2 1 -Fifty-four thousand 321. 6 5 4 3 2 1 -654 thousand 321. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -7 million 654 thousand 321. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -87 million 654 thousand 321. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -987 million 654 thousand 321 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -123 million 456 thousand 789. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 4 8 -937 million 654 thousand 348. To know the value of any number of figures:

RULE.-1. Numerate from the right to the left hand, each figuro i its proper place, by saying, units, tens, hundreds, &c. as in the Num ration Table.

2. To the simple value of each figure, join the name of its plac beginning at the left hand, and reading to the right.

EXAMPLES.

Read the following numbers.

365, Three hundred and sixty-five.

5461, Five thousand four hundred and sixty-one. 1234, One thousand two hundred and thirty-four. 54026, Fifty-four thousand and twenty-six.

123461, One hundred and twenty-three thousand four hundred and sixty-one.

4666240, Four millions, six hundred and sixty-six thousand two hundred and forty.

NOTE. For convenience in eading large numbers, they may be divided into periods of three figures each, as follows: 987, Nine hundred and eighty-seven.

987 000, Nine hundred and eighty-seven thousand. 987 000 000, Nine hundred and eighty-seven million. 987 654 321, Nine hundred and eighty-seven million, s hundred and fifty-four thousand, three hu dred and twenty-one.

1

To write numbers.

Roc Begin on the right hand, write units in the units place, ens in the tens place, hundreds in the hundreds place, and so on, towards the left hand, writing each figure according to its proper value in numeration; taking care to supply those places of the natural order with ciphers which are omitted in the question.

EXAMPLES.

Write down in proper figures the following numbers : Thirty-six.

Two hundred and seventy-nine.

Thirty-seven thousand, five hundred and fourteen.
Nine millions, seventy-two thousand and two hundred.
Eight hundred millions, forty-four thousand and fifty-five.

SIMPLE ADDITION.

IS putting together several smaller numbers, of the same lenomination, into one larger, equal to the whole or sum Total; as 4 dollars and 6 dollars in one sum is 10 dollars.

RULE. Having placed units under units, tens under tens, &c. draw line underneath, and begin with the units; after adding up every figure in that column, consider how many tens are contained in their sum; set down the remainder under the units, and carry so many as you have tens, to the next column of tens; proceed in the same manher through every column or row, and set down the whole amount of the last row.

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